| Internet protocol suite | | 5. Application layer | | DHCP • DNS • TLS/SSL • TFTP • FTP • HTTP • IMAP4 • IRC • MIME • POP3 • SIP • SMTP • SNMP • SSH • TELNET • RTP • SDP • … The Internet protocol suite is the set of communications protocols that implement the protocol stack on which the Internet and most commercial networks run. ...
The application layer is the 7 th seventh level of the seven-layer OSI model. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
The domain name system (DNS) stores and associates many types of information with domain names, but most importantly, it translates domain names (computer hostnames) to IP addresses. ...
Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols which provide secure communications on the Internet for such things as web browsing, e-mail, Internet faxing, and other data transfers. ...
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a very simple file transfer protocol, with the functionality of a very basic form of FTP; it was first defined in 1980. ...
FTP or file transfer protocol is used to connect two computers over the Internet so that the user of one computer can transfer files and perform file commands on the other computer. ...
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a method used to transfer or convey information on the World Wide Web. ...
The Internet Message Access Protocol (commonly known as IMAP4, and previously called Internet Mail Access Protocol) is an application layer Internet protocol that allows a local client to access e-mail on a remote server. ...
IRC redirects here. ...
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) is an Internet Standard that extends the format of e-mail to support text in character sets other than US-ASCII, non-text attachments, multi-part message bodies, and header information in non-ASCII character sets. ...
In computing, local e-mail clients use the Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3), an application-layer Internet standard protocol, to retrieve e-mail from a remote server over a TCP/IP connection. ...
The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is an application-layer control (signaling) protocol for creating, modifying, and terminating sessions with one or more participants. ...
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is the de facto standard for e-mail transmissions across the Internet. ...
The simple network management protocol (SNMP) forms part of the internet protocol suite as defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
TELNET is a network protocol used on the Internet or local area network LAN connections. ...
The Real-time Transport Protocol (or RTP) defines a good standardized packet format for delivering audio and video over the Internet. ...
SDP, or Session Description Protocol, is a format for describing streaming media initialization parameters. ...
| | 4. Transport layer | | TCP • UDP • RSVP • DCCP • SCTP • … In computing and telecommunications, the transport layer is layer four of the seven layer OSI model. ...
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a virtual circuit protocol that is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite, often simply referred to as TCP/IP. Using TCP, applications on networked hosts can create connections to one another, over which they can exchange streams of data. ...
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. ...
In computer networking, IntServ or integrated services is a system that attempts to guarantee quality of service (QoS) on networks. ...
The Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) is a message-oriented transport layer protocol that is currently under development in the IETF. Applications that might make use of DCCP include those with timingconstraints on the delivery of data such that reliable in-order delivery, when combined with congestion control, is likely...
The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a transport layer protocol defined in 2000 by the IETF Signaling Transport (SIGTRAN) working group. ...
| | 3. Network layer | | IP (IPv4 • IPv6) • ICMP • IGMP • ARP • RARP • … The network layer is level three of the seven level OSI model. ...
The Internet Protocol (IP) is a data-oriented protocol used for communicating data across a packet-switched internetwork. ...
Internet Protocol version 4 is the fourth iteration of the Internet Protocol (IP) and it is the first version of the protocol to be widely deployed. ...
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is a network layer IP standard used by electronic devices to exchange data across a packet-switched internetwork. ...
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. ...
The Internet Group Management Protocol is a communications protocol used to manage the membership of Internet Protocol multicast groups. ...
In computer networking, the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is the method for finding a hosts hardware address when only its network layer address is known. ...
Reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) is a protocol used to resolve an IP address from a given hardware address (such as an Ethernet address). ...
| | 2. Data link layer | | ATM • Bluetooth • Ethernet • FDDI • Frame Relay • GPRS • Modems • PPP • … To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a cell relay network protocol which encodes data traffic into small fixed-sized (53 byte; 48 bytes of data and 5 bytes of header information) cells instead of variable sized packets (sometimes known as frames) as in packet-switched networks (such as the Internet Protocol...
Bluetooth logo Bluetooth is an industrial specification for wireless personal area networks (PANs). ...
Ethernet is a large and diverse family of frame-based computer networking technologies for local area networks (LANs). ...
In computer networking, fiber-distributed data interface (FDDI) is a standard for data transmission in a local area network that can extend in range up to 200 km (124 miles). ...
In the context of computer networking, frame relay (also found written as frame-relay) consists of an efficient data transmission technique used to send digital information quickly and cheaply in a relay of frames to one or many destinations from one or many end-points. ...
