A glass of red wine

Wine is an alcoholic beverage that is made by fermenting grapes or grape juice. The word, wine, comes from the Latin vinum (related to Greek οἶνος), which can mean either the "wine" or the "vine". Wine-like beverages can also be made from other fruits or from flowers, grains, and even honey, in which case, a qualifier has to be used; for example, "elderberry wine". The word wine and its equivalents in other languages is protected by law in many jurisdictions and therefore should always mean grape wine. Download high resolution version (428x800, 53 KB) Red wine. ... Download high resolution version (428x800, 53 KB) Red wine. ... Bottles of cachaça, a Brazilian alcoholic beverage. ... In its strictest sense, fermentation (formerly called zymnosis) is the energy-yielding anaerobic metabolic breakdown of a nutrient molecule, such as glucose, without net oxidation. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Latin is the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... The term vine was originally a term for the plant on which grapes grew, from the word for wine (Greek oinos), for which grapes were grown. ... Fruit wines are wine-like beverages made from fruits other than grapes. ... Wildflowers A flower is the reproductive structure of those plants classified as angiosperms (flowering plants; Division Magnoliophyta). ... Species See text Elder or Elderberry (Sambucus) is a genus of between 5-30 species of fast-growing shrubs or small trees (two species herbaceous), formerly treated in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae, but now shown by genetic evidence to be correctly classified in the moschatel family Adoxaceae. ...

This article discusses grape wine. For non-grape wines, see country wine for fruit and flower wines, and mead for honey wine. Country wines are fermented alcoholic beverages made from a variety of ingredients other than grapes (the base of ordinary wine) and having a variety of flavors. ... Mead Wikibooks Cookbook has more about this subject: Mead Mead is a fermented alcoholic beverage made of honey, water, and yeast. ...

Wine display at the Mt Markey Winery

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 323 KB) Please see the file description page for further information. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 323 KB) Please see the file description page for further information. ...

History

The earliest known evidence of a fermented wine-like drink is from the Chinese village of Jiahu dated from 6000 to 7000 BC [1]. The wine, found in 16 buried jars, contained millet, rice, beeswax (from honey) and either hawthorn fruit or wild grape A 3,000 year old bronze jar has also been unearthed, still containing a similar liquid wine. Jiahu (賈湖) was the site of a Neolithic Yellow River culture based in the central plains of ancient China, modern Henan Province. ... (7th millennium BC – 6th millennium BC – 5th millennium BC – other millennia) // Events c. ... (8th millennium BC – 7th millennium BC – 6th millennium BC – other millennia) // Events Circa 7000 BC – Agriculture and settlement at Mehrgarh in South Asia. ... Pearl millet in the field Ripe head of proso millet The millets are a group of small-seeded species of cereal crops, widely grown around the world for food and fodder. ... Binomial name Oryza sativa L. Rice (Oryza sativa) is a species of grass in the genus Oryza, native to tropical and subtropical southeastern Asia, where it grows in wetlands. ... Beeswax is a tough wax formed from a mixture of several compounds including: hydrocarbons 14%, monoesters 35%, diesters 14%, triesters 3%, hydroxy monoesters 4%, Hydroxy polyesters 8%, acid esters 1%, acid polyesters 2%, free acids 12%, free alcohols 1%, unidentified 6% [1]. Beeswax is secreted by honeybees in the form... Honey honey comb A capped frame of honeycomb Honey is a sweet and viscous fluid produced by bees and other insects from the nectar of flowers. ... Species See text. ... Bronze figurine, found at Öland Bronze is the traditional name for a broad range of alloys of copper. ...

Wine is historically entwined with many cultures around the world. In Iran (Persia) for example, mei (the Persian wine) has been a central theme of their poetry for more than a thousand years, although alcohol is strictly forbidden in Islam.

Ancient pottery jars discovered at Hajji Firuz Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of present-day Iran, near the city of Urmia [2], indicate that grape wine was produced as far back as 5,400 BC. It is believed that the name of the Shiraz grape originates from the Persian town of the same name. This discovery is particularly significant, as Hajji Firuz Tepe was not a grape-growing area, the main crops being grains and the preferred drink of the time was beer. As ancient Babylon was located on the Silk Road from China to the Mediterranean, all indications suggest that wine was probably used as a commodity for trade. Download high resolution version (548x733, 632 KB)Persian woman pouring wine. ... Download high resolution version (548x733, 632 KB)Persian woman pouring wine. ... Persian can refer to: the Western name for Iranian (see Iran/Persia naming controversy) the Persian Empire the Persians the Persian language the Persian (cat) breed the Persian melon the Persian lamb the Persian rug (or carpet) the Persian type of Pokémon character See also Persia (disambiguation page) List... The Zagros Mountains (In Persian:رشته‌کوه‌های زاگرس) make up Irans second largest mountain range. ... Map of Iran showing location of Urmia Urmia, Uromieh, Uromiyeh, Oroomieh, Orumiyeh, or Orumiye (ارومیه in Persian), previously Rezaieh or Rezaiyeh (رضائیه), is a city (1991 pop. ... (6th millennium BC – 5th millennium BC – 4th millennium BC – other millennia) Events 4713 BC – The epoch (origin) of the Julian Period described by Joseph Justus Scaliger occurred on January 1, the astronomical Julian day number zero. ... Shiraz can refer to: Shiraz, Iran Shiraz grape/wine This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... A typical mug of lager beer, showing the golden colour of the beer and the foamy head floating on top. ... The Silk Road (Traditional Chinese: 絲綢之路; Simplified Chinese: 丝绸之路; pinyin: sÄ« chóu zhÄ« lù, Persian راه ابریشم Râh-e Abrisham) was an interconnected series of routes through Southern Asia traversed by caravan and ocean vessel, and connecting Changan (todays Xian), China, with Antioch, Syria, as well as other points. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ...

In ancient Egypt, wine played an important part in ceremonial life. Although wild grapes were never grown there, a thriving royal winemaking industry had been established in the Nile Delta. The industry was most likely the result of trade between Egypt and Canaan during the Early Bronze Age, commencing from at least the Third Dynasty (2650 – 2575 BC), the beginning of the Old Kingdom period (2650 – 2152 BC). Winemaking scenes on tomb walls, and the offering lists that accompanied them, included wine that was definitely produced at the deltaic vineyards. By the end of the Old Kingdom, five wines, all probably produced in the Delta, constitute a canonical set of provisions, or fixed "menu," for the afterlife. Christianity included wine in its rites where it takes the place of the blood of Jesus, in the Mass of Orthodox, Catholic and Anglican Christians. The advent of wine in Europe was the work of the Greeks who spread the art of grape-growing and winemaking in Ancient Greece and Roman times. The Nile Delta is the delta formed in Northern Egypt where the River Nile spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea. ... Canaan or Knáan (Arabic کنعان, Kanʻān, Hebrew כְּנַעַן / כְּנָעַן, KÉ™náʻan / KÉ™nāʻan; Septuagint Greek Χανααν, Khanaan) is an ancient term for a region roughly corresponding to present-day Israel, the West Bank, western Jordan, southern and coastal Syria and Lebanon continuing up until the border of modern Turkey. ... The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ... (27th century BC - 26th century BC - 25th century BC - other centuries) (4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC) Events 2900 - 2334 BC – Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period. ... (26th century BC - 25th century BC - 24th century BC - other centuries) (4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC) Events 2900 - 2334 BC -- Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period 2494 BC -- End of Fourth Dynasty, start of Fifth Dynasty in Egypt. ... (27th century BC - 26th century BC - 25th century BC - other centuries) (4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC) Events 2900 - 2334 BC – Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period. ... (22nd century BC - 21st century BC - 20th century BC - other centuries) (4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC) Events 2130 - 2080 BC -- Ninth Dynasty wars in Egypt 2112 - 2095 BC -- Sumerian campaigns of Ur-Nammu 2091 -- beginning of the Patriarchal Age is traditionally set in this year 2064... Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament writings of his early followers. ... // Jesus, or Jesus of Nazareth, also known as Jesus Christ, is Christianitys central figure, both as Messiah and, for most Christians, as God incarnate. ... Then-Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (now Pope Benedict XVI) presiding at the 2005 Easter Vigil Mass in place of the dying Pope John Paul II. Mass is the term used of the celebration of the Eucharist in the Latin rites of the Roman Catholic Church. ... The Vladimir Icon, one of the most venerated of Orthodox Christian icons of Mary. ... The term Anglican (from the Angles or English) describes those people and churches following the religious traditions developed by the established Church of England. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that existed in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East between 753 BC and its downfall in AD 476. ...

Wine-producing regions

Steep rock slope, Moselle River

Wine grapes grow almost exclusively between thirty and fifty north and between thirty and fifty degrees south of the Equator. The world's most southerly vineyards are in the South Island of New Zealand near the 45th parallel. Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 1976 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 1976 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Moselle River/Germany The Moselle (French Moselle, German Mosel, from Latin Mosella, little Meuse) is a river flowing through France, Luxembourg and Germany, joining the Rhine river at Koblenz. ... The equator is an imaginary circle drawn around a planet at a distance halfway between the poles. ... South Island The South Island forms one of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the North Island. ...

