|
Photographic film a sheet of plastic (polyester, celluloid (nitrocellulose) or cellulose acetate) coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive silver halide salts (bonded by gelatin) with variable crystal sizes that determine the sensitivity or resolution of the film. When the emulsion is subjected to controlled exposure to light (or other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays), it forms a latent (invisible) image. Chemical processes can then be applied to the film to create a visible image, in a process called film developing. The term plastics covers a range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic condensation or polymerization products that can be molded or extruded into objects or films or fibers. ...
Close-up of a polyester shirt SEM picture of a bend in a high surface area polyester fiber with a seven-lobed cross section Polyester is a category of polymers which contain the ester functional group in their main chain. ...
Celluloid is the name of a class of compounds created from nitrocellulose and camphor, plus dyes and other agents, generally regarded to be the first thermoplastic. ...
Cellulose acetate, first prepared in 1865, is the acetate salt of cellulose. ...
An emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible substances. ...
Gelatin (also gelatine) is a translucent brittle solid, colorless or slightly yellow, nearly tasteless and odorless, that is created by prolonged boiling of animal connective tissue. ...
The word resolution has several meanings, depending on context. ...
Prism splitting light Light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength that is visible to the eye, or in a more general sense, any electromagnetic radiation in the range from infrared to ultraviolet. ...
Electromagnetic radiation or EM radiation is a combination (cross product) of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other, moving through space as a wave, effectively transporting energy and momentum. ...
In the NATO phonetic alphabet, X-ray represents the letter X. An X-ray picture (radiograph) taken by Röntgen An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength approximately in the range of 5 pm to 10 nanometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz...
A piece of photographic film that has been exposed to light in a controlled manner must be developed before it can be used. ...
In black-and-white photographic film there is usually one layer of silver salts. When the exposed grains are developed, the silver salts are converted to metallic silver, which block light and appear as the black part of the film negative.
Color film uses at least three layers. Dyes added to the silver salts make the crystals sensitive to different colors. Typically the blue-sensitive layer is on top, followed by the green and red layers. During development, the silver salts are converted to metallic silver, as with black and white film. The by-products of this reaction form colored dyes. The silver is converted back to silver salts in the bleach step of development. It is removed from the film in the fix step. Some films, like Kodacolor II, have as many as 12 emulsion layers, with upwards of 20 different chemicals in each layer.
Because photographic film was ubiquitous in the production of motion pictures, or movies, these are also known as films. For other uses see film (disambiguation) Film refers to the celluliod media on which movies are printed Film — also called movies, the cinema, the silver screen, moving pictures, photoplays, picture shows, flicks, or motion pictures, — is a field that encompasses motion pictures as an art form or as part of...
Undeveloped Arista black and white film, ISO 125. Film speed is the measure of a photographic film stocks sensitivity to light. ...
Film basics
There are two primary types of photographic film: - Print film, when developed, turns into a negative with the colors (or black and white values, in black and white film) inversed. This type of film must be "printed" (projected through a lens) to photographic paper in order to be viewed as intended. Print films are available in both black & white and color.
- Reversal film after development is called a transparency and can be viewed directly using a loupe or projector. Reversal film mounted with plastic or cardboard for projection is often called a slide. It is also often marketed as "slide" film. This type of film is often used to produce digital scans or color separations for mass-market printing. Photographic prints can be produced from reversal film, but the process is expensive and not as simple as that for print film. Black and white reversal film exists, but is uncommon — one of the reasons reversal films are popular among professional photographers is the fact that they are generally superior to print films with regards to color reproduction.
In order to produce a usable image, the film needs to be exposed properly. The range of tones that a given film can accurately record is called its exposure latitude. Color print film generally has better exposure latitude than other types of film. Additionally, because color print film must be printed to be viewed, some after-the-fact correction of the exposure can be made during the printing process. In photography, a transparency is a still, positive image created on a transparent base using photochemical means. ...
A carousel slide projector, the most common form of projector A slide projector is an opto-mechanical device to view photographic slides. ...
In computing, a scanner is a device which analyzes a physical image (such as a photograph, printed text, or handwriting) or an object (such as ornament) and converts it to a digital image. ...
Printing is an industrial process for reproducing copies of texts and images, typically with ink on paper using a printing press. ...
In photography, exposure is the total amount of light allowed to fall on the film during the process of taking a photograph. ...
The concentration of dyes or silver salts remaining on the film after development is referred to as density. A dark image on the negative is of higher "density" than a more transparent image. If part of the image exceeds the maximum density possible for a print film, then it is overexposed and will appear as featureless white on the print. Likewise, if part of an image is beneath the minimum density possible on a film, the area will appear as featureless black. Some photographers use their knowledge of these limits to determine the optimum exposure for a photograph; for one example, see the Zone system. Most automatic cameras instead try to achieve a particular average density. The zone system is a technique invented by Ansel Adams and Fred Archer in 1939 or 1940. ...
Film speed describes a film's overall sensitivity to light. The international standard for rating film speed is the ISO scale. Common film speeds include ISO 25, ISO 50, ISO 100, IS0 200, ISO 400, ISO 800, ISO 1600, and ISO 3200. Consumer print films are usually in the ISO 100 to ISO 800 range. Some films, like Kodak's Technical Pan, are not ISO rated and therefore careful examination of the film's properties must be made by the photographer before exposure and development. Film speed is the measure of a photographic film stocks sensitivity to light. ...
