Finnish Karelia, historically also Swedish Karelia or Carelia, is a historical province divided today between eastern Finland and northwestern Russia. It refers to the western parts of Karelia that during the second millennium have been under western dominance, religiously and politically. Western Karelia is separate from East Karelia, or Russian Karelia, which was dominated by Novgorod and its successor states from the 12th century onwards. The historical provinces (Finnish: maakunnat or provinssit – singular maakunta or provinssi, Swedish: landskap) of Finland is a legacy of the countrys joint history with Sweden. ... Map showing the parts Karelia is traditionally divided into. ... (1st millennium – 2nd millennium – 3rd millennium – other millennia) Events The Black Death Mongol Empires in Asia The Renaissance in Europe The Protestant Reformation The agricultural and industrial revolutions The rise of nationalism and the nation state European discovery of the Americas and Australia and their colonization European... The term Western world, the West or the Occident (Latin occidens -sunset, -west, as distinct from the Orient) [1] can have multiple meanings dependent on its context (e. ... East Karelia and West Karelia with borders of 1939 and 1940/1947. ... Velikiy Novgorod (Russian: ) is the foremost historic city of North-Western Russia, situated on the M10(E95) federal highway connecting Moscow and St. ...

The name is Karjala in Finnish and Karelen in Swedish. The Finnish word "karja" means "cattle" in English. Karelia borders to Uusimaa, Savonia and Ostrobothnia. It is also bounded by Russia and the Gulf of Finland. Most of Finnish Karelia was ceded by Finland to the Soviet Union in 1940, after the Winter War, and today is divided between the Russian autonomous Republic of Karelia and the Russian Leningrad Oblast. Nylandia, Nyland or Uusimaa is a historical province in the south of Finland. ... Savonia, Savolax or Savo, is a historical province in the south of Finland. ... Ostrobothnia, Österbotten (literally East (of) Bottom / the Gulf of Bothnia) or Pohjanmaa (literally Bottom land / soil / ground), is a historical province to the north in Finland. ... The Baltic Sea The Gulf of Finland is an arm of the Baltic Sea that extends between Finland (to the north) and Estonia (to the south) all the way to the city of Saint Petersburg in Russia, where the river Neva drains into it. ... Combatants Finland Soviet Union Commanders Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Kliment Voroshilov, later Semyon Timoshenko Strength 250,000 men 30 tanks 130 aircraft[1][2] 1,000,000 men 3,000 tanks 3,800 aircraft[3][4] Casualties 26,662 dead 39,886 wounded 1,000 captured[5] 126,875 dead... The Republic of Karelia (Russian: ) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... Leningrad Oblast (Russian: , tr. ...

Karelia, coat of arms This image depicts a seal, an emblem, a coat of arms or a crest. ... Norrland Svealand Götaland Historical map: Lands of Sweden Sweden is divided into the tre lands: Götaland, Svealand, Norrland. ... Österland, or Österlanden, is a historical land of Sweden. ... Finland consists of 6 provinces (Finnish: läänit, Swedish: län). ... The Province of Eastern Finland is a province of Finland. ... The Province of Southern Finland is a province of Finland. ... Finland is divided into 20 regions (maakunta/landskap in Finnish/Swedish). ... The Region of North Karelia is a region (maakunta / landskap) in eastern Finland. ... The Region of South Karelia is a region (maakunta / landskap) of Finland. ... Area is a physical quantity expressing the size of a part of a surface. ... Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km², is a decimal multiple of SI unit of surface area square metre, one of the SI derived units. ... Map Historical Provinces of Finland, Karelia © Mic, 2003 Released under the GNU Free Documentation License See also: Provinces of Sweden File links The following pages link to this file: User:Mic/Images Finnish Karelia Categories: GFDL images ...

Provinces

For current affairs see: Eastern Finland, Southern Finland The Province of Eastern Finland is a province of Finland. ... The Province of Southern Finland is a province of Finland. ...

Parts of the historical province of Karelia are divided between the Provinces, of Eastern Finland and Southern Finland. Within the provinces there are also the Regions of North Karelia and South Karelia. These border to the Russian subdivisions of Leningrad Oblast, which occupies the Karelian Isthmus, and the Autonomous Republic of Karelia which represents East Karelia. Finland consists of 6 provinces (Finnish: läänit, Swedish: län). ... Finland is divided into 20 regions (maakunta/landskap in Finnish/Swedish). ... The Region of North Karelia is a region (maakunta / landskap) in eastern Finland. ... The Region of South Karelia is a region (maakunta / landskap) of Finland. ... Leningrad Oblast (Russian: , tr. ... The Karelian Isthmus is the narrow stretch of land between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga in northwestern Russia. ... The Republic of Karelia (Russian: ) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... East Karelia and West Karelia with borders of 1939 and 1940/1947. ...

History

Main article: History of Karelia The history of Karelia dates to 7000-6000 BC.[1] Mining began between 1 and 1000 AD.[1] // Karelia was bitterly fought over by Sweden and the Novgorod Republic during the 13th-century Swedish-Novgorodian Wars. ...