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a mobile data service available to users of GSM mobile phones. ...
A modem (from modulate and demodulate) is a device that modulates an analogue carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. ...
In computing, the Point-to-Point Protocol, or PPP, is commonly used to establish a direct connection between two nodes. ...
| | 1. Physical layer | | Bluetooth • Ethernet physical layer • ISDN • Modems • RS232 • SONET/SDH • USB • Wi-Fi • … The physical layer is level one in the seven level OSI model of computer networking as well as in the five layer TCP/IP reference model. ...
Bluetooth logo Bluetooth is an industrial specification for wireless personal area networks (PANs). ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Varieties of Ethernet. ...
ISDN is also short for isosorbide dinitrate Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a type of circuit switched telephone network system, designed to allow digital (as opposed to analog) transmission of voice and data over ordinary telephone copper wires, resulting in better quality and higher speeds, than available with analog...
A modem (from modulate and demodulate) is a device that modulates an analogue carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. ...
RS-232 (also referred to as EIA RS-232C or V.24) is a standard for serial binary data interchange between a DTE (Data terminal equipment) and a DCE (Data communication equipment). ...
Synchronous optical networking, is a method for communicating digital information using lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) over optical fiber. ...
Note: USB may also mean upper sideband in radio. ...
Official Wi-Fi logo Wi-Fi® (also WiFi, wifi, etc. ...
| | This box: view • talk • edit | In computer networking, the Name/Finger protocol and the Finger user information protocol are simple network protocols for the exchange of human-oriented status and user information. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section can be improved by converting lengthy lists to text. ...
In networking, a communications protocol or network protocol is the specification of a set of rules for a particular type of communication. ...
Name/Finger protocol
The Name/Finger protocol is based on Request for comments document 742 (December 1977) as an interface to the name and finger programs that provide status reports on a particular computer system or a particular person at network sites. The finger program was written in 1971 by Les Earnest who created the program to solve the need of users who wanted information on other users of the network. Information on who is logged-in was useful to check the availability of a person to meet. In internetworking and computer network engineering, Request for Comments (RFC) documents are a series of memoranda encompassing new research, innovations, and methodologies applicable to Internet technologies. ...
Lester Donald Earnest was born in the United States on December 17, 1930. ...
Prior to the finger program, the only way to get this information was with a who program that showed IDs and terminal line numbers for logged-in users, and people used to run their fingers down the who list. Earnest named his program after this concept. who is a Unix-command which creates almost the same output as the Unix-command w; it shows you users currently logged in a system. ...
Fingers of the human left hand The finger is any of the digits of the hand in humans and other species such as the great apes. ...
Finger user information protocol The Finger user information protocol is based on RFC 1288 (The Finger User Information Protocol, December 1991). Typically the server side of the protocol is implemented by a program fingerd (for finger daemon), while the client side is implemented by the name and finger programs which are supposed to return a friendly, human-oriented status report on either the system at the moment or a particular person in depth. There is no required format, and the protocol consists mostly of specifying a single command line. It is most often implemented on Unix or Unix-like systems. In information technology, a server is a computer system that provides services to other computing systems—called clients—over a network. ...
In Unix and other computer multitasking operating systems, a daemon is a computer program that runs in the background, rather than under the direct control of a user; they are usually instantiated as processes. ...
In computing, a client is a system that accesses a (remote) service on another computer by some kind of network. ...
A command line interface or CLI is a method of interacting with a computer by giving it lines of textual commands (that is, a sequence of characters) either from keyboard input or from a script. ...
Unix or UNIX is a computer operating system originally developed in the 1960s and 1970s by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and Douglas McIlroy. ...
The program would supply information such as whether a user is currently logged-on, e-mail address, full name etc. As well as standard user information, finger displays the contents of the .project and .plan files in the user's home directory. Often this file (maintained by the user) contains either useful information about the user's current activities, or alternatively all manner of humor. An e-mail address, also known as an eddress (from electronic address) or sometimes (in a technical misuse of the word), simply as ones email, identifies a location to which e-mail can be delivered. ...
On Unix systems, a home directory (sometimes called a home folder) is a path on the local file system where a users personal files are stored. ...
Look up Humour in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Security concerns Supplying such detailed information as e-mail addresses and full names was considered acceptable and convenient in the early days of the Internet, but later was considered questionable for privacy and security reasons. Finger information has been frequently used by crackers as a way to initiate a social engineering attack on a company's computer security system. By using a finger client to get a list of a company's employee names, email addresses, phone numbers, and so on, a cracker can telephone or email someone at a company requesting information while posing as another employee. The finger daemon has also had several exploitable security holes which crackers have used to break into systems. The Morris worm exploited an overflow vulnerability in fingerd (among others) to spread. In the context of computer networking, cracking (also called black-hat hacking) is the act of compromising the security of a system without permission from an authorized party, usually with the intent of accessing computers connected to the network. ...