The 13 largest export nations(2005 dates) – Italy, France, Spain, Australia, Chile, the United States of America, Germany, South Africa, Portugal, Moldova, Hungary, Croatia and Argentina. The vineyards of Algeria used to produce many fine wines, especially during and immediately after the era of French colonization, but the resurgence of Islamic consciousness among the populace since the 1970s has greatly reduced this industry.   Islam? (Arabic: الإسلام al-islām) the submission to God is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and the worlds second largest religion. ... This article provides extensive lists of events and significant personalities of the 1970s. ...

A vineyard

The leaders in export volume by market share in 2003 were: Download high resolution version (800x649, 92 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (800x649, 92 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

• France, 22%
• Italy, 20%
• Spain, 17%
• Australia, 8%
• Chile, 6%
• United States, 5%
• Portugal 4%
• Germany 4%..

See also: List of wine-producing regions The following is a list of regions where wine grapes are grown and wine is made from them. ...

Wine grape varieties

Winegrapes on the vine

Wine is usually made from one or more varieties of the European species, Vitis vinifera. When one of these varieties, such as Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, or Zinfandel, for example, is used as the predominant grape (usually defined by law as a minimum of 75 or 85%) the result is a varietal, as opposed to a blended wine. Blended wines are in no way inferior to varietal wines; indeed some of the world's most valued and expensive wines from the Bordeaux, Rioja or Tuscany regions, are a blend of several grape varieties of the same vintage. Download high resolution version (1600x1489, 323 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1600x1489, 323 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... A variety is a recognised division of a species in botany, next below the rank of subspecies; in zoology, species are only divided into subspecies and never into varieties. ... In biology, the most commonly used definition of species was first coined by Ernst Mayr. ... Binomial name Vitis vinifera For thousands of years, the fruit and plant of Vitis vinifera, the European wine grape, have been harvested for both medicinal and nutritional value; its history is intimately entwined with the history of wine. ... Pinot Noir is a red wine grape variety, considered to make some of the greatest wines. ... Chardonnay is a green-skinned grape variety used to make a white varietal wine. ... Zinfandel, also known as Zin, is a red-skinned wine grape popular in California for its intense fruitiness and lush texture. ... Varietal describes wines made from a single named grape variety. ... For the wine, see Bordeaux Wine City motto: Lilia sola regunt lunam undas castra leonem. ... Rioja is a wine from a region named after the Rio Oja in Spain, a tributary of the Ebro. ... Tuscany (Italian Toscana) is a region in central Italy, bordering on Latium to the south, Umbria to the east, Emilia-Romagna and Liguria to the north, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west. ...

Wine can also be made from Vitis labrusca, from other species or from the hybrid of two species. Vitis labrusca, Vitis aestivalis, Vitis rupestris, Vitis rotundifolia and Vitis riparia are native North American grapes, usually used for eating in fruit form or made into grape juice, but sometimes used for wine, eg. Concord wine. Hybrids of vinifera with other species were originally developed to combine American hardiness and resistance to phylloxera with European flavor. Although only rarely used and generally prohibited by law in traditional wine regions, hybrids are planted in substantial numbers in cool-climate viticultural areas. World map showing location of North America A satellite composite image of North America North America is a continent in the northern hemisphere, bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west... Concord grapes are a grape variety used as both table grapes and wine grapes. ... Grape Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, family Phylloxeridae, superfamily Aphidoidea) is a serious pest of commercial grapevines worldwide, originally native to eastern North America. ...

Dark purple wine grapes on the vine

The variety of the land, the local yeast cultures and the climate and conditions under which grapes are grown, (called "terroir") combined to offer a great variety among wine products, which are further increased by the fermentation process itself and by improvements attained with proper aging, sometimes for several decades or more. However, variety is not in itself a sought-after quality for large producers of table wine or more affordable wines, where consistency is more important for large and modern factory wines, and mass-market wine brands. Their producers will try to hide any hint of often-unremarkable "terroirs", or climatically under-performing harvest years, by:

Download high resolution version (800x689, 179 KB)Dark purple Wine Grapes Taken by fir0002 File links The following pages link to this file: Wine Categories: GFDL images ... Download high resolution version (800x689, 179 KB)Dark purple Wine Grapes Taken by fir0002 File links The following pages link to this file: Wine Categories: GFDL images ... Yeasts constitute a group of single-celled (unicellular) fungi, a few species of which are commonly used to leaven bread and ferment alcoholic beverages. ... Terroir was originally a French term in wine and coffee appreciation used to denote the special characteristics of geography that bestowed individuality upon the food product. ... In the United States, table wine is used as a legal definition to differentiate standard wine from stronger (higher alcohol content) fortified wine or sparkling wine. ...

• blending harvests of various years and vineyards;
• pasteurizing the grape juice in order to kill indigenous yeasts (to be replaced with "choice" cultivated yeasts); and
• using flavor additives.

See also: List of grape varieties A vineyard Vineyard with bird netting Wine grapes with netting as protection against birds A vineyard (vignoble in French, vigna or vigneto in Italian, vinha in Portuguese, viña or viñedo in Spanish, Weinberg in German) is a place where grapes are grown for making wine, raisins, or table... This is a list of varieties of cultivated grapes, whether used for wine, or eating as a Table grape, fresh or dried (raisin, currant, sultana). ...

Classification of wine

By vinification methods

Wines may be classified by vinification methods. These include classifications such as sparkling, still, fortified, rosé, and blush. The colour of wine is not determined by the juice of the grape, which is almost always clear, but rather by the presence or absence of the grape skin during fermentation. Grapes with colored juice are known as teinturiers. Red wine is made from red (or black) grapes, but its red colour is bestowed by the skin being left in contact with the juice during fermentation. White wine can be made from any colour of grape as the skin is separated from the juice during fermentation. A white wine made from a very dark grape may appear pink or 'blush'. Rosé wines are a compromise between reds and whites — the skin of red grapes is left in for a short time during fermentation. Rosé is a type of wine that is neither purely red wine nor purely white wine. ... Rosé is a type of wine that is neither purely red wine nor purely white wine. ...

Sparkling wines, such as champagne, are those with carbon dioxide, either from fermentation or added later. They vary from just a slight bubbliness to the classic Champagne. To have this effect, the wine is fermented twice, once in an open container to allow the carbon dioxide to escape into the air, and a second time in a sealed container, where the gas is caught and remains in the wine. Wines that gain their carbonation from the traditional method of bottle fermentation are called Méthode Traditionnelle wines in France. Other international denominations of sparkling wine include Sekt or Schaumwein (Germany), Cava (Spain), Spumante or Prosecco (Italy). A glass of sparkling wine Sparkling wine is a wine with significant levels of carbon dioxide in it making it fizzy. ... Champagne is often drunk as part of a celebration Champagne is a sparkling wine produced by inducing the secondary fermentation of wine. ... Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ... In its strictest sense, fermentation (formerly called zymnosis) is the energy-yielding anaerobic metabolic breakdown of a nutrient molecule, such as glucose, without net oxidation. ...

Fortified wines are often sweeter, always more alcoholic wines that have had their fermentation process stopped by the addition of a spirit, such as brandy. They include: A fortified wine is a wine to which additional alcohol has been added, most commonly in the form of brandy (a spirit distilled from wine). ...

• Marsala
• Madeira
• Sherry
• Port

Brandy is a distilled wine. Grappa is a dry colorless brandy, distilled from fermented grape pomace, the pulpy residue of grapes, stems and seeds that were pressed for the winemaking process. Marsala is a wine produced in the Italian city of Marsala, in Sicily. ... Madeira is a fortified wine made in the Madeira Islands of Portugal, which is prized equally for drinking and cooking; the latter use including the dessert plum in madeira. ... Sherry solera Sherry is a type of wine originally produced in and around the town of Jerez, Spain. ... A glass of tawny port. ... Brandy pot stills at the Van Ryn Brandy Cellar near Stellenbosch, South Africa For the singer and actress, see Brandy Norwood. ... Strathisla whisky distillery in Keith, Scotland Distillation is a means of separating liquids through differences in their boiling points. ... Grappa, also known as Grappa Wine, is an Italian grape-based spirit of between 40% and 50% vol. ... Pomace is a substance prepared by pressing or grinding various fruits, for example in the manufacture of olive oil (from olives), wine (from grapes), or cider (from apples). ...

By taste

Wines may be also classified by their primary impression on the drinker's palate. They are made up of chemical compounds which are similar to those in fruits, vegetables, and spices. Different grape varieties are associated with the aromas and tastes of different compounds. Wines may be described as 'dry' (meaning they are without sugar), off-dry, fruity, or sweet, for example. The sweetness of wines can be measured in brix, at harvest, but is in actuality determined by the amount of residual sugar in the wine after fermentation. Dry wine, for example, has only a tiny amount of residual sugar. Specific flavors may also be sensed, at least by an experienced taster, due to the highly complex mix of organic molecules, such as esters, that a fully vinted wine contains. The palate is the roof of the mouth in humans and vertebrate animals. ... Screen shot of Spice OPUS, a fork of Berkeley SPICE SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuits Emphasis) is a general purpose analog circuit simulator. ... Odor receptors on the antennae of a Luna moth An odor is the object of perception of the sense of olfaction. ... Brix is a measure of the amount of sugar in a cherry, grape, fruit, or wine etc. ... The sweetness of a wine is defined by the level of residual sugar (or RS) in the final liquid after the fermentation has ceased. ... In organic chemistry and biochemistry, esters are organic compounds where an organic group (symbolyzed by R in this article) replaces a hydrogen atom (or more than one) in an oxygen acid. ...

