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The Final War of the Roman Republic, also know as Antony's civil war or the War between Antony and Octavian, was fought between Cleopatra (assisted by Mark Antony) and Octavian. It was the last conflict and civil war of the Roman Republic. After the Roman Senate declared war on the Egyptian queen Cleopatra, Antony, her lover and ally, betrayed Rome and joined the war on Cleopatra’s side. After the decisive victory for Octavian at the Battle of Actium, Cleopatra and Antony withdrew to Alexandria, where Octavian besieged the city until both Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Combatants Octavian Mark Antony, Cleopatra VII of Egypt Commanders Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Mark Antony Strength 260 warships, mostly liburnian vessels 220 warships, mostly quinqueremes and 60 egyptian warships Casualties Unknown Almost all of Antonys fleet The Battle of Actium was a naval battle of the Roman Civil War between...
There were several Roman civil wars, especially during the time of the late Republic. ...
Image File history File links Octavian_and_Antony. ...
The protagonist or main character is the central figure of a story. ...
Events Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Gaius Sosius become Roman Consuls. ...
Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC - 30s BC - 20s BC 10s BC 0s 10s 20s Years: 35 BC 34 BC 33 BC 32 BC 31 BC 30 BC 29 BC 28 BC 27 BC 26 BC...
Cleopatra was a co-ruler of Egypt with her father (Ptolemy XII Auletes), her brothers/husbands Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV, consummated a liaison with Gaius Julius Caesar that solidified her grip on the throne, and, after Caesars assassination, aligned with Mark Antony, with whom she produced twins. ...
Pharaoh is a title used to refer to any ruler, usually male, of the Egyptian kingdom in the pre-Christian, pre-Islamic period. ...
Roman Greece is the period of Greek history following the Roman victory over the Corinthians at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC until the reestablishment of the city of Byzantium and the naming of the city by Emperor Constantine I as the capital of the Roman Empire (as Nova...
Ptolemaic Egypt refers to the time period of hellenistic rule in Egypt. ...
Casus belli is a modern Latin language expression meaning the justification for acts of war. ...
May refer to the persons: Augustus, Roman Emperor Pope John XIII nigger Category: ...
For his relatives, see Marcus Antonius (disambiguation). ...
This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
May refer to the persons: Augustus, Roman Emperor Pope John XIII nigger Category: ...
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (63 BC-12 BC) was a Roman statesman and general, son-in-law and minister of the emperor Caesar Augustus. ...
For his relatives, see Marcus Antonius (disambiguation). ...
Cleopatra was a co-ruler of Egypt with her father (Ptolemy XII Auletes), her brothers/husbands Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV, consummated a liaison with Gaius Julius Caesar that solidified her grip on the throne, and, after Caesars assassination, aligned with Mark Antony, with whom she produced twins. ...
After 30 BC, the Republic was unified under leadership of Octavian. ...
The First Servile War was an unsuccessful slave uprising against the Romans on the island of Sicily. ...
The Second Servile War was an unsuccessful slave uprising against the Romans on the island of Sicily. ...
Template:Campaignbox Social War This article is about the conflict between Rome and her allies between 91 and 88 BC The Social War (also called the Italian War or the Marsic War, Social come from Socii meaning ¨Allies¨) was a war from 91 – 88 BC between the Roman Republic and...
There were several Roman civil wars, especially during the time of the late Republic. ...
Quintus Sertorius (died 72 BC), Roman statesman and general. ...
Combatants Army of escaped slaves Roman Republic Commanders Crixus†, Oenomaus, Spartacus†(presumed dead, body never found) Caius Glaber, Publius Valerius, Gnaeus Clodianus, Lucius Publicola, Cassius, Marcus Licinius Crassus, Pompey Magnus, Lucullus. ...
Catiline (Lucius Sergius Catilina) (108 BC-62 BC) was a Roman politician of the 1st century BC who is best known for the Catiline (or Catilinarian) conspiracy, an attempt to overthrow the Roman Republic, and in particular the power of the aristocratic Senate. ...
