The Philippine Revolution (1896—1898) was a conflict between the native Katipuneros and Spanish colonizers in the Philippines. 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Katipunan was a secret society founded in the Philippines by Andrés Bonifacio aimed towards liberating the country from the Spanish colonizers. ...

Divide and conquer

During the Spanish colonial period, the concept of Filipino did not include the native Malay population, as they were commonly referred to at the time as indios. The natives themselves normally classified each-other tribally, for example as Ilocanos, Batangeños and Cebuanos. The Spanish military quelled uprisings from one region with natives from another, in accordance with Roman military principle, Divide et impera (Divide and Conquer). For example, Diego Silang attempted to establish a native Ilocano nation but Spanish authorities enrolled natives from neighboring Macabebe, Pampanga as enforcers to help suppress the rebellion; alienating the natives from themselves as a result. The Spanish-based creole language Chavacano was developed at first as a pidgin language, as native workers could not communicate in their native languages. Malay can refer to: The language of Malaysia, Bahasa Melayu The Old Malay language(s), ancestor(s) of modern Tagalog, Bahasa Melayu, and Bahasa Indonesia The Malay people (Huan-na) Something from or related to Malaysia See also Cape Malays Malay nationalism Communes that begin with Malay in Yonne, France... Ilokano (variants: Ilocano, Iluko, Iloco, and Iloko) is the third most-spoken language of the Republic of the Philippines Being an Austronesian language, it is related to such languages as Indonesian, Malay, Fijian, Maori (of New Zealand), Hawaiian, Malagasy (of Madagascar), Samoan, Tahitian, Chamorro (of Guam and the Northern Mariana... In politics and sociology, divide and rule is a strategy of gaining and maintaining power by breaking up larger concentrations of power into chunks that individually have less power than the one implementing the strategy. ... Diego Silang y Andaya (December 16, 1730 - May 28, 1763) was a native Ilocano revolutionary leader who conspired with British forces to overthrow the Spanish in the northern Philippines and establish an independent Ilocano nation. ... Macabebe is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Pampanga, Philippines. ... A number of Creole languages are based on the Spanish language. ... Chavacano, (also Chabacano or Zamboangueño), is a Spanish creole spoken in the Philippines. ...

Peaceful reformation

The Philippine revolution was precipitated by peaceful and organized demands for reforms by Filipino intellectuals called the illustrados. The Church was highly influential in governing the colonial Philippine society. Native Filipinos attempted to reform the Church hierarchy. The La Liga Filipina did not even demand a separate government or republic. All possible means for peaceful reforms were exhausted. The colonial government further outraged Filipinos by executing the priests Gómez, Burgos and Zamora (shortened to GOMBURZA) and the illustrado prodigy, José Rizal. La Liga Filipina was an organization created by Dr. Jose Rizal in the Philippines. ... Gomburza stood for Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Apolonio Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, three Filipino priests who were executed on February 17, 1873 by Spanish colonial authorities on charges of subversion coming from the 1872 Cavite mutiny. ... José Rizal portrait from a 1902 Painting by Fabian Dela Rosa Dr. José Protacio Mercado Rizal y Alonzo Realonda (June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896), variously called the Pride of the Malay Race, The Great Malayan, The First Filipino, The Messiah of the Revolution, The Universal Hero, The Messiah of...

The GOMBURZA's martyrdom and propaganda literature by Rizal and other ilustrados gradually formed a unified Filipino consciousness and identity. Natives from different regions started to interact and coordinate. For the first time, revolutionaries united against the Spaniards when the Katipunan revolutionary organization formed. The Katipunan was a secret society founded in the Philippines by Andrés Bonifacio aimed towards liberating the country from the Spanish colonizers. ...