White grapes

• Sauvignon Blanc: Gooseberry, asparagus.
• Sémillon: Honey, orange, lime.
• Chardonnay: Butter, melon, apple, pineapple, vanilla (if oaked, i.e. vinified in new oak aging barrels)
• Chenin Blanc: Wet wood, beeswax, honey, apple, almond.
• Riesling: Citrus fruits, petrol, honey.
• Gewürztraminer: Rose petals, lychee, spice.
• Viognier: Peach, pear, nutmeg, apricot.
• Marsanne: Almond, honeysuckle, marzipan.

Sauvignon blanc is a white wine grape probably originating in the Bordeaux region of France that is now planted in much of the worlds winelands producing a crisp dry refreshing white varietal wine. ... Species Ribes grossularia L. Ribes hirtellum Ribes echinellum The gooseberry is a well-known fruit-bush. ... Binomial name Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus is the name of a vegetable obtained from one species within the genus Asparagus, specifically the young shoots of Asparagus officinalis. ... Sémillon is a golden-skinned grape used to make dry and sweet white wines, most notably in France and Australia. ... Honey honey comb A capped frame of honeycomb Honey is a sweet and viscous fluid produced by bees and other insects from the nectar of flowers. ... Look up Orange on Wiktionary, the free dictionary For the etymology of the word orange, see orange (word). ... Lime has several meanings: Look up Lime in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Lime (mineral) - a group of calcium compounds and minerals in which they predominate, including: Limestone Agricultural lime - a mineral soil additive Calcium oxide (also quicklime) - a chemical compound Calcium hydroxide (also slaked lime) - a chemical compound Lime (fruit... Chardonnay is a green-skinned grape variety used to make a white varietal wine. ... Sara Bura Binomial name Cucumis melo L. The melon is the fruit and plant of a typically vine-like (climber and trailer) herb that was first cultivated more than 4000 years ago (~ 2000 BC) in Persia and Africa. ... Binomial name Malus domestica Borkh. ... Binomial name Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. ... Vanilla is a flavoring, in its pure form known as vanillin, derived from orchids in the genus Vanilla. ... Species See List of Quercus species The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of several hundred species of trees and shrubs in the genus Quercus, and some related genera, notably Lithocarpus. ... Whiskey barrels at the Jack Daniels distillery Barrels for aging wine in Napa Valley An aging barrel is a barrel used to age wine or distilled spirits such as whiskey, brandy, or rum. ... Chenin Blanc (or often simply Chenin) is a widely grown wine grape variety, also known as Steen in South Africa, Pineau de la Loire in the Loire region of France. ... Beeswax is a tough wax formed from a mixture of several compounds including: hydrocarbons 14%, monoesters 35%, diesters 14%, triesters 3%, hydroxy monoesters 4%, Hydroxy polyesters 8%, acid esters 1%, acid polyesters 2%, free acids 12%, free alcohols 1%, unidentified 6% [1]. Beeswax is secreted by honeybees in the form... Binomial name Prunus dulcis (Mill. ... A Riesling vineyard on the Moselle River in Germany Riesling is a white grape variety and varietal appellation of wines grown historically in Alsace (France), Austria, Germany (see German wine), and northern Italy. ... Species & major hybrids Species Citrus maxima - Pomelo Citrus medica - Citron Citrus reticulata - Mandarin & Tangerine Major hybrids Citrus x aurantifolia - Lime Citrus x aurantium - Bitter Orange Citrus x bergamia - Bergamot Citrus x hystrix - Kaffir Lime Citrus x ichangensis - Ichang Lemon Citrus x limon - Lemon Citrus x limonia - Rangpur Citrus x paradisi... Gasoline, as it is known in North America, or petrol, in many Commonwealth countries (sometimes also called motor spirit) is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture consisting primarily of hydrocarbons, used as fuel in internal combustion engines. ... Gewürztraminer is a white wine grape variety. ... Species About 100, see text A rose is a flowering shrub of the genus Rosa and the flower of this shrub. ... Binomial name Litchi chinensis Sonn. ... Once a fairly common, and then a very rare white wine grape grown almost exclusively in the northern Rhône regions of France, Viognier (pronounced vee-OH-nyay) has been planted much more extensively around the world since the early 1990s. ... Binomial name Prunus persica L. A peachy dessert The peach (Prunus persica) is a tree that bears a juicy fruit of the same name. ... Species About 30 species, including: Pyrus amygdaliformis Pyrus austriaca Pyrus balansae Pyrus betulifolia Pyrus bourgaeana Pyrus bretschneideri Pyrus calleryana Pyrus caucasica Pyrus communis Pyrus cordata Pyrus cossonii Pyrus elaeagrifolia Pyrus fauriei Pyrus kawakamii Pyrus korshinskyi Pyrus lindleyi Pyrus nivalis Pyrus pashia Pyrus persica Pyrus phaeocarpa Pyrus pyraster Pyrus pyrifolia Pyrus... Species About 100 species, including: Myristica argentea Myristica fragrans Myristica malabarica The nutmegs Myristica are a genus of evergreen trees indigenous to tropical southeast Asia and Australasia. ... Binomial name Prunus armeniaca Blanco The Apricot is a fruit bearing tree of the species Prunus armeniaca, in the same subgenus Prunus subgen. ... Marsanne is a little used variety of grape, most common in the northern Rhône, where it often blended with Roussanne. ... Species Lonicera albiflora Lonicera arizonica Lonicera x bella Lonicera caerulea Lonicera canadensis Lonicera caprifolium Lonicera chrysantha Lonicera ciliosa Lonicera conjugialis Lonicera dioica Lonicera etrusca Lonicera flava Lonicera fragrantissima Lonicera x heckrottii Lonicera hirsuta Lonicera hispidula Lonicera interrupta Lonicera involucrata Lonicera japonica Lonicera korolkowii Lonicera maackii Lonicera x minutiflora Lonicera morrowii... This article is about the food marzipan; for the Homestar Runner character of this name, see: Marzipan (character). ...

Red grapes

• Gamay: Banana, bubble-gum, red fruits.
• Pinot Noir: Raspberry, cherry, violets, "farmyard" (with age).
• Zinfandel: Black cherry, mixed spices, mint.
• Shiraz: Tobacco, pepper, blackberry.
• Grenache: Smoky, pepper, raspberry.
• Tempranillo: Vanilla, strawberry, tobacco.
• Sangiovese: Herbs, black cherry, leathery, earthy.
• Nebbiolo: Leather, stewed prunes, chocolate, liquorice.
• Merlot: Black cherry, plums, pepper, coffee.
• Cabernet Franc: Tobacco, raspberry, new-mown grass.
• Cabernet Sauvignon: Blackcurrants, chocolate, mint, tobacco.