Combatants Julius Caesar and supporters, the Populares faction, Roman senate, the Optimates faction, Commanders Julius Caesar Pompey, Titus Labienus†, Metellus Scipio†, Cato the younger†, Gnaeus Pompeius The Roman civil war of 49 BC, sometimes called Caesars Civil War, is one of the last conflicts within the Roman Republic. ...
Liberators civil war Combatants Second Triumvirate Liberators Commanders Marcus Antonius Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus Gaius Cassius Longinus Marcus Junius Brutus The Second Triumvirate declared this civil war to avenge Julius Caesars murder. ...
This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
For his relatives, see Marcus Antonius (disambiguation). ...
May refer to the persons: Augustus, Roman Emperor Pope John XIII nigger Category: ...
List of civil wars List of divided nations List of fictional wars (including fictional civil wars) Wars of national liberation The Logic of Violence in Civil War What makes a civil war? The Wars of the Roses Information about the English civil war fought between 1455 and 1487. ...
This article is becoming very long. ...
The Roman Senate (Latin: Senatus) was the main governing council of both the Roman Republic, which started in 509 BC, and the Roman Empire, which ended in the 6th century AD. The word Senatus is derived from the Latin word senex, meaning old man or elder. ...
This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
Combatants Octavian Mark Antony, Cleopatra VII of Egypt Commanders Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Mark Antony Strength 260 warships, mostly liburnian vessels 220 warships, mostly quinqueremes and 60 egyptian warships Casualties Unknown Almost all of Antonys fleet The Battle of Actium was a naval battle of the Roman Civil War between...
Alexandria Modern Alexandria. ...
Following the end of the war, Octavian brought peace to the Roman state that had been plagued by a century of civil wars. Octavian become the most powerful man in the Roman world and the Senate bestowed him the name of Augustus in 27 BC. Octavian, now Augustus, would be the first Roman Emperor and would transform the democratic Republic into the autocratic Roman Empire. After 30 BC, the Republic was unified under leadership of Octavian. ...
Augustus (plural augusti) is Latin for majestic or venerable. The feminine form is Augusta. ...
Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC - 20s BC - 10s BC 0s 10s 20s 30s Years: 32 BC 31 BC 30 BC 29 BC 28 BC 27 BC 26 BC 25 BC 24 BC 23 BC 22...
Roman Emperor is the term historians use to refer to rulers of the Roman Empire, after the epoch conventionally named the Roman Republic. ...
Democracy (literally rule by the people, from the Greek demos, people, and kratos, rule) is a form of government for a nation state, or for an organization in which all the citizens have an equal vote or voice in shaping policy. ...
An Autocracy is a form of government in which unlimited power is held by a single individual. ...
The Roman Empire is the name given to both the imperial domain developed by the city-state of Rome and also the corresponding phase of that civilization, characterized by an autocratic form of government. ...
The last Republican Civil War would mark the beginning the Pax Romana, the longest period of peace and stability that Europe would ever see. Roman Empire at its greatest extent with the conquests of Trajan Pax Romana (27 BCE-180 CE), Latin for the Roman peace, is the long period of relative peace experienced by the Roman Empire. ...
World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is one of the six inhabited continents of the Earth. ...
Political and Military Buildup The Caesarians Octavian (Caesar's principal, though not sole, heir), Mark Antony, and Marcus Lepidus under the Second Triumvirate had stepped in to fill the power vacuum caused by Julius Caesar's assassination. After the Triumvirate had defeated Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus at the Battle of Philippi (42 BC) and Lepidus expelled from the Triumvirate (36 BC), Octavian and Antony were left as the two most powerful men in the Roman world. Octavian took control of the west, including Hispania, Gaul, Italia, and Africa. Antony received control of the east, including Graecia, Asia, Syria and Aegyptus. May refer to the persons: Augustus, Roman Emperor Pope John XIII nigger Category: ...
For his relatives, see Marcus Antonius (disambiguation). ...
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (Latin: M·AEMILIVS·M·F·Q·N·LEPIDVS[1]), d. ...
The Second Triumvirate is the name historians give to the official political alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian, later Caesar Augustus), Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and Mark Antony formed on 26 November 43 BC. There have been two 5-year terms, covering the period 43 BC – 33 BC. Unlike the...