Social engineering is the practice of obtaining confidential information by manipulation of legitimate users. ...
In Unix and other computer multitasking operating systems, a daemon is a computer program that runs in the background, rather than under the direct control of a user; they are usually instantiated as processes. ...
The Morris worm or Internet worm was one of the first computer worms distributed via the Internet; it is considered the first worm and was certainly the first to gain significant mainstream media attention. ...
For these reasons, while finger was widely used during the early days of Internet, by the 1990s the vast majority of sites on the internet no longer offered the service. Notable exceptions include John Carmack and Justin Frankel, who until recently still updated their status information occasionally. In late 2005, John Carmack switched to using a blog, instead of his old .plan site. See also 1990s, the band Germans dancing on the Berlin Wall in late 1989, the symbol of the cold war divide falls down as the world unites in the 1990s. ...
John Carmack circa 2004 John D. Carmack II (born August 20, 1970) is a widely recognized figure in the video game industry. ...
Justin Frankel is an American computer programmer best known for his work on the Winamp media player application, and for inventing the Gnutella peer-to-peer system. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
External links History: GNU Manifesto • GNU Project • Free Software Foundation (FSF)
GNU licenses: GNU General Public License (GPL) • GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) • GNU Free Documentation License (FDL)
Software: GNU operating system • bash • GNU Compiler Collection • GNU Emacs • Ghostscript • other GNU packages and programs
Advocates and activists: Richard Stallman (RMS) • Robert J. Chassell • Prof. Masayuki Ida • Geoffery Knauth • Lawrence Lessig • Eben Moglen • Henri Poole • Peter Salus • Gerald Sussman • FSF's Past Directors • other FSF's Staff and Employees
Software developers: Richard Stallman (RMS) • Jim Blandy • Michael (now Thomas) Bushnell • Ulrich Drepper • Brian Fox • Tom Lord • Roland McGrath • other FSF's Programmers
Software documentors: Richard Stallman (RMS) • Robert J. Chassell • Roland McGrath • other FSF's Documentors Unix or UNIX is a computer operating system originally developed in the 1960s and 1970s by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and Douglas McIlroy. ...
A command line interface or CLI is a method of interacting with a computer by giving it lines of textual commands (that is, a sequence of characters) either from keyboard input or from a script. ...
This is a list of Unix programs. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
The chdir or cd command (change directory) in the Unix and DOS operating systems, is used to change the current working directory. ...
chmod (abbreviated from change mode) is a shell command in Unix-like environments. ...
chown is a Unix command used to change the recorded owner of a computer file. ...
The chgrp command is used by unprivileged users on Unix-like systems to change the group associated with a file. ...
cp is the command entered in a Unix shell to copy a file from one place to another, possibly on a different filesystem. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
file is a program originated in Unix that runs under the shell (command-line) to determine the file type heuristically instead of other simpler ways to classify it, like with file extensions, MIMEs, etc. ...
The system utility fsck (for file system check or file system consistency check) is a tool for checking the consistency of a file system in the Unix system and clones thereof. ...
The ln command is used on Unix-like systems to create links between files. ...
The title of this article begins with a capital letter due to technical limitations. ...
lsof is a command found in almost any Unix system that reports open files by processes of a Operating System. ...
The mkdir command in the Unix operating system is used to make a new directory. ...
more is a program on Unix and Unix-like systems used to view (but not change) the contents of a text file one screen at a time. ...
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MV can stand for: MV Mercury-vapor lamp Maldives (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 top level domain country code) MV is the IATA code for Armenian International Airways Marthas Vineyard Merchant vessel, a class of ship used in commercial or public transportation operations. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
split is a Unix utility most commonly used to split a file into one or more other files. ...
touch is a program on Unix and Unix-like systems used for changing the date and timestamp on a file, but is also often used for creating an empty file. ...
tree is a program on Unix and Unix-like systems. ...
Anacron is a computer program written by Sean Perry for the Unix operating system. ...
The at command is used to schedule commands to be executed once at a particular time in the future. ...
A chroot on Unix operating systems is an operation which changes the root directory. ...
The crontab command, found in Unix and Unix-like operating systems, is used to schedule commands to be executed periodically. ...