Gamay is a purple-colored grape variety used to make red wines, most famously grown in Beaujolais. ... Species Hybrid origin; see text A banana is a tree-like plant (though strictly a herb) of the genus Musa in the family Musaceae, closely related to plantains. ... Bubblegum is a type of chewing gum that is especially designed for blowing bubbles. ... Pinot Noir is a red wine grape variety, considered to make some of the greatest wines. ... Binomial name Rubus idaeus L. The Raspberry or Red Raspberry, (Rubus idaeus) is a plant that produces a tart, sweet, red composite fruit (not a true berry) in late summer or early autumn. ... Species Several, including: Prunus apetala Prunus avium Prunus campanulata Prunus canescens Prunus cerasus Prunus concinna Prunus conradinae Prunus dielsiana Prunus emarginata Prunus fruticosa Prunus incisa Prunus litigiosa Prunus mahaleb Prunus maximowiczii Prunus nipponica Prunus pensylvanica Prunus pilosiuscula Prunus rufa Prunus sargentii Prunus serrula Prunus serrulata Prunus speciosa Prunus subhirtella Prunus... Violet could refer to: Violet (color), a color approximately the same as purple. ... Zinfandel, also known as Zin, is a red-skinned wine grape popular in California for its intense fruitiness and lush texture. ... Black Cherry may refer to: Prunus serotina, a species of Bird cherry. ... Species See text The true mints are perennial herbs in the family Lamiaceae. ... Shiraz can refer to: Shiraz, Iran Shiraz grape/wine This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Species N. glauca N. longiflora N. rustica N. sylvestris N. tabacum Ref: ITIS 30562 as of August 26, 2005 Tobacco (, L.) refers to a genus of broad-leafed plants of the nightshade family indigenous to North and South America or to the dried and cured leaves. ... Look up Pepper in Wiktionary, the free dictionary There are several completely different plants referred to by the name of pepper; most are used in food for the hot sensation that the chemical piperine or capsaicin induces on the tongue. ... BlackBerry 7100t The BlackBerry is a handheld wireless device providing e-mail, telephone, text messaging and web browsing and other wireless data access. ... Grenache is a sweet red grape variety grown primarily for the making of wine. ... Tempranillo is a wine grape variety grown for use in red wine, native to northern Spain, and widely cultivated in both northern and central Spain. ... Fragaria vesca Gariguette, a tasty (and somewhat expensive) variety cultivated in southern France. ... Sangiovese is a red wine grape variety originating in Italy where it is now recognised as a superior variety. ... A herb (pronounced hurb in Commonwealth English and urb in American English) is a plant grown for culinary, medicinal, or in some cases even spiritual value. ... Modern leather-working tools Leather is a material created through the tanning of hides, pelts and skins of animals, primarily cows. ... Nebbiolo is the most important wine grape variety of Italys Piedmont region. ... Prune has several meanings: A dried plum. ... Chocolate comes in dark, light, and white varieties with cocoa solids contributing to the brown coloration. ... Species Glycyrrhiza acanthocarpa Glycyrrhiza aspera Glycyrrhiza astragalina Glycyrrhiza bucharica Glycyrrhiza echinata Glycyrrhiza eurycarpa Glycyrrhiza foetida Glycyrrhiza glabra Glycyrrhiza iconica Glycyrrhiza korshinskyi Glycyrrhiza lepidota Glycyrrhiza pallidiflora Glycyrrhiza triphylla Glycyrrhiza uralensis Glycyrrhiza yunnanensis Ref: ILDIS Version 6. ... Merlot is a variety of wine grape used to create a popular red wine. ... Species See text A plum is a stone fruit tree in the genus Prunus, subgenus Prunus. ... Coffee beans and a cup of coffee Coffee as a drink, usually served hot, is prepared from the roasted seeds (beans) of the coffee plant. ... Cabernet Franc is a red wine grape variety similar to and a parent of Cabernet Sauvignon. ... Cabernet Sauvignon is a variety of red grape mainly used for wine production, and is, along with Chardonnay, one of the most widely-planted of the worlds noble grape varieties. ... Binomial name Ribes nigrum L. The blackcurrant is a temperate shrub which produces small edible berries with a high natural vitamin C content, which are very dark purple/blue in colour—almost black—hence the name. ...

By vintage

Wines may be classified by the year in which the grapes are harvested. "Vintage wines" are made from grapes of a single year's harvest, and are accordingly dated. These wines often improve in flavor as they age, and wine enthusiasts will occasionally save bottles of a favorite vintage wine for future consumption.

For most types of wine, the best-quality grapes and the most care in wine-making are employed on vintage wines. They are therefore more expensive than non-vintage wines. Whilst vintage wines are generally made in a single batch so that each and every bottle will have a similar taste, climatic factors can have a dramatic impact on the character of a wine to the extent that different vintages from the same vineyard can vary dramatically in flavor and quality.

Superior vintages, from reputable producers and regions, will often fetch much higher prices than their average vintages. Some vintage wines are only made in better-than-average years. Conversely, wines such as White Zinfandels, which don't age well, are made to be drunk immediately and are not labeled with a vintage year. There are exceptions though. French Champagne is typically non-vintage, but may not be "cheap", and can sometimes profit from aging.

Collectible wines

Gold lettering on collectible Sydney Opera House wine

At the highest end, rare, super-premium wines are amongst the most expensive of all foodstuffs, and outstanding vintages from the best vineyards may sell for thousands of dollars per bottle. Red wines, at least partly because of their ability to form more complex subtleties, are typically the most expensive. Such wines are often at their best, years or sometimes decades after bottling. On the other hand, they may turn into vinegar, and before opening the bottle there may be no way of knowing this. Part of the expense associated with high-end wine comes from the number of bottles which must be discarded in order to produce a drinkable wine. Restaurants will often charge between two to five times the price of what a wine merchant may ask for an exceptional vintage. This is for a reason: diners will often return wines that have gone foul and not bear the expense. For restaurateurs, serving old vintages is a risk that is compensated through elevated prices. Some high-end wines are Veblen goods (for conspicuous consumption). Image File history File links Download high resolution version (401x659, 128 KB)Photo taken by Moriori for Wikipedia to illustrate section on Wine article File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (401x659, 128 KB)Photo taken by Moriori for Wikipedia to illustrate section on Wine article File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The vinegar in these bottles is infused with oregano. ... A négociant is a wine merchant who assembles the produce of smaller growers and winemakers and sells the result under its own name. ... A commodity is a Veblen good if peoples preference for buying it increases as a direct function of its price. ...

Exclusive wines come from all the best winemaking regions of the world, including, but not limited to Italy, United States, and France. Other regions also do have some world-class wines, in terms of both quality and price. Secondary markets for these wines have consequently developed, as well as specialised facilities for post-purchase storage for people to "invest" in wine. The most common wines purchased for investment are Bordeaux and Port. Many wine writers have decried the trend, as it has pushed up prices to the point that few people will consider drinking such valuable commodities, and consequently they are kept in bottles undrunk where they eventually deteriorate into a substance, very much like red wine vinegar in taste (and desirability). The following is a list of regions where wine grapes are grown and wine is made from them. ... For the wine, see Bordeaux Wine City motto: Lilia sola regunt lunam undas castra leonem. ... A glass of tawny port. ...

Also investment in fine wine has attracted a number of fraudsters who have played on fine wine's exclusive image, and their clients' ignorance of this sector of the wine market. Typically, the scams work by charging excessively high prices on the wine, while representing that it is a sound investment unaffected by economic cycles. Like any investment, proper research is essential before investing. An abstract business cycle The business cycle or economic cycle refers to the ups and downs seen somewhat simultaneously in most parts of an economy. ...

Some wines, produced to mark significant events in a country or region, can also become collectible because of labelling design. An example is the Mildara Rhine Riesling produced in 1973 to mark the opening of the Sydney Opera House. Instead of labels, the bottles (red, as well as white) had printing in gold on them, as seen in the illustration. 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. ... Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge The Sydney Opera House in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia is one of the most distinctive and famous 20th-century buildings, and one of the most famous performing arts venues in the world. ...

• For special types of wines, see.

Types of wines

Marsala is a seaport city located in the province of Trapani on the island of Sicily in Italy, of 77,784 inhabitants (2001). ... The muscat family of grapes grow widely for wine, raisins and table grapes. ... Palomino is a coat color in horses, consisting of a gold coat and white or flaxen mane and tail. ... Pedro Ximénez (also known as PX, Pedro Jiménez, or Pedro) is the name of a white grape grown in certain regions of Spain, and also a varietal wine, an intensely sweet, dark, dessert sherry. ... District Porto Mayor   - Party Rui Rio PSD Area 41. ...

Wine names

Wines are usually named, either by their grape variety or by their place of production. Historically, wines from Australia and the United States were named exclusively by their grape variety, while wines from France, Spain and Italy were identified by their place of production. This practice is changing, particularly in the United States and New Zealand where more quality wine-grape growing regions, such as Napa Valley, Russian River Valley, Willamette Valley, Sonoma, Walla Walla, etc., are appearing on labels, and are seen as clear differentiators of quality by many consumers. Napa County is in north-central California Napa Valley is most famous for its wine. ... The Russian River downstream of Duncans Mills The Russian River rises in the coastal mountain ranges of Mendocino County in Northern California, flows through valleys in Mendocino County and Sonoma County, and empties into the Pacific Ocean at Jenner-by-the-Sea, about 60 miles north of the San... The Willamette Valley is the region in northwest Oregon in the United States that surrounds the Willamette River as it proceeds northward from its emergence from mountains near Eugene to its confluence with the Columbia River. ... Sonoma is a town located in Sonoma County, California, USA. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 9,128. ... Walla Walla can refer to: Walla Walla a Native American tribe after which the county and town of Walla Walla are named Walla Walla, Washington a town in the county of Walla Walla Walla Walla County, Washington a county in Washington State, U.S.A. This is a disambiguation page...

Regional wine names

The taste of a wine depends not only on the grape species and varietal blend, but also on the ground and climate (known as terroir) where it is cultivated. Historically, wines have been known by names reflecting their origin, and sometimes style: Bordeaux, Rioja, Mosel and Chianti are all legally defined names, reflecting the traditional wines produced in the named region. These naming conventions or "appellations" (as they are known in France) dictate not only where the grapes in a wine were grown, but also which grapes went into the wine and how they were vinified. The appellation system is strongest in the European Union, but a related system, the American Viticultural Area, restricts the use of certain regional labels in America, such as Napa Valley, Santa Barbara and Willamette Valley. The AVA designations do not restrict the type of grape used. New World wines are known primarily by their varietal content, and not by their region. For the wine, see Bordeaux Wine City motto: Lilia sola regunt lunam undas castra leonem. ... Rioja is a wine from a region named after the Rio Oja in Spain, a tributary of the Ebro. ... Mosel-Saar-Ruwer is a German wine-growing-region in the valleys of the rivers Moselle, Saar and Ruwer near Trier, Rhineland-Palatinate. ... Chianti is Italys most famous red wine. ... An appellation in its broadest sense is a name or designation. ... An American Viticultural Area (AVA) is a delimited grape-growing region distinguishable by geographic features, with boundaries defined by the United States governments Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB). ... Napa County is in north-central California Napa Valley is most famous for its wine. ... Stearns Wharf is the extension into the sea of State Street, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara is a city in California, United States. ... The Willamette Valley is the region in northwest Oregon in the United States that surrounds the Willamette River as it proceeds northward from its emergence from mountains near Eugene to its confluence with the Columbia River. ...