A power vacuum is an expression for a political situation that can occur when a government has no identifiable central authority. ...
GÄius JÅ«lius Caesar (IPA: ;[1]), July 12 or July 13, 100 BC – March 15, 44 BC) was a Roman military and political leader and one of the most influential men in world history. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ...
(1)=1st husband/wife (2)=2nd husband/wife x=assassin of Caesar This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. ...
Combatants Triumvirs Liberators Commanders Octavian and Mark Antony Brutus†and Cassius†Strength 19 legions, allied cavalry 33,000; total over 100,000 men 17 legions, allied cavalry 17,000; total about 100,000 men Casualties ? all army surrendered The Battle of Philippi was the final battle in the Wars of...
Roman theater at Mérida; the statues are replicas Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar) and to two provinces created there in the period of the Roman Republic: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. ...
Map of Gaul circa 58 BC Gaul (Latin: ) was the name given, in ancient times, to the region of Western Europe comprising present-day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ...
Categories: Historical stubs | Ancient Roman provinces ...
Roman Greece is the period of Greek history following the Roman victory over the Corinthians at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC until the reestablishment of the city of Byzantium and the naming of the city by Emperor Constantine I as the capital of the Roman Empire (as Nova...
The Roman province of Asia was the administrative unit added to the late Republic, a Senatorial province governed by a proconsul who was an ex-consul, an honor granted only to Asia and the other rich province of Africa. ...
Ptolemaic Egypt refers to the time period of hellenistic rule in Egypt. ...
For a time, Rome saw peace. Octavian put down revolts in the west while Antony reorganized the east. However, the peace was short lived. Antony had been having an affair with the queen of Egypt, Cleopatra. Rome, especially Octavian, took note of Antony’s actions. Since 40 BC, Antony had been married to Octavia Minor, the sister of Octavian. Octavian seized the opportunity and had his minister Gaius Maecenas produce a propaganda campaign against Antony. This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC - 40s BC - 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC 10s BC Years: 45 BC 44 BC 43 BC 42 BC 41 BC 40 BC 39 BC 38 BC 37...
For other Roman noble women of this name see Octavia (69 - 11 BC.) Octavia Thurina Minor was one of the most prominent women in Roman history, respected and admired by contemporaries for her loyalty, nobility and humanity and for maintaining traditional Roman feminine virtues. ...
Gaius or Cilnius Maecenas (70 - 8 BC) was a confidant and political advisor to Augustus Caesar, as well as an important sponsor of young poets. ...
All of Rome was astonished when they heard word of Antony’s Donations of Alexandria. In these donations, Antony ceded much of Rome’s territory in the east to Cleopatra. Cleopatra and Caesarion were crowned co-rulers of Egypt and Cyprus; Alexander Helios was crowned ruler of Armenia, Media, and Parthia; Cleopatra Selene (II) was crowned ruler of Cyrenaica and Libya; and Ptolemy Philadelphus was crowned ruler of Phoenicia, Syria, and Cilicia. Cleopatra took the title of Queen of Kings and Caesarion took the title of King of Kings. Cleopatra Cleopatra VII Philopator (December, 70 BC or January, 69 BC–August 12?, 30 BC) was queen of ancient Egypt. ...
Alexander Helios (25 December 40 BC – ? ) was the son of Cleopatra VII of Egypt and Mark Antony, and the twin brother of Cleopatra Selene. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Cleopatra Selene Cleopatra Selene II (Her name in Greek ΚλεοπατÏα Σελινη) (25 December 40 BC - 6 AD) also known as Cleopatra VIII was the only daughter to the Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII and Roman Triumvir Mark Antony. ...
The Roman Empire ca. ...
Ptolemy Philadelphus (36 - 12 BC) was the youngest child of Mark Antony and Cleopatra. ...
Phoenician sarcophagus found in Cadiz, Spain; now in Archaeological Museum of Cádiz. ...
Cilicia as Roman province, 120 AD In Antiquity, Cilicia (Κιλικία) was the name of a region, now known as Çukurova, and often a political unit, on the southeastern coast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey), north of Cyprus. ...