During the 13th century, Karelia was still undivided and fought over between Novgorod Republic and Sweden. Karelians are listed as Novgorodian allies already in the mid-12th century in Russian Chronicles. The "Third Swedish crusade", led by the marshal Torkel Knutsson, which took place 1293–1295, resulted in the western parts of Karelia coming under Swedish rule, and in the building of the Castle of Viborg. (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... Medieval walls of Novgorod City The Novgorod Feudal Republic (Новгородская феодальная республика or Novgorodskaya feodalnaya respublika in Russian) was a powerful medieval state which stretched from the Baltic Sea to the Ural Mountains between the 12th and 15th century. ... The Third Swedish Crusade was a Swedish military expedition to Karelia in 1293 CE, on area controlled by Novgorod. ... Marshal (also sometimes spelled marshall in American English, but not in British English) is a word used in several official titles of various branches of society. ... Torkel Knutsson, d. ... Vyborg Castle. ...

The hostilities continued in 1300 when a Swedish force attacked the mouth of river Neva and built a fort near the current location of Saint Petersburg. The fort was destroyed the following year by the Novgorodians. Indecisive fighting in 1321 and 1322 led to negotiations and peace by the Treaty of Nöteborg which for the first time decided the border between Sweden and Novgorod. Sweden got western Karelia with the Karelian Isthmus; and Novgorod got Ingria, Ladoga Karelia and East Karelia. River Neva (Нева́) is a 74 km long Russian river flowing from the Lake Ladoga (Ладожское Озеро - Ladozhskoye Ozero) through the Carelian Isthmus (Карельский &#1055... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... The Treaty of Nöteborg, also known as Treaty of Orekhovo signed at Orechovets (Pähkinäsaari) on August 12, 1323, was a treaty between Sweden and Novgorod regulating their border. ... The Karelian Isthmus is the narrow stretch of land between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga in northwestern Russia. ... Ingria may be seen represented in the easternmost part of the Carta Marina (1539) Ingria (Finnish: , Russian: , Swedish: , Estonian: ) is a historical region, now situated mostly in Russia, comprising the area along the basin of the river Neva, between the Gulf of Finland, the Narva River, Lake Peipsi in the... This article is about Karelia, the land of the Karelians, in its broadest meaning. ... East Karelia and West Karelia with borders of 1939 and 1940/1947. ...

In 1635 Savonia and the parts of Karelia around Vyborg were incorporated in the Viborg and Nyslott County. After the Treaty of Nystad in 1721 Vyborg and the Kexholm County were ceded to Russia; and the rest was incorporated into the Kymmenegårds and Nyslott County. Most of this was also ceded to Russia in the Treaty of Åbo of 1743. After the conquest in 1808 of the rest of Finland, Russia's 18th century gains, called "Old Finland", were in 1812 joined to the Grand Duchy of Finland as a gesture of good will. Savonia, Savolax or Savo, is a historical province in the south of Finland. ... Viborg and Nyslott County, Viborgs och Nyslotts län or Viipurin ja Savonlinnan lääni, was a county of Sweden from 1634 to 1721, when by the Treaty of Nystad Vyborg was ceded to Russia. ... The Treaty of Nystad (1721), signed at the present-day Finnish town of Uusikaupunki (Swedish Nystad), ended the Great Northern War, in which Russia received the territories of Estonia, Livonia and Ingria, as well as much of Karelia and Tsar Peter I of Russia replaced King Frederick I of Sweden... Kexholm County, Kexholms län or Käkisalmen lääni, was a county of Sweden from 1634 to 1721 when it was ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Nystad. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Treaty of Ã…bo or Treaty of Turku is a Peace Treaty between Imperial Russia and Sweden after the Hats Russian War 1741-43. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Old Finland (Vanha Suomi in Finnish) is a name used for the areas that Sweden lost to Russia in the Great Northern War and in the Hats Russian War. ... The Grand Duchy of Finland was a state that existed 1809–1917 as part of the Russian Empire. ...

During the Continuation War (1941-1944) Eastern Karelia was considered a Finnish irredenta and was an integral part of Finland. After World War II, when the new border was established close to that of 1721, the Finnish remains of the Province of Viipuri were made into the "Province of Kymi". In 1997 the Kymi province was incorporated with the province of Southern Finland. Combatants  Finland Germany Italy1  Soviet Union Commanders C.G.E. Mannerheim Kirill Meretskov Leonid Govorov Strength 530,000 Finns[1] 220,000 Germans 900,000–1,500,000[2] Casualties 58,715 dead or missing 158,000 wounded 1,500 civilian dead[3] 200,000 dead or missing 385,000... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Irredentism is claiming a right to territories belonging to another state on the grounds of common ethnicity and/or prior historical possession, actual or alleged. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The Province of Southern Finland is a province of Finland. ...