The Friarocracy, the power of religious orders, remained one of the great constants of Spanish colonial rule over the centuries. Even in the late 19th century, the friars of the Augustinian, Dominican, and Franciscan orders conducted many of the executive and control functions of local government. They were responsible for education and health measures, census and tax records, reporting on the character and behavior of individual villagers, supervising the selection of local police and town officers, and maintaining public morals and reporting incidences of sedition to the authorities. Contrary to the principles of the church, they allegedly used information gained in confession to pinpoint troublemakers. Given the minuscule number of Spaniards living outside the capital even in the 19th century, the friars were regarded as indispensable instruments of Spanish rule that contemporary critics labeled a "friarocracy" (frialocracia). By passing through the numerous phases of colonial occupation, the relationship of the church and state in the Philippines has repeatedly changed from the collaboration of the Roman Catholic Church with the government during the Spanish era to todays generally accepted separation of church and state. ... The Augustinians, named after Saint Augustine of Hippo (died AD 430), are several Roman Catholic monastic orders and congregations of both men and women living according to a guide to religious life known as the Rule of Saint Augustine. ... The Order of Friars Minor and other Franciscan movements are disciples of Saint Francis of Assisi. ...

Early flag of the Filipino revolutionaries

Controversies over visitation and secularization were persistent themes in Philippine church history. Visitation involved the authority of the bishops of the church hierarchy to inspect and discipline the religious orders, a principle laid down in church law and practiced in most of the Catholic world. The friars were successful in resisting the efforts of the archbishop of Manila to impose visitation; consequently, they operated without formal supervision except that of their own provincial or regional superiors. Secularization meant the replacement of the friars who came exclusively from Spain with Filipino priests ordained by the local bishop. This movement, again, was successfully resisted, as friars through the centuries kept up the argument, often couched in crude racial terms, that Filipino priests were too poorly qualified to take on parish duties. Although church policy dictated that parishes of countries converted to Christianity be relinquished by the religious orders to indigenous diocesan priests, in 1870 only 181 of 792 parishes in the islands had Filipino priests. The national and racial dimensions of secularization meant that the issue became linked with broader demands for political reform. Image File history File links Bandera_03. ... Image File history File links Bandera_03. ... 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

The friarocracy seems to have had many personal irregularities, and the priestly vow of chastity often was honored in the breach. However, most inexcusable in the eyes of educated Filipino priests and laymen was the friars' open contempt toward the people. By the late 19th century, they were blatantly racist. One friar, responding to the challenge of the ilustrados, said "the only liberty the Indians want is the liberty of savages. Leave them to their cock-fighting and their indolence, and they will thank you more than if you load them down with old and new rights."

Emergence of a Filipino Consciousness and Identity

The martyrdom of Gomburza, propaganda literature by the ilustrados and literature of José Rizal gradually formed a unified Filipino consciousness and identity. Natives from different regions started to coordinate and interact with each other. For the first time, revolutionaries united against the Spaniards when the Katipunan was formed. Gomburza stood for Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Apolonio Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, three Filipino priests who were executed on February 17, 1873 by Spanish colonial authorities on charges of subversion coming from the 1872 Cavite mutiny. ... José Rizal portrait from a 1902 Painting by Fabian Dela Rosa Dr. José Protacio Mercado Rizal y Alonzo Realonda (June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896), variously called the Pride of the Malay Race, The Great Malayan, The First Filipino, The Messiah of the Revolution, The Universal Hero, The Messiah of... The Katipunan was a secret society founded in the Philippines by Andrés Bonifacio aimed towards liberating the country from the Spanish colonizers. ...

See also

• Philippine Declaration of Independence

The Philippine Declaration of Independence was an event on June 12, 1898 in the Philippines where in the Filipino revolutionary forces under General and Philippines first republican president Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the sovereignty and independence under the new constitution of the Philippine Islands as a republic from the colonial rule...

External links

• The Philippine Revolution by Apolinario Mabini
• The Philippine Revolution by Emilio Aguinaldo

Apolinario Mabini Apolinario Mabini (July 23, 1864—May 13, 1903) was a Filipino theoretician who wrote the constitution for the first Philippine republic of 1899-1901, and served as its first premier in 1899. ... Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (March 22, 1869—February 6, 1964) was a Filipino general, politician, and independence leader. ...