In response, Octavian increased the personal attacks against Antony. Unfortunately, the Senate and people of Rome were not convinced. Octavian’s chance came when Antony married Cleopatra in 32 BC before he divorced Octavia. That combined with information that Antony was planning to establish a second Senate in Alexandria created the perfect environment for Octavian to strip Antony of his power.
Octavian summoned the Senate and accused Antony of anti-Roman sentiments. Octavian had illegally seized Antony’s will from the Temple of Vesta. In it, Antony recognized Caesarion as Caesar's legal heir, left his possessions to his children by Cleopatra, and finally indicated his desire to be buried with Cleopatra in Alexandria instead of in Rome. The Senators would not moved by Caesarion or Antony’s children but Antony’s desire to be buried outside of Rome invoked the Senate’s rage. Octavian, the natural politician he was, blamed Cleopatra and not Antony. The Senate declared war on Cleopatra, Octavian knowing Antony would come to her aid. Brick with the emblem of Theodoric the Great, found in the temple of Vesta. ...
When Cleopatra received word that Rome had declared war, Antony threw his support to Egypt. Immediately, the Senate stripped Antony of all his official power and labeled him as an outlaw and a traitor. Octavian summoned all of his legions, numbered at almost 200,000 Roman legionnaires. Cleopatra and Antony did the same, assembling roughly the same number in mixed heavy Roman and light Egyptian infantry. The stage was set for the largest conflict the Roman world had ever seen.
The War
Naval Theater By mid-summer of 31 BC, Antony maneuvered his army into Greece and Octavian soon followed. Octavian brought with him his chief military advisor and closest friend Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa to command his naval forces. Though the ground forces were comparable, Octavian's fleet was superior. Antony's fleet was made up of large vessels, though with inexperienced crews and commanders. Octavian's fleet of smaller, more maneuverable vessels was filled with experienced sailors. Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (63 BC–12 BC) was a Roman statesman and general. ...
Octavian moved his soldiers cross the Adriatic Sea to confront Antony near Actium. Meanwhile, Agrippa disrupted Antony's supply lines with the navy. Octavian decided not to attack and risk unnecessary losses. Instead, Octavian wanted to battle Antony by sea where his experienced sailors could dominate. In response, Antony and Octavian engaged in Fabian strategy until the time was right. As the summer ended and autumn began to set in, both Octavian and Antony settled for a battle of attrition. A satellite image of the Adriatic Sea. ...
Actium (mod. ...
The Fabian strategy is a military strategy where pitched battles are avoided in favor of wearing down an opponent through a war of attrition. ...
A battle of attrition is a military engagement in which neither side has any tactical advantage, so that the only result of the fighting is the loss of men and materiel on both sides. ...
The first conflict of the war occurred when Octavian's general Agrippa captured the Greek city and naval port of Methone. The city had previously been loyal to Antony. Though Antony was an experienced soldier, he did not understand naval combat, which lead to his downfall. Antony moved his fleet to Actium where Octavian’s navy and army had taken camp. In what would become known as the Battle of Actium, Antony, on September 2, 31 BC, moved his large Quinqueremes through the straight and into the open sea. There, Octavian’s light and maneuverable Liburnian ships drew in battle formation against Antony’s warships. Cleopatra stayed behind Antony’s line on her royal barge. Image File history File linksMetadata Battle_of_actium. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Battle_of_actium. ...
Messenia (Greek: , in Modern Greek Messinia; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a prefecture in the Peloponnese, a region of Greece. ...
Actium (mod. ...
Combatants Octavian Mark Antony, Cleopatra VII of Egypt Commanders Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Mark Antony Strength 260 warships, mostly liburnian vessels 220 warships, mostly quinqueremes and 60 egyptian warships Casualties Unknown Almost all of Antonys fleet The Battle of Actium was a naval battle of the Roman Civil War between...
September 2 is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC - 30s BC - 20s BC 10s BC 0s 10s 20s Years: 36 BC 35 BC 34 BC 33 BC 32 BC 31 BC 30 BC 29 BC 28 BC 27 BC...