Western Karelia, as an historical Province of Sweden, was religiously and politically distinct from the eastern parts that were under the Russian Orthodox Church. The provinces or landskap were the subdivisions of Sweden until 1634, when they were replaced by the counties of Sweden (län). ... The Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (Russian: ), also known as the Orthodox Christian Church of Russia, is a body of Christians who are united under the Patriarch of Moscow, who in turn is in communion with the other patriarchs and primates of the Eastern Orthodox Church. ...

In 1990s long silenced debate over returning Karelia from Russia to Finland have restored in Finland. Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... Areas ceded by Finland to the Soviet Union. ...

Geography

Main article: Geography of Karelia

Culture

Main article: Culture of Karelia

The traditional culture of "Ladoga-Karelia", or Finnish Karelia according to the pre-Winter War borders, was by and large similar to that of Eastern Karelia, or Russian Karelia. Karelians live, and did even more so before Stalinism and the Great Purges, also in vast areas east of Finland (in Eastern Karelia, not marked on the map to the right), where folklore, language and architecture during the 19th century was in the center of the Finns' interest (see Karelianism), representing a "purer" Finnish culture than that of Southern and Western Finland, which had been for thousands of years in more contact with (or "contaminated by") Germanic and Scandinavian culture. The Kalevala and Finnish Art Nouveau are expressions hereof. Combatants Finland Soviet Union Commanders Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Kliment Voroshilov, later Semyon Timoshenko Strength 250,000 men 30 tanks 130 aircraft[1][2] 1,000,000 men 3,000 tanks 3,800 aircraft[3][4] Casualties 26,662 dead 39,886 wounded 1,000 captured[5] 126,875 dead... For architecture, see Stalinist architecture. ... The Great Purge is the name given to campaigns of repression in the Soviet Union during the late 1930s which included a purge of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about building architecture. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Historically, Finland has been part of Russia and part of Sweden, with varying degrees of autonomy. ... For other uses, see Culture (disambiguation). ... Scandinavia is a historical and geographical region centered on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe which includes the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. ... The Kalevala is an epic poem which Elias Lönnrot compiled from Finnish folk lore in the 19th century. ... Vitebsk Railway Station one of the finest examples of Art Nouveau architecture. ...

The dialect spoken in the South Karelian Region of Finland is part of the South Eastern dialects of the Finnish language. The dialect spoken in the Karelian Isthmus before World War II and the Ingrian language are also part of this dialect group. The Karelian language, spoken in East Karelia, is very closely related to the Finnish language. [1][2] The dialect that is spoken in North Karelia is considered to be one of the Savonian dialects.[3] The Region of South Karelia is a region (maakunta / landskap) of Finland. ... The Karelian Isthmus is the narrow stretch of land between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga in northwestern Russia. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Ingria may be seen represented in the easternmost part of the Carta Marina (1539) Ingria (Finnish: , Russian: , Swedish: , Estonian: ) is a historical region, now situated mostly in Russia, comprising the area along the basin of the river Neva, between the Gulf of Finland, the Narva River, Lake Peipsi in the... The Karelian language is a variety closely related to Finnish, with which it is not necessarily mutually intelligible. ... Template:Languaklkkkhytgf Finnish ( , or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (91. ... The Region of North Karelia is a region (maakunta / landskap) in eastern Finland. ... Savonia, Savolax or Savo, is a historical province in the south of Finland. ...

Famous Karelians

• Martti Ahtisaari
• Edith Södergran
• Riitta Uosukainen
• Matti Vanhanen
• Johannes Virolainen

Martti Oiva Kalevi Ahtisaari (IPA: ) (born June 23, 1937 Viipuri, Finland) is a former President of Finland (1994–2000) and a UN diplomat and mediator, noted for his international peace work. ... Edith Irene Södergran (April 4, 1892 - June 24, 1923) was a Finland-Swedish poet. ... Riitta Maria Uosukainen (née Vainikka) was born 18 June 1942 in Finland. ... Matti Taneli Vanhanen ( ) (born November 4, 1955, in Jyväskylä) is the current Prime Minister of Finland, as well as Chairman of the Centre Party. ... Johannes Virolainen (January 31, 1914 - December 11, 2000) was a Finnish politician. ...

Heraldry

Main article: Heraldry of Karelia The Arms of the Finnish Historical Province of Karelia. ...

The arms is crowned by a ducal coronet, though by Finnish tradition this more resembles a Swedish count's coronet. The symbolism of the coat of arms is supposed to represent how the region was fought over by Sweden and Russia for centuries. Blazon: "Gules, in center chief a crown or above two duelling arms, the dexter armored holding a sword and the sinister chain-mail armored with a scimitar, all argent except for hafts and gauntlet joint or."

References

External links

• Mead, W. R. (1952). Finnish Karelia: An International Borderland. The Geographical Journal 118.1, 40-54.
• The Many Karelias - Virtual Finland
• Maps of Karelia - Heninen
• Flag - Flags of the World
• The Karelians
• ProKarelia
• Genocide in Soviet Karelia: Stalin's Terror and the Finns of Soviet Karelia