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Encyclopedia > Financial clearing

In banking and finance, clearing denotes all activities from the time a transaction is made until it is finally settled (see settlement). Some of the activities in clearing are reporting/monitoring, risk margining, netting of trades to single positions, tax handling, and failure handling. Clearing only involves electronic transactions. For other uses, see Bank (disambiguation). ... Finance studies and addresses the ways in which individuals, businesses and organizations raise, allocate and use monetary resources over time, taking into account the risks entailed in their projects. ... A financial transaction involves a change in the status of the finances of two or more businesses or individuals. ... Settlement (of securities) is the process whereby securities or interests in securities are delivered, usually against payment, to fulfill contractual obligations, such as those arising under securities trades. ... A reporter is a type of journalist who researches and presents information in certain types of mass media. ... A continuing function that uses systematic collection of data on specified indicators to provide management and the main stakeholders of an ongoing development intervention with indications of the extent of progress and achievement of objectives and progress in the use of allocated funds ... In general, netting means to allow a positive and a negative to cancel each other out. ... A tax is a compulsory charge or other levy imposed on an individual or a legal entity by a state or a functional equivalent of a state (e. ...


In its wider sense clearing involves the management of post-trading, pre-settlement credit exposures, to ensure that trades are settled in accordance with market rules, even if a buyer or seller becomes insolvent prior to settlement.

Contents


Central counterparty

Clearing generally involves the use of a well capitalised financial institution known as a central counterparty (CCP). The CCP becomes a party to every trade, acting as buyer to market participant sellers, and seller to market participant buyers. In respect of unsettled trades, market participants therefore bear the standardised credit risk of the CCP, and not that of each other in a decentralised market. A financial institution acts as an agent that provides financial services for its clients. ... Credit risk is the risk of loss due to a counterparty defaulting on a contract, or more generally the risk of loss due to some credit event. Traditionally this applied to bonds where debt holders were concerned that the counterparty to whom theyve made a loan might default on...



In the U.S., interbank clearing is done through the Automated Clearing House (ACH), operated mainly by the Federal Reserve, and the Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (DTC). ACH network acts as central clearing facility for all Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) transactions. In Europe, Clearstream and Euroclear are the biggest compensation chambers. Motto: Official (Latin): E pluribus unum (1789 to 1956) (Translated: Out of Many, One) In God We Trust (1956 to present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at federal level; English de facto Government  â€¢ President  â€¢ Vice President Federal... The Automated Clearing House (ACH) is a nationwide electronic banking network that processes large volumes of both credit and debit transactions which are originated in batches. ... The Federal Reserve System is headquartered in the Eccles Building on Constitution Avenue in Washington, DC. The Federal Reserve System (also the Federal Reserve; informally The Fed) is the central banking system of the United States. ... The Automated Clearing House (ACH) is a nationwide electronic banking network that processes large volumes of both credit and debit transactions which are originated in batches. ... World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. ... Clearstream Banking S.A. (CB) is a Bank and a transaction clearing company based in Luxembourg (Europe) created in January 2000, which has been the object of the greatest financial scandal in Luxembourg. Clearstream Banking S.A. was formed from the merger of Cedel (established 1971 - short for Central Delivery... Euronext N.V. is a pan-European stock exchange with subsidiaries in Belgium, France, Netherlands, Portugal and the United Kingdom. ...


Netting

The CCP can net its daily purchases and sales in like securities since each market participant has only one counterparty to its trades. Such netting is widely identified as the key benefit offered by the use of a CCP.


See also

A clearing house (or clearinghouse) is an organization affiliated with a securities or derivatives exchange that completes the transactions on that exchange by seeing to validation, delivery, and settlement. ... Clearstream Banking S.A. (CB) is a Bank and a transaction clearing company based in Luxembourg (Europe) created in January 2000, which has been the object of the greatest financial scandal in Luxembourg. Clearstream Banking S.A. was formed from the merger of Cedel (established 1971 - short for Central Delivery... Genera Many; see text. ...

External links


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