A quinquireme was a galley, a warship propelled by oars, developed from the earlier trireme. ...
A liburnian was a galley, a warship propelled by oars. ...
A devastating blow to Antony’s forces came when one of Antony’s former generals delivered Octavian Antony’s battle plan. Antony had hoped to use his biggest ships to drive back Agrippa's wing on the north end of his line, but Octavian's entire fleet stayed carefully out of range. Shortly after mid-day, Antony was forced to extend his line out from the protection of the shore, and then finally engage the enemy. Octavian's fleet, armed with better trained and fresher crews, made quick work of Antony’s larger and less experienced navy. Octavian’s soldiers had spent years fighting in Roman naval combat, where one objective was to ram the enemy ship and at the same time kill the above deck crew with a shower of arrows and catapult-launched stones large enough to decapitate a man.
As the armies stood on either side of the naval battle, they watched as Antony was being outmatched by Agrippa. Seeing that the battle was going against Antony, Cleopatra's fleet retreated to open sea without firing a shot, leaving Antony to fight for himself. As a gap opened in Agrippa's blockade, she funneled through, and was soon closely followed by Antony's command ships. The commanders of Antony's land forces, which were supposed to follow him to Asia, promptly surrendered their legions without a fight. Antony retreated to a smaller vessel with his flag and managed to escape to Alexandria. By the end of the day, Antony’s entire fleet would lie at the bottom of the sea and the Roman world had witnessed the largest naval battle in almost 200 years.
Land Campaign With Octavian now in control of nearly 60 legions (approximately 360,000 men), he was left as the indisputable master of the Roman world. Though Octavian wanted to immediately pursue Antony and Cleopatra, many of his veterans wanted to retire and return to private life. Octavian allowed many of his longest serving veterans (as many as 10 legions by some accounts) to retire. Many of those legionnaires could trace their service to Julius Caesar some 20 year earlier. GÄius JÅ«lius Caesar (IPA: ;[1]), July 12 or July 13, 100 BC – March 15, 44 BC) was a Roman military and political leader and one of the most influential men in world history. ...
After the winter ended, Octavian resumed the hunt. In the spring of 30 BC, Octavian rejected the idea transporting his army across the sea and attacking Alexandria directly, and instead traveled by land through Asia. Antony had received much of his backing from Rome’s client kingdoms in the east. By marching his army by land, he ensured Antony could not regroup and cement his authority over the provinces. Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC - 30s BC - 20s BC 10s BC 0s 10s 20s Years: 35 BC 34 BC 33 BC 32 BC 31 BC 30 BC 29 BC 28 BC 27 BC 26 BC...
Client state refers to the notion of one state being subservient to another. ...
Meanwhile, Antony attempted to secure an army in Cyrenaica from Lucius Pinarius. Unfortunately for Antony, Pinarius had switched his loyalty to Octavian. When Octavian received word of this development, he ordered Pinarius to move his four legions east towards Alexandria while Octavian would move west. Trapped in Egypt with the remnant of his former army, Antony and Cleopatra bided their time awaiting Octavian's arrival. The Roman Empire ca. ...
Lucius Pinarius Scarpus was the son of Atia Balba Tertia, the niece of the Roman Dictator Julius Caesar. ...
When Octavian and Pinarius arrived at Alexandria, they placed the entire city under siege. Before Octavian had arrived, Antony took the roughly 10,000 soldiers he had left and attacked Pinarius, unaware that he was outnumbered 2 to 1. Pinarius destroyed what was left of Antony’s army with Antony escaping back to Alexandria before Octavian arrived. As Octavian approached with his legions, what remained of Antony's cavalry and fleet surrendered to Octavian. Some, Antony’s infantry surrendered without any engagement.
Antony was forced to watch as his army and hopes of dominance in Rome were handed to Octavian. In honorable Roman tradition, Antony, on August 1, 30 BC, fell on his sword. According to the ancients accounts however, he was not entirely successful and with an open wound in his belly, was taken to join Cleopatra, who had fled to her mausoleum. Here Antony succumbed to his wound and supposedly died in his lovers arms, leaving her alone to face Octavian. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Arthur Reginald Smith was born in Skipton-in-Craven, Yorkshire, and grew up in Threshfield. ...