The inconsistent application of historical European designations can be confusing. For example, in most of the world, wine labeled Champagne must be made from grapes grown in the Champagne region of France and fermented using certain method, based on the international trademark agreements included in the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. However, in the United States (except Oregon), these and the following European appellations are allowed to be used as generic wine names: This article is about the continent. ... Champagne is often drunk as part of a celebration Champagne is a sparkling wine produced by inducing the secondary fermentation of wine. ... 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Woodrow Wilson with the American Peace Commissioners The Treaty of Versailles of 1919 is the peace treaty created as a result of six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, which put an official end to World War I between the Allies and Central Powers. ... State nickname: Beaver State Other U.S. States Capital Salem Largest city Portland Governor Ted Kulongoski (D) Official languages None Area 255,026 km² (9th)  - Land 248,849 km²  - Water 6,177 km² (2. ...

• Asti
• Bordeaux
• Burgundy
• Chablis
• Champagne
• Chianti

All of these are names of specific regions in Europe. While most countries restrict the use of these place names, there exists a legal definition called semi-generic in the United States that enables U.S. winemakers to apply these terms to their wines even though the product does not come from these specific places. Some suggest that this naming practice causes confusion, and thus, it is being protested by Europeans. Generally only less expensive, mass-produced wines (or vin ordinaire) make use of these place names as semi-generic wine names. Makers of American fine wines avoid these terms out of respect for their European counterparts. Thus, the finest sparkling wines from California will be labeled "sparkling wine", while some less expensive sparkling wines from California as well as states, such as Ohio and New York, may bear the name "Champagne". This article needs cleanup. ... For the wine, see Bordeaux Wine City motto: Lilia sola regunt lunam undas castra leonem. ... Chardonnay vineyards in the south of the Côte de Beaune surrounding the town of Meursault. ... The Chablis wine region is the northernmost sector of Burgundy, France, and also the name of a town located there. ... Chianti is Italys most famous red wine. ... Semi-generic is a legal term used in Canada and by the United States Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau to refer to wine designations that have essentially no meaning. ... World map showing location of Europe When considered a continent, Europe is the worlds second-smallest continent in terms of area, with an area of 10,600,000 km² (4,140,625 square miles), making it larger than Australia only. ... State nickname: The Golden State Other U.S. States Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger (R) Official languages English Area 410,000 km² (3rd)  - Land 404,298 km²  - Water 20,047 km² (4. ... State nickname: The Buckeye State Other U.S. States Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Governor Bob Taft (R) Official languages None Area 116,096 km² (34th)  - Land 106,154 km²  - Water 10,044 km² (8. ... State nickname: Empire State Other U.S. States Capital Albany Largest city New York City Governor George Pataki (R) Official languages None (English is de facto) Area 141,205 km² (27th)  - Land 122,409 km²  - Water 18,795 km² (13. ...

Some blended wine names are marketing terms, and the use of these names is governed by trademark or copyright law, rather than a specific wine law or a patent on the actual varietal blend or process used to achieve it: A trademark (Commonwealth English: trade mark)[1] is a distinctive sign of some kind which is used by a business to identify itself and its products and services to consumers, and to set the business and its products or services apart from those of other businesses. ... The copyright symbol is used to give notice that a work is covered by copyright. ...

• Meritage is generally a Bordeaux-style blend of Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, and may also include Cabernet Franc, Petit Verdot, and Malbec.
• Pinotage is a wine created by Professor Perold by cross-pollinating the two grape varieties of Pinot Noir and Cinsault. It is produced in South Africa and to a much lesser degree New Zealand.

Meritage is a word used to distinguish wines that are made in the style of Bordeaux but without infringing on that regions legally protected appellation. ... For the wine, see Bordeaux Wine City motto: Lilia sola regunt lunam undas castra leonem. ... Cabernet Sauvignon is a variety of red grape mainly used for wine production, and is, along with Chardonnay, one of the most widely-planted of the worlds noble grape varieties. ... Merlot is a variety of wine grape used to create a popular red wine. ... Cabernet Franc is a red wine grape variety similar to and a parent of Cabernet Sauvignon. ... Petit verdot is a variety of black grape used in the production of red wine, principally in blends with Cabernet Sauvignon. ... Malbec is a black, mellow grape variety originally grown in France, in the Loire Valley and Cahors. ... Pinotage is a wine grape that is a cross between Pinot Noir and Cinsault (called Hermitage in South Africa and parts of Europe, hence the portmanteau name of this grape variety). ... Pinot Noir is a red wine grape variety, considered to make some of the greatest wines. ... Cinsaut or Cinsault is a red wine France. ...

Uses of wine

A glass of white wine

Wine is a popular and important beverage that accompanies and enhances a wide range of European and Mediterranean-style cuisines, from the simple and traditional to the most sophisticated and complex. Red, white and sparkling wines are the most popular, and are also known as light wines, because they only contain approximately 10-14% alcohol. The aperitif and dessert wines contain 14-20% alcohol, and are fortified to make them richer and sweeter than the light wines. Although there are many classes of dinner wines, they are all used under six specific classes, as follows: Download high resolution version (401x800, 58 KB) White wine. ... Download high resolution version (401x800, 58 KB) White wine. ... The word drink is primarily a verb, meaning to ingest liquids, see Drinking. ... See the individual entries for: Austrian cuisine British cuisine Bulgarian cuisine Croatian cuisine Czech cuisine Danish cuisine Finnish cuisine French cuisine German cuisine Greek cuisine Hungarian cuisine Italian cuisine Lithuanian cuisine Polish cuisine Romanian cuisine Russian cuisine Spanish cuisine Ukrainian cuisine Categories: Cuisine | European cuisine | Western cuisine | Food and drink... The Mediterranean diet is a nutritional model inspired by the traditional dietary patterns of the countries of the Mediterranean basin, particularly Italy, Greece, and Spain. ... A cuisine (from French cuisine, meaning cooking; culinary art; kitchen; itself from Latin coquina, meaning the same; itself from the Latin verb coquere, meaning to cook) is a specific set of cooking traditions and practices, often associated with a place of origin. ... Alternate meaning: Aperitif (record label) An ap ritif is an alcoholic drink usually enjoyed as an appetiser before a large meal. ... Dessert wines are those wines which are typically served with dessert, although they are also drunk on their own, i. ...

• aperitif (or better known as "appetizer wines"): include dry sherry, Madeira, Vermouth, and other flavored wines, made to be consumed before eating a meal.
• red dinner wines: These wines are usually dry and go extremely well with such main-course dishes as red meats, spaghetti, and highly-seasoned foods. They should be served at a cool room temperature to bring out their aroma. The most popular red dinner wines are claret, Burgundy, Chianti, and Cabernet Sauvignon. Pink dinner wines (also called "rose wines"), a special class of red wines, can be served with almost any dish, but are considered best with cold meats, pork, and curries.
  
  
• white dinner wines: Usually either very dry or rather sweet, these wines should be served chilled, and go well with white meats, seafood, and fowl. They include Rhine wines, Chablis, sauterne, and wine made from different grape varieties such as Chardonnay and White Riesling.
• sparkling wines: Usually served at any meal with any course, these wines are most frequently served at banquets, formal dinners and weddings. The most common sparking wines are Champagne (white) and sparkling Burgundy (red).
• table wine: Table wine is not bubbly, although some have a very slight carbonation, the amount of which is not enough to disqualify them as table wines. According to U.S. standards of identity, table wines may have an alcohol content that is no higher than 14 percent. In Europe, light wine must be within 8.5 percent and 14 percent alcohol by volume. As such, unless a wine has more than 14 percent alcohol, or it has bubbles, it is a table wine or a light wine.
• dessert wines: Ranging from medium-sweet to sweet, these wines are classified under dessert wines only because they are sometimes served with desserts. Among these wines are port, sweet sherry, Tokay, and muscatel.