Wikibooks has more about this subject: kill In Unix and Unix-like operating systems, kill is a command used to send simple messages to processes running on the system. ...
killall is a command line utility initially written for use with the GNU/Linux operating systems. ...
nice (IPA pronunciation: ) is a command found on UNIX and other POSIX-like operating systems such as Linux. ...
pgrep is a command line utility initially written for use with the Solaris 7 operating systems and then ported to GNU/Linux. ...
pidof is a Linux utility that returns the process ID (PID) of a running process. ...
The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
sleep is an instruction for a computer that delays execution for a specified period of time. ...
GNU Screen is a Free Software terminal multiplexer developed by the GNU Project. ...
This article is about a Unix command. ...
timex is a Unix utility tool, most commonly used in the measurement of duration of shell processes. ...
In many Unix-like operating systems, the top command produces a constantly-updated list of all resident processes, listed in order of CPU usage. ...
Pause for NUMBER seconds. ...
env is a shell utility for Unix-like operating systems (including Linux). ...
In computer software, id is a program in Unix operating systems that prints the uid of the account of which the program is executed by. ...
In computing, locale is a set of parameters that defines the users language, country and any special variant preferences that the user wants to see in their user interface. ...
mesg is a Unix command that sets or reports the permission other users have to write to your terminal using the talk and write commands. ...
passwd is a tool on most Unix and Linux systems used to change a users password. ...
The Unix su (substitute user) command is used to assume the login shell of another user without logging out. ...
sudo (superuser do) is a program in Unix, Linux, and similar operating systems such as Mac OS X that allows users to run programs in the guise of another user (normally in the guise of the systems superuser). ...
In computer software, uname is a program in Unix operating systems that prints the name, version and other details about the running operating system. ...
Uptime is a measure of the time a computer system has been up and running. ...
The command w on many Unix-like operating systems provides a quick summary of every user logged into a computer, what that user is currently doing, and what load all the activity is imposing on the computer itself. ...
wall is a Unix command line utility. ...
who is a Unix-command which creates almost the same output as the Unix-command w; it shows you users currently logged in a system. ...
write can refer to several Unix commands. ...
AWK is a general purpose computer language that is designed for processing text based data, either in files or data streams. ...
cut is a Unix command which is typically used to extract a certain range of characters from a line, usually from a file. ...
This article is about the computing term. ...
ex the extended line-oriented text editor for Unix is a personality of the vi program. ...
head is a program that shows the first 10 lines by default of a file or piped data, on Unix and Unix-like systems. ...
iconv is a computer program and a standardized API used to convert between different character encodings. ...
join is a command in Unix-like operating systems. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
more is a program on Unix and Unix-like systems used to view (but not change) the contents of a text file one screen at a time. ...
nkf is a Unix computer program that converts Japanese encoding. ...
Paste is a Unix utility tool which is used to join files horizontally (parallel merging), e. ...
SED is a three-letter acronym that may mean: Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (German Democratic Republic) SED: Seriously Emotionally Disturbed Children/Adolescents A smoke emitting diode. ...
sort is a standard Unix command line program that prints the lines of its input in sorted order. ...
tail is a program on Unix and Unix-like systems used to display the last few lines of a text file or piped data. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
uniq is a Unix utility which, when fed a text file, outputs the file with adjacent identical lines collapsed to one. ...
wc (short for word count) is a command in Unix-like operating systems. ...
xargs is a command of the Unix and most Unix-like operating system which eases passing command output to another command as command line arguments. ...
In computing, a shell is a piece of software that provides an interface for users (command line interpreter). ...
echo is a command in Unix (and by extension, its descendants, such as Linux) and MS-DOS that places a string on the terminal. ...
expr is a command line Unix utility which evaluates an expression and outputs the corresponding value. ...
Several programming languages implement a printf function, to output a formatted string. ...
unset is a Unix shell command. ...
The Common Unix Printing System (CUPS) is a modularised computer printing system for Unix-like operating systems that allows computers to act as powerful print servers. ...
inetd is a daemon on many Unix systems that manages Internet services. ...
Screenshot of netstat in Windows XP Professional netstat is a command-line tool that displays a list of the active network connections the computer currently has, both incoming and outgoing. ...
ping in a Windows 2000 command window ping is a computer network tool used to test whether a particular host is reachable across an IP network. ...
In computing, rlogin is a Unix software utility that allows users to log in on another host via a network, communicating via TCP port 513. ...
tracert in action on Windows XP. traceroute, or tracepath on modern Linux systems, tracert on Windows operating system, is a TCP/IP utility which allows the user to determine the route packets take to reach a particular host. ...