Logo of the International Organization for Standardization The International Organization for Standardization (ISO or Iso) is an international standard-setting body made up of representatives from national standards bodies. ...
Technical Pan was a black and white film produced by Kodak. ...
ISO 25 film is very "slow", so it requires much more exposure to produce a usable image than ISO 800 film. Films of ISO 800 and greater (referred to as "fast" films) are thus better suited to low-light situations and action shots. The benefit of slower films is that it usually has finer grain and better colour rendition than fast film. Professional photographers usually seek these qualities, and therefore require a tripod to stabilize the camera for a longer exposure. Grain size refers to the size of the silver crystals in the emulsion. The smaller the crystals, the finer the detail in the photo. In photography, exposure is the total amount of light allowed to fall on the film during the process of taking a photograph. ...
Camera Tripod A tripod refers to any three-legged structure. ...
A film with a particular ISO rating can be pushed to behave like a film with a higher ISO — that is, exposed for a shorter period of time than would normally be used. In order to do this, the film must be developed for a longer amount of time than usual. This procedure is usually only performed by the photographer who does their own development, or by professional-level photofinishers. More rarely, a film can be pulled to behave like a "slower" film.
History of film The first flexible photographic film was made by Eastman Kodak in 1885. This "film" was coated on paper. The first transparent plastic film was produced in 1889. Before this, glass photographic plates were used, which were far more expensive and cumbersome, albeit also of better quality. Early photography in the form of daguerreotypes did not use film at all. Eastman Kodak Company (NYSE: EK) is a large multinational public company producing photographic equipment. ...
1885 is a common year starting on Thursday. ...
Photographic plates were one of the earliest forms of photographic film, in which a light-sensitive emulsion of silver salts was applied to a glass plate. ...
An early daguerreotype, claimed by some to be Abraham Lincoln, although many experts disagree with this claim. ...
Special films Instant photography, as popularised by Polaroid, uses a special type of camera and film that automates and integrates development, without the need of further equipment or chemicals. This process is carried out immediately after exposure, as opposed to regular film, which is developed afterwards and requires additional chemicals. See instant film. The Polaroid Corporation was founded in 1937 by Edwin H. Land. ...
Instant film is a photographic film that is designed to be used in an instant camera. ...
Specialty films exist for recording non-visible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. These films are usually designed to record either ultraviolet or infrared light. These films can require special equipment; for example, most photographic lenses are made of glass and will therefore filter out most ultraviolet light. Instead, expensive lenses made of quartz must be used. The optical spectrum (light or visible spectrum) is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. ...
The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all possible wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. ...
Note: Ultraviolet is also the name of a 1998 UK television miniseries about vampires. ...
Image of a small dog taken in mid-infrared (thermal) light (false color) Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than visible light, but shorter than microwave radiation. ...
A photographic lens (or more correctly, objective) is an integrated system comprising one or more simple optical lens elements, used for a camera or microscope. ...
The physics definition of a glass is a uniform amorphous solid material, usually produced when a suitably viscous molten material cools very rapidly, thereby not giving enough time for a regular crystal lattice to form. ...
For other uses of this word, see Quartz (disambiguation). ...
Film sensitized to X-ray radiation is commonly used for medical imaging. In the NATO phonetic alphabet, X-ray represents the letter X. An X-ray picture (radiograph) taken by Röntgen An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength approximately in the range of 5 pm to 10 nanometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz...
Medical imaging is the process by which physicians evaluate an area of the subjects body that is not normally visible. ...
Common sizes of film See also Film format. Movie film formats Amateur formats: 8 mm Single-8 Super 8 mm 9,5 mm film 17. ...
135 is a film format for still photography. ...
Advanced Photo System (APS) is a film format for still photography. ...
110 is a film format used for still photography. ...
120 is a film format for still photography introduced by Kodak for their Brownie No. ...
Medium-format is a film format in still photography. ...
Sheet film is large format photographic film supplied on individual sheets of plastic rather than rolls. ...
Large format describes photographic films, view cameras (including pinhole cameras) and processes that use a film or digital sensor the size of 6 x 9 cm or larger. ...
Companies that manufacture photographic film Agfa-Gevaert N.V. develops, manufactures and distributes analogue and digital products and systems for the making, processing, and reproduction of images. ...
Efke is the brand name of films, photo papers, and chemicals manufactured by Fotokemika dd. ...
FOMA, officially short for Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access, is the brand name for the 3G services being offered by Japanese mobile phone operator NTT DoCoMo. ...
The word forte, in its most common use, refers to something at which a person excels. ...
Fujifilm is a Japanese company known for its photographic film and cameras. ...
Ilford is a town in North-East London, UK in the London Borough of Redbridge. ...
Eastman Kodak Company (NYSE: EK) is a large multinational public company producing photographic equipment. ...
Konica Minolta Co. ...
Maco is a Germany based supplier of photographic films including old 127 size film. ...
Orwo is a manufacturer of photographic film. ...
The Polaroid Corporation was founded in 1937 by Edwin H. Land. ...
Tura can refer to: Tura River: left tributary of Tobol (in Siberia, Russia) the capital of the Evenkia autonomous district, Russia the capital of West Garo Hills district, Meghalaya, India Tura, a city in Hungary This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise...
See also |
Feeds |
Contact