The labels on certain bottles of wine suggest that they need to be set aside for an hour before drinking (ie. to "breathe"), while other wines are recommended to be drunk as soon as they are opened. 'Breathing' means allowing a wine to aerate before drinking. Generally, younger wines benefit from some aeration, while older wines do not. The word, "younger", refers to the first one third of a wine’s life, which varies from wine type to wine type and from wine to wine. For most white wines, "younger" means up to one to two years, while for red wines, they could mean as little as a few months, for a Nouveau Beaujolais, up to ten years for a hearty Barossa Shiraz. "Older", on the other hand, refers to the last one third of their lives. Sherry solera Sherry is a type of wine originally produced in and around the town of Jerez, Spain. ... For other uses of the word, see Madeira (disambiguation) Madeira Islands location. ... Vermouth is a fortified wine flavored with aromatic herbs and spices (aromatized in the trade) in recipes that are closely-guarded trade secrets. ... Red meat refers to meat that appears red before cooking. ... Spaghetti is a long, thin form of pasta, round in cross-section. ... Claret is the chiefly British name used in English for red wine from the Bordeaux region of France, along the valleys of the rivers Gironde, Garonne and Dordogne. ... Coat of arms of the 2nd duchy of Burgundy and later of the French province of Burgundy Burgundy (French: Bourgogne) is a historic region of France, inhabited in turn by Pre-Indo-European people, Celts (Gauls), Romans (Gallo-Romans), and various Germanic tribes, most importantly the Burgundians and the Franks. ... Chianti is Italys most famous red wine. ... Cabernet Sauvignon is a variety of red grape mainly used for wine production, and is, along with Chardonnay, one of the most widely-planted of the worlds noble grape varieties. ... Hormel Pork Loin Filets This article is on meat. ... An Indian chicken curry A curry is any of a great variety of distinctively spiced dishes, best-known in Indian and Thai cuisine, but found in many other countries. ... White meat refers to any light-colored meat, such as fish, seafood, and particularly poultry. ... Seafood in Brussels, Belgium Seafood is any sea animal that is served as food or is suitable for eating. ... A fowl is a bird of any kind, although some types of birds use the word specifically in their names (for example, Guineafowl and Peafowl). ... The Chablis wine region is the northernmost sector of Burgundy, France, and also the name of a town located there. ... Sauterne is an intentional misspelling of the name of the famed wine region Sauternes. ... Chardonnay is a green-skinned grape variety used to make a white varietal wine. ... State Banquet. ... Seaport, a painting by Claude Lorrain, 1638 A port is a facility at the edge of an ocean, river, or lake for receiving ships and transferring cargo and persons to them. ... Sweet sherry is a variety of sherry created by blending dry sherry with sweet wines such as Pedro Ximénez and Moscatel. ... Tokay has several meanings relating to wine: Originally, it was the Anglicized name for the famed wines of the Tokaj region in Hungary and Slovakia. ...

During aeration, the exposure of younger wines to air often "relaxes" the flavours and makes them taste slightly smooth and better integrated in aroma, texture, and flavor. Wines that are older generally fade (lose their character and flavor intensity) with extended aeration. Breathing, however, does not benefit all wines, and should not therefore be taken to the extreme. In general, wine should be tasted as soon as it is opened to determine how long it may be aerated, if at all. It should then be tasted every 15 minutes until the wine is, according to individual preference, ready to drink. As a general rule, younger white wines normally require no more than 15-30 minutes of aeration while younger red wines should be no more than 30-60 minutes. If in doubt, it is better to err on the side of too little aeration than too much.

Wine is also used in religious ceremonies in many cultures and the wine trade is of historical importance for many regions. The New Testament even records that Jesus' very first miracle was to turn water into wine (John 2:1-11). New York State (USA) wine trade: The wine trade in New York is organized into a three tier distribution system consisting of producers, i. ...

Some wines are produced commercially as cooking wine, which is considerd by many to be extremely salty, and of a much lower grade than even box wine. Cooking wine refers to inexpensive wine that has been treated with salt as a preservative. ... A Bag in a box (or a wine cask, handbag, goonbag, bag of goon) is a method of wine packaging which consists of a bag, usually made of Mylar® or other plastics, filled with wine and protected by a box, usually made of cardboard. ...

Medical implications

The health effects of wine (and alcohol in general) are the subject of considerable ongoing debate and study. In the USA, a boom in red wine consumption was touched off in the 1990s by '60 Minutes', and other news reports on the French paradox. Health effects, health impacts or health risks are an important consideration in many areas, such as hygiene, pollution studies, workplace safety, nutrition and health sciences in general. ... Alcoholic beverages are drinks containing ethanol, popularly called alcohol. ... // Events and trends The 1990s are generally classified as having moved slightly away from the more conservative 1980s, but otherwise retaining the same mindset. ... The ticking TAG Heuer stopwatch from 60 Minutes. ... The French paradox is a name for the perceived paradox that people in France suffer relatively low incidence of coronary heart disease, despite their diet allegedly being rich in saturated fats. ...

It now seems clear that regular consumption of up to 1-2 drinks a day (1 standard drink is approximately equal to 5 oz, or 125 ml, of 13% wine) does reduce mortality, due to 10%–40% lower risk of coronary heart disease, for those over the age of 35 or so (see Alcohol consumption and health). Originally, the effect was observed with red wine. Compounds, known as polyphenols, are found in larger amounts in red wine, and there is some evidence that these are especially beneficial. One particularly interesting polyphenol found in red wine is resveratrol, to which numerous beneficial effects have been attributed. With larger amounts, however, the effect is compensated by the increased rate of various alcohol-related diseases, primarily cancers of mouth, upper respiratory tract, and ultimately, cirrhosis of liver. Coronary heart disease (CHD), also called coronary artery disease (CAD) and atherosclerotic heart disease, is the end result of the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls of the arteries that supply the myocardium (the muscle of the heart). ... The controversy over moderate drinking is an ongoing debate about the claimed benefit or harm to human health from moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages. ... Polyphenols are a group of vegetable chemical substances, characterized by the presence of more than one phenolic group. ... Resveratrol (trans-3,5,4-trihydroxystilbene) is a polyphenol found in the skins of certain red grapes, in peanuts, blueberries, some pines (Scots pine, eastern white pine) and the roots and stalks of Japanese knotweed (hu zhang in China) and giant knotweed. ... Cirrhosis is a chronic disease of the liver in which liver tissue is replaced by connective tissue, resulting in the loss of liver function. ... The liver is an organ in vertebrates, including humans. ...

Other studies have shown that similar beneficial effects can be obtained from drinking beer, and distilled spirits. It is unclear if this means that the only important ingredient is ethanol. Dean Edell, M.D., asserts that there are "differences of opinion about whether beer, wine, or liquor offers the quickest route to a longer life. Of ten major studies, one-third found this true for wine, one-third for beer, and one-third for liquor. Most researchers now believe that it is the alcohol in all of them that provides the magic, but they don’t rule out other components of alcoholic beverages." Various distilled beverages in a Spanish bar A distilled beverage, also called spirits or liquor, is a preparation for consumption containing ethyl alcohol purified by distillation from a fermented substance such as wine, malt, or grain. ... Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol, is a flammable, colorless chemical compound, one of the alcohols that is most often found in alcoholic beverages. ...

Sulfites (or sulphites) are compounds found in wine that act as a preservative — and can trigger a severe and life-threatening allergic reaction in a small percentage of consumers, primarily asthmatics. In the USA nearly all commercially produced wine is required to state on the label that it contains sulfites. In other countries they do not have to be declared on the label, leading to a common mistaken belief that only wine from the USA contains sulfites. Many consumers who have adverse reactions to wine, such as headaches or hangovers, blame added sulfites but are probably reacting instead to naturally-occurring histamines. The quantity of sulfites in a glass of wine is the same as a serving of dried apricots. Sulfites are sulfur-based compounds often used as preservatives in wines (to prevent spoilage and oxidation,) dried fruits, and dried potato products. ... A preservative is a natural or synthetic chemical that is added to products such as foods, pharmaceuticals, paints, biological samples, etc. ... An allergy or Type I hypersensitivity is an immune malfunction whereby a persons body is hypersensitised to react immunologically to typically nonimmunogenic substances. ... Young asthmatic girl using an inhaler attached to a spacer. ... A headache is a condition of mild to severe pain in the head; sometimes upper back or neck pain may also be interpreted as a headache. ... A hangover, medically termed veisalgia, is the after-effect following the consumption of large amounts of one drug or another. ... Histamine is a biogenic amine chemical involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter. ... Binomial name Prunus armeniaca The scientific name for the apricot is Prunus armeniaca L., which puts it in the same subgenus as the plum (Prunophora). ...

List of other wine-related data

Wine-based drinks

• List of cocktails with wine
• Brandy: A general term for distilled wine.
• Calimocho: A cheap alcoholic drink, comprising 50% red wine and 50% cola drink.
• Mulled wine (known in Scandinavia as Glögg): A red wine, combined with spices, and usually served hot.
• Sangria Spanish: A wine punch, comprising red wine, chopped fruits, sugar, and a small amount of brandy or other spirits.
• Spritzer: A tall, chilled drink, usually made of white wine and soda water.
• Wine cooler: An alcoholic beverage made from wine and fruit juice, often in combination with a carbonated beverage and sugar.
• Zurracapote: A popular Spanish alcoholic drink comprising mainly of red wine, spirit, fruit juice, sugar and cinnamon.
• Rebujito: A mixture of manzanilla wine, mixed with a soft drink like Sprite or 7 Up.
• Non-alcoholic wine

Wikibooks Bartending has more about this subject: Cocktails This is a partial list of cocktails. ... Brandy pot stills at the Van Ryn Brandy Cellar near Stellenbosch, South Africa For the singer and actress, see Brandy Norwood. ... Calimocho (a Spanish-language word, from the Basque kalimotxo) is a cheap, wine-based drink, most commonly consumed by teenagers and young adults. ... Mulled wine Mulled wine is wine, usually red wine, combined with spices and usually served hot. ... Scandinavia, Fennoscandia, and the Kola Peninsula. ... Glogg (Swedish: Glögg, Norwegian: Gløgg, Danish: Gløgg, Finnish: Glögi), also known as mulled wine, is the Scandinavian version of vin chaud. ... Sangria, a famous Spanish wine-based drink, is a mixture of: 40-60% red wine 20-30% orange juice 20-30% club soda Orange and lemon (cut into small pieces) The exact composition of the Sangría varies from place to place. ... A spritzer is a tall, chilled drink, usually made with white wine and soda water. ... A wine cooler is an accessory for cooling wine; this can refer to a container such as an ice bucket, or to some earthenware containers which cool wine via water evaporation. ... Zurracapote (abreviado a veces como zurra ) es un popular [ [ cuisine de Espa�a|Espa�ol ] ] [ [ mezclado alcohol]]ic [ [ bebida ] ]. Consiste principalmente en [ [ vino rojo ] ], a la cual [ [ bebida alcoh�lica|los spirit]]s, fruta [ [ jugo ] ], bebidas de restauraci�n industriales, [ [ az�car ] ] y [ [ cinamomo ] ] pueden ser agregados. ... Mixture of manzanilla wine with a soft drink like Sprite or 7 Up. ... The term Sprite has several meanings: A sprite is a class of preternatural legendary creatures. ... This article is about a soft drink. ...