The find command is a search utility found on the Unix platform that can search through the directory tree of the filesystem locating files based on some user-specified criteria. ...
grep is a command line utility originally written for use with the Unix operating system. ...
In computer software, strings is a program in Unix-like operating systems that prints the strings found in an executable. ...
The banner program displays a large ASCII art version of input text. ...
bc is an arbitrary precision calculator language with syntax similar to the C programming language. ...
cal is a standard program on Unix that prints an ASCII calendar of the given month or year. ...
The man page on man Almost all substantial UNIX and Unix-like operating systems have extensive documentation known as man pages (short for manual pages). The Unix command used to display them is man. ...
size is a command line utility originally written for use with the Unix-like operating systems. ...
yes is a Unix command. ...
The GNU logo, drawn by Etienne Suvasa The GNU Project was announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. ...
The GNU Manifesto was written by Richard Stallman at the beginning of the GNU Project, to ask for participation and support. ...
The GNU logo, drawn by Etienne Suvasa The GNU Project was announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. ...
The Free Software Foundation logo The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit organization founded in October 1985 by Richard Stallman to support the free software movement (free as in freedom), and in particular the GNU project. ...
The GNU logo The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or simply GPL) is a widely used free software license, originally written by Richard Stallman for the GNU project. ...
GNU logo The GNU Lesser General Public License (formerly the GNU Library General Public License) is a free software license published by the Free Software Foundation. ...
GNU logo (similar in appearance to a gnu) The GNU Free Documentation License (GNU FDL or simply GFDL) is a copyleft license for free content, designed by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for the GNU project. ...
GNU (pronounced ) is a free operating system consisting of a kernel, libraries, system utilities, compilers, and end-user applications. ...
bash is a Unix shell written for the GNU Project. ...
The GNU Compiler Collection (usually shortened to GCC) is a set of programming language compilers produced by the GNU Project. ...
This article is about the text editor. ...
Ghostscript is a suite of free software based on an interpreter of the Adobe PostScript and Portable Document Format (PDF) page description languages. ...
This is a list of the software packages developed for or maintained by the Free Software Foundation for GNU, a free UNIX-compatible operating system whose development started in 1984. ...
Richard Matthew Stallman (nickname rms) (born March 16, 1953) is both an acclaimed software freedom activist and software developer. ...
Robert (aka Bob) Chassell was one of the founding directors of Free Software Foundation (FSF) in 1985. ...
Geoffery S. Knauth is on the board of directors of Free Software Foundation, he is a Senior Software Engineer at SFA, Inc[1]. He contributed to the GNU Objective-C Collection library and has a degree in Economics from Harvard University. ...
Lawrence Lessig Lawrence Lessig (born June 3, 1961) is an American academic. ...
Eben Moglen Eben Moglen is a professor of law and history of law at Columbia University, serves pro bono as General Counsel for the Free Software Foundation, and is the Chairman of Software Freedom Law Center. ...
Henri Poole is a political campaign technologist and founder/director of CivicActions, co-founder of the AdvoKit project, serves on the Board of the Free Software Foundation and Affero, Inc. ...
Peter H. Salus is a linguist, computer scientist, historian of technology, author and editor of books on computing. ...
// Gerald Jay Sussman is the Panasonic Professor of Electrical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). ...
The Free Software Foundation logo The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit organization founded in October 1985 by Richard Stallman to support the free software movement (free as in freedom), and in particular the GNU project. ...
The Free Software Foundation logo The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit organization founded in October 1985 by Richard Stallman to support the free software movement (free as in freedom), and in particular the GNU project. ...
Richard Matthew Stallman (nickname rms) (born March 16, 1953) is both an acclaimed software freedom activist and software developer. ...
Thomas Bushnell is a Gregorian friar, formerly living in Massachusetts and now in southern California. ...
Ulrich Drepper is the lead contributer and maintainer of the GNUs C standard library project, Glibc. ...
Brian Fox is a free software programmer. ...
Tom Lord is a free software developer, best known as the author of GNU arch. ...
The Free Software Foundation logo The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit organization founded in October 1985 by Richard Stallman to support the free software movement (free as in freedom), and in particular the GNU project. ...
Richard Matthew Stallman (nickname rms) (born March 16, 1953) is both an acclaimed software freedom activist and software developer. ...
Robert (aka Bob) Chassell was one of the founding directors of Free Software Foundation (FSF) in 1985. ...
The Free Software Foundation logo The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit organization founded in October 1985 by Richard Stallman to support the free software movement (free as in freedom), and in particular the GNU project. ...
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