August 1 is the 213th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (214th in leap years), with 152 days remaining. ...
Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC - 30s BC - 20s BC 10s BC 0s 10s 20s Years: 35 BC 34 BC 33 BC 32 BC 31 BC 30 BC 29 BC 28 BC 27 BC 26 BC...
St. ...
Cleopatra did not immediately follow Antony in suicide. Instead, in a last ditch effort, Cleopatra opened negotiations with Octavian. Cleopatra begged Octavian to spare Caesarion’s life in exchange for willing imprisonment. Octavian refused. Within a week, Octavian informed Cleopatra that she was to play a role in Octavian's Triumph back in Rome. This was "carefully explained to her", while Caesarion was "butchered without compunction". Octavian supposedly said "two Caesars are one too many" as he ordered Caesarion's death.[3] Rather than be made a mockery in Rome, on August 9, 30 BC, Cleopatra ended her own life and left Egypt to the fate of Octavian's will. With Cleopatra’s death, the war was over. Cleopatra and Caesarion at the temple of Dendera, Egypt Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar, nicknamed Caesarion (little Caesar) (lived June 23, 47 BC to August, 30 BC; reigned September 2, 44 BC to August, 30 BC), the last pharaoh of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt, was the eldest son of...
Triumph is a British car brand (see Triumph Motor Company), as well as a motorcycle brand (see Triumph Motorcycles). ...
August 9 is the 221st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (222nd in leap years), with 144 days remaining. ...
Aftermath
 Due to this war, Octavian would become Augustus and the first Roman Emperor. Within a month, Octavian was named Pharaoh, and Egypt became his personal possession. With Octavian in control of all of Rome's provinces and over 50 legions, he was now the undisputed master of the Roman world. Through executing Antony's supporters, Octavian finally brought a century of civil war to a close. With a few years, Octavian was named Augustus by the Senate and given unprecedented powers. Octavian, now Augustus, merged the western and eastern halves of the Republic into the Roman Empire with Augustus ruling it as the first Roman Emperor. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1090x1646, 1850 KB) Description: Die Statue Kaiser Augustus in den Vatikanischen Museen, Rom Fotografiert von Andreas Wahra am 17. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1090x1646, 1850 KB) Description: Die Statue Kaiser Augustus in den Vatikanischen Museen, Rom Fotografiert von Andreas Wahra am 17. ...
Pharaoh is a title used to refer to any ruler, usually male, of the Egyptian kingdom in the pre-Christian, pre-Islamic period. ...
Augustus (Latin: IMP•CAESAR•DIVI•F•AVGVSTVS;[1] September 23, 63 BC–August 19, AD 14), known as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (English Octavian; Latin: C•IVLIVS•C•F•CAESAR•OCTAVIANVS) for the period of his life prior to 27 BC, was the first and among the most important of...
The Roman Empire is the name given to both the imperial domain developed by the city-state of Rome and also the corresponding phase of that civilization, characterized by an autocratic form of government. ...
Roman Emperor is the term historians use to refer to rulers of the Roman Empire, after the epoch conventionally named the Roman Republic. ...
With the end of the last Republican civil war, the Republic was replaced by the Empire. Augustus's reign would usher in a golden era of Roman culture and produce a stability that Rome had not seen in over century. With Rome in control of the entire Mediterranean world, a peace that would reign in Europe or centuries after Augustus’s death: the Pax Romana, Europe's longest period of continual peace. The Empire that Augustus established would last until the fall of Rome in the 6th century. Roman Empire at its greatest extent with the conquests of Trajan Pax Romana (27 BCE-180 CE), Latin for the Roman peace, is the long period of relative peace experienced by the Roman Empire. ...
The History of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, a major literary achievement of Eighteenth Century, was written by the English historian, Edward Gibbon. ...
This Buddhist stela from China, Northern Wei period, was built in the early 6th century. ...
Notes - ^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/legion.htm
- ^ http://www.geocities.com/TheTropics/Shores/7037/cleo.htm
- ^ Green, p. 697
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