Wine-related objects

• Aging barrel: A barrel used to age wine or distilled spirits.
• Amphora: A type of ceramic vase, used for transporting and storing wine.
• Barrel: A hollow cylindrical container, traditionally made of wood staves, used for fermenting and aging wine.
• Butt: An old English unit of wine casks, equivalent to about 477 litres or 126 US gallons (105 imperial gallons).
• Cork (material): Tissue material, harvested from the Cork oak tree, and very suitable as a material for bottle stoppers.
• Corkscrew: A tool, comprising a pointed metallic helix attached to a handle, for drawing stopping corks from bottles.
• Screwcap: An alternative to cork for sealing wine bottles, comprising a metal cap that screws onto threads on the neck of a bottle.
• Wine bottle: A small container, with a neck that is narrower than the body, that allows long-term aging of wine when combined with a high-quality stopper, such as a cork.
• Wine cooler: An accessory, such as an ice bucket, for cooling wine.
• Wine label: The label on a wine bottle that must provide at least the minimum amount of information prescribed by law.
• Wine-press: A device, comprising two vats or receptacles, one for trodding and bruising grapes, and the other for collecting the juice.
• Wine stopper: An accessory, used to close leftover wine bottles because it is hard to put the original cork back into the bottleneck.
• Wine accessory.

Whiskey barrels at the Jack Daniels distillery Barrels for aging wine in Napa Valley An aging barrel is a barrel used to age wine or distilled spirits such as whiskey, brandy, or rum. ... Amphoræ on display in Bodrum Castle, Turkey Pottery An amphora is a type of ceramic vase with two handles, used for the transportation and storage of perishable goods and more rarely as containers for the ashes of the dead or as prize awards. ... The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word Κεραμεικος (the name of a suburb of Athens), and in its strictest sense refers to clay in all its forms. ... Traditional wooden barrels in Cutchogue Modern aluminium beer barrels - also called casks - outside the Castle Rock microbrewery in Nottingham, England A barrel or cask is a hollow cylindrical container, traditionally made of wood staves and bound with iron hoops. ... In musical notation, the staff or stave is a set of five horizontal lines on which note symbols are placed to indicate pitch and time. ... The butt (from the medieval French and Italian botte) or pipe is an old English unit of wine casks, holding about 477 litres or rather two hogsheads. ... The litre (spelled liter in American English) is a unit of volume. ... The gallon is a unit of volume used for measuring liquids (as well as dry matter). ... Imperial Measure was a former system of measurement used in some Commonwealth nations, most notably the United Kingdom and Canada. ... A cork stopper for a wine bottle A Champagne cork Cork material is a subset of generic cork tissue, harvested for commercial use primarily from the Cork oak tree, Quercus suber, with Portugal producing most cork worldwide. ... Binomial name Quercus suber L. The Cork Oak (Quercus suber) is a medium sized, evergreen oak tree in the section Quercus sect. ... A basic corkscrew A waiters corkscrew A corkscrew is a tool for drawing stopping corks from bottles. ... A helix (pl: helices), from the Greek word έλικας/έλιξ, is a twisted shape like a spring, screw or a spiral staircase. ... A stopper is a truncated conical piece of rubber or cork used to close off a glass tube, piece of laboratory glassware, a wine bottle or barrel and other containers with orifices. ... A screwcap is a type of closure that is gaining increasing support as an alternative to cork for sealing wine bottles. ... A wine bottle is a bottle used for holding wine, generally made of glass. ... A wine cooler is an accessory for cooling wine; this can refer to a container such as an ice bucket, or to some earthenware containers which cool wine via water evaporation. ... This article needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ... This entry incorporates text from Eastons Bible Dictionary, 1897, with some modernisation. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Professions

• Cooper: Someone who makes wooden barrels, casks, and other similar wooden objects.
• Négociant: A wine merchant who assembles the produce of smaller growers and winemakers, and sells them under his own name.
• Sommelier: A waiter in a restaurant who specializes in wine.
• Vintner (also called "oenologist"): A winemaker or wine merchant.

A cooper readies the end of a barrel at the Van Ryn Brandy Cellar near Stellenbosch, South Africa The barrel is sealed with a lid, waterproofed using reed leaves, and the end-ring fitted Traditionally, a cooper is someone who makes wooden barrels, casks, buckets and other similar wooden objects. ... A négociant is a wine merchant who assembles the produce of smaller growers and winemakers and sells the result under its own name. ... A sommelier is a waiter in a restaurant who specializes in wine. ... The term vintner is applied to wine merchants as well as winemakers. ...

Prominent personalities

• Abraham Izak Perold, Prof.
• Albert Seibel: A French hybridist (1844-1936) who made "Seibel grapes", that are hybrid crosses of European wine grapes (Vitis vinifera) with native North American grapes.
• Ausonius: Frequently cited by historians of winemaking, as his works give early evidence of large-scale viniculture in the now-famous wine country around his native Bordeaux, France.
• Dom Perignon: A Benedictine monk frequently credited with the invention of Champagne. and for which, Dom Perignon, the famous brand of Champagne is named after.
• Georges Duboeuf: A prominent Beaujolais bottler who has won countless awards for his wines.
• James Busby: Widely regarded as the "father" of the Australian wine industry, as he was the man who introduced vine to Australia, from Spain and France.
• Nathaniel de Rothschild: Founder of the French wine-making branch of the Rothschild family.
• Philippe de Rothschild: A member of the Rothschild family, and the most successful wine grower in the world.
• Robert M. Parker, Jr.: An influential wine critic from the United States.
• Robert Mondavi: A leading vineyard operator whose technical improvements and marketing strategies brought worldwide recognition for the wines of the Napa Valley in California.
• Simon Van Der Stel
• Taittinger family: A French family that is a famous producer of champagne.
• William Charles Winshaw, Dr.

Albert Seibel was a French hybridist who lived from 1844 to 1936 who made hybrid crosses of European wine grapes (Vitis vinifera) with native North American grapes. ... Seibel grapes are a group of wine grape varieties which originated with the work of Albert Seibel. ... In biology, hybrid has three meanings. ... World map showing location of North America A satellite composite image of North America North America is a continent in the northern hemisphere, bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west... Decimus Magnus Ausonius (c. ... For the wine, see Bordeaux Wine City motto: Lilia sola regunt lunam undas castra leonem. ... Dom Perignon was a Benedictine monk frequently credited with the invention of Champagne. ... A Benedictine is a person who follows the Rule of St Benedict. ... A Roman Catholic monk A monk is a person who practices monasticism, adopting a strict religious and ascetic lifestyle, usually in community with others following the same path. ... Dom Perignon can refer to: Dom Perignon (person), a monk frequently credited with the invention of Champagne. ... The king of Beaujolais, Georges Duboeuf is a négociant who produces more than 25 million bottles of wine annually. ... Beaujolais is a historical province and a wine-producing region in France. ... James Busby (February 7, 1801 or 1802 - July 15, 1871) is widely regarded as the father of the Australian wine industry, as he took the first collection of vine stock from Spain and France to Australia. ... Nathaniel de Rothschild, (London, July 2, 1812 – February 19, 1870 in Paris), known as Nat, was the founder of the French wine-making branch of the Rothschild family. ... Rothschild Coat of Arms The Mayer Amschel Rothschild family (often referred to simply as The Rothschilds, even though there are some people called Rothschild who do not belong to this family) is an eminent international banking and finance dynasty of German Jewish origin that established operations across Europe, and was... Baron Philippe de Rothschild (April 13, 1902 - January 20, 1988) was a member of the Rothschild family who became a Grand Prix race-car driver, a scriptwriter, a theatrical producer, a poet, and the most successful wine grower in the world. ... Robert M. Parker, Jr. ... A critic (derived from the ancient Greek word krites meaning a judge) is a person who offers a value judgement or an interpretation. ... Robert Gerald Mondavi (born June 18, 1913 in Virginia, Minnesota, United States) is a leading vineyard operator whose technical improvements and marketing strategies brought worldwide recognition for the wines of the Napa Valley in California. ... Napa County is in north-central California Napa Valley is most famous for its wine. ... The Taittinger family are a French family who are famous producers of champagne. ...

Vineyards and distributors

• Château Cheval Blanc: An excellent vineyard in Saint-Émilion, France.
• Château Mouton Rothschild: Located at Bordeaux, France, it is widely regarded as one of the producer of the world's greatest wines, and was the first estate to begin complete chateau bottling of the harvest.
• Château Pétrus: The vineyard that produces the flagship wine of the Pomerol wine region in Bordeaux.
• Distell
• Douglas Green Bellingham (DGB)
• KWV (Koöperatiewe Winjnbouwers Vereniging van Zuid-Afrika): The name of the company, formed in [1997], from the former winemakers cooperative in South Africa.
• Remick Ridge Vineyards: A California-based vineyard and winery, owned and operated by the Smothers Brothers.
• Royal Wine Company: Also known as "Kedem", is a U.S.-incorporated Kosher food manufacturing and distribution corporation, run by the Herzog family since 1848; is the leader in the Kosher beverage industry, holding exclusive United States distribution rights for several Israeli wines and spirits, and is especially known for the Baron Herzog Varietals line of wines.
• Villa Antinori

Château Cheval Blanc, an excellent Bordeaux property in Saint-Émilion. ... Saint-Émilion is a small town near Bordeaux, France that is famous for the eponymous wine region that surrounds it. ... Château Mouton Rothschild, located 50 km (30 mi) north-west of the city of Bordeaux, France in an area known as the Médoc, specifically the village of Pauillac. ... For the wine, see Bordeaux Wine City motto: Lilia sola regunt lunam undas castra leonem. ... Château Pétrus is the flagship wine of the Pomerol wine region in Bordeaux. ... A flagship is the ship used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships. ... Pomerol is a village and wine growing region (AOC) in France. ... DGB might be an abbreviation for: Deutscher GewerkschaftsBund, the German Confederation of Trade Unions This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The former KWV Co-operative was formed on 8 January 1918 by the South African wine farmers, to act as a spokesperson, adviser, producer and marketing innovator to the South African wine industry in general, and to its farmer members, in particular. ... A cooperative (also co-operative or co-op) is an association of persons who join together to carry on an economic activity of mutual benefit, in an egalitarian fashion. ... Remick Ridge Vineyards is a California-based vineyard owned and operated by the Smothers Brothers. ... Wine Barrels A winery is a facility where fruit, usually grapes, is processed into wine. ... The Royal Wine Company, also known as Kedem, is a Kosher food manufacturing and distribution company, incorporated in the United States for the last fifty years, and run by the Herzog family since 1848. ... The circled U indicates that this can of tuna is certified kosher by the Union of Orthodox Congregations. ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Films

• Mondovino, USA/France 2004: A documentary film directed by American film maker, Jonathan Nossiter, explaining the impact of globalization on the various wine-producing regions.

• Sideways, 2004: A comedy/drama film, directed by Alexander Payne, with the tagline: In search of wine. In search of women. In search of themselves., in which wine, particularly Pinot Noir, plays a central role.

Movie poster for Mondovino Mondovino is a 2004 documentary film written and directed by American film maker Jonathan Nossiter. ... Globalization (or globalisation) is a modern term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that result from dramatically increased international trade and cultural exchange. ... Sideways is a 2004 comedy/drama film, co-written and directed by Alexander Payne. ... Pinot Noir is a red wine grape variety, considered to make some of the greatest wines. ...

See also

Grow and harvest grapes. ... Associação Portuguesa da Cortiça is the Portuguese Cork Association, a consortium of cork growers and manufacturers. ... An appellation in its broadest sense is a name or designation. ... Biodynamic wines are those made using the principles of biodynamic agriculture. ... For the 1855 Exposition Universelle de Paris, Emperor Napoleon III requested a classification system for Frances best Bordeaux wines which were to be on display for visitors from around the world. ... Bottle variation is the degree to which different bottles, nominally of the same wine, taste and smell different. ... A grey fungus, Botrytis cinerea or Botrytis, that affects wine grapes. ... A Bag in a box (or a wine cask, handbag, goonbag, bag of goon) is a method of wine packaging which consists of a bag, usually made of Mylar® or other plastics, filled with wine and protected by a box, usually made of cardboard. ... A château ( French for castle; plural châteaux) is a manor house or residence of the lord of the manor or a country house of gentry, usually French, with or without fortifications. ... Claret is the chiefly British name used in English for red wine from the Bordeaux region of France, along the valleys of the rivers Gironde, Garonne and Dordogne. ... Cold Duck is the name of a sparkling wine made in the United States that was at one stage the best-selling sparkling wine in America. ... 2,4,6-trichloroanisole Cork taint is a broad term referring to a set of undesirable smells or tastes found in a bottle of wine, especially spoilage that can only be detected after bottling, aging and opening. ... Bacchus by Caravaggio The god Dionysus is occasionally confused with one of several historical figures named Dionysius, a theophoric name that simply means [servant] of Dionysus. ... Many farms sell produce directly to consumers at farm produce stands to increase profitability of fruits, vegetables, maple syrup, honey and other specialties of the farm. ... Grape juice is the liquid formed by crushing grapes. ... Master of Wine is an internationally recognised qualification (MW) conferred by The Institute of Masters of Wine, founded in 1955 and based in the United Kingdom. ... Maiwein (also known as May Wine) is the name of a German wine traditionally drunk on the May Day holiday. ... Noble rot (French: La Pourriture Noble) is the benevolent form of a grey fungus, Botrytis cinerea, affecting wine grapes. ... Oenology is the study of wines in general. ... A boat exemplifying the transport of Port Wine from the Douro Valley to the cellars near the city of Porto The Portuguese wines are part of ancient traditions inserted in the region firstly by the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, and Greeks. ... Moldova is famous for its wine. ... Reserva is a term used in wine-making in Spain and Portugal to attempt to indicate a wine made in a superior manner. ... Sake barrels at Itsukushima Shrine Sake (é…’; pronounced IPA: SAH-KEH in Japanese, but often IPA: SAH-ki by English speakers) is a Japanese alcoholic beverage, brewed from rice. ... Semi-generic is a legal term used in Canada and by the United States Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau to refer to wine designations that have essentially no meaning. ... The sweetness of a wine is defined by the level of residual sugar (or RS) in the final liquid after the fermentation has ceased. ... Tannins are astringent, bitter-tasting plant polyphenols that bind and precipitate proteins. ... Tasting flight is a term used by wine hobbyists to describe a selection of wines, usually between three and eight glasses, presented for the purpose of sampling each. ... The Charles Shaw winery in the United States is known for its extreme value wines produced in California. ... Varietal describes wines made from a single named grape variety. ... The term vine was originally a term for the plant on which grapes grew, from the word for wine (Greek oinos), for which grapes were grown. ... The vinegar in these bottles is infused with oregano. ... A vineyard Vineyard with bird netting Wine grapes with netting as protection against birds A vineyard (vignoble in French, vigna or vigneto in Italian, vinha in Portuguese, viña or viñedo in Spanish, Weinberg in German) is a place where grapes are grown for making wine, raisins, or table... wine grapes Viticulture (from the Latin word for vine) refers to the cultivation of grapes, often for use in the production of wine. ... Thomas Bramwell Welch (December 31, 1925 - 1903) the discoverer of the pasteurization process to prevent the fermentation of grape juice. ... This entry incorporates text from Eastons Bible Dictionary, 1897, with some modernisation. ... Wine Barrels A winery is a facility where fruit, usually grapes, is processed into wine. ...

References

• Jancis Robinson, The Oxford Companion to Wine. ISBN 019866236X
• Ed McCarthy, Mary Ewing-Mulligan, Piero Antinori, Wine for Dummies. ISBN 0764525441
• Hugh Johnson, Hugh Johnson's Wine Companion. The Encyclopaedia of Wines, Vineyards and Winemakers, Mitchell Beazley 2003, 5th edition
• Stuart Pigott, A Grape by Grape Visual Guide to the Contemporary Wine World, (Mitchell Beazley)
• Dean Edell, M.D.. Eat, Drink and be Merry: America’s Doctor Tells You Why the Health Experts are Wrong. NY: HarperCollins, 1999, pp. 191-192.

Jancis Mary Robinson is a British wine writer and journalist. ...

External links

• Comité Interprofessionnel du Vin de Champagne
• Napa Valley Vintners
• Office of Champagne, USA
• LocalWineEvents.com, a worldwide calendar of wine, beer, spirits and food events
• Professional Friends of Wine
• Santa Barbara Wineries
• Wines in Moldova

Resources

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Wine

Look up Wine on Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Wine

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wiktionary full URL is a sister project to Wikipedia intended to be a free wiki dictionary (including thesaurus and lexicon) in every language. ... Image File history File links i would like to see some quotations by or about goebbels. ... Wikiquote logo Wikiquote is a sister project of Wikipedia, using the same MediaWiki software. ...