A fire extinguisher

A fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires, often in emergency situations. It is not designed for use on an out-of-control fire, such as one which reaches the ceiling, endangers the user (i.e. no escape route), or otherwise requires the expertise of a fire department. Typically, a fire extinguisher consists of a handheld cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent which can be discharged to extinguish a fire. Download high resolution version (1036x2017, 1184 KB)Fire extinguisher for A, B, and C fires (Carbon Dioxide based). ... Download high resolution version (1036x2017, 1184 KB)Fire extinguisher for A, B, and C fires (Carbon Dioxide based). ... Active fire protection is one of the three types of structural fire protection. ... This intricate ceiling is part of the Capitol Theatre in Melbourne, Australia, designed by architect Walter Burley Griffin. ... Firefighter with an axe A firefighter, sometimes still called a fireman though women have increasingly joined firefighting units, is a person who is trained and equipped to put out fires, rescue people and in some areas provide emergency medical services. ... Steel Pressure Vessel A pressure vessel is a closed, rigid container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure different from the ambient pressure. ... Fire extinguisher A fire extinguisher is a device used to put out a fire, often in an emergency situation. ... For other uses, see Fire (disambiguation). ...

Usage

The typical steps for operating a stored pressure fire extinguisher (described by the acronym "PASS") are the following:

P - Pull the safety pin and test

A - Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire, from a safe distance (*about 1 to 3 meters (4 to 10 feet) away)

S - Squeeze the handle

S - Sweep the extinguisher from side to side while aiming at the base of the fire

• The approximate starting distance varies by the size and type of the extinguisher. (ie. Water APW vs 1.1 kg (2.5 lb) Dry Chemical.)
  • If using a cartridge operated extinguisher you must push down on the cartridge puncturing lever to pressurize the extinguisher after pulling the pin.
  • CO₂ fire extinguishers usually have a horn-shaped nozzle. Do not touch this horn (or the pipe linking it to the extinguisher) when attempting to put out a fire - your hand may freeze to the extinguisher, unless it is equipped with what is called a Frost Horn.

There are various types of extinguishers, which are used for different types of fires; using the wrong type can worsen the fire hazard, so it is critical to match the extinguisher type to the situation. Apia Apia, population 38,800 (2001), is the capital of Samoa. ...

Fire extinguishers are often misused to hold automatically closing fire doors open. This misuse moves the extinguishers from its desired location and will allow any smoke or fire to pass rapidly through the door opening. In many countries it is an offense to do so.

History

A 1905 illustration marketing extinguishers.

The first automatic fire extinguisher of which there is any record was patented in England in 1723 by Ambrose Godfrey, a celebrated chemist. It consisted of a cask of fire-extinguishing liquid containing a pewter chamber of gunpowder. This was connected with a system of fuses which were ignited, exploding the gunpowder and scattering the solution. This device was probably used to a limited extent, as Bradley's Weekly Messenger for November 7, 1729, refers to its efficiency in stopping a fire in London. is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events July 30 - Baltimore, Maryland is founded. ...

The modern fire extinguisher was invented by British Captain George William Manby in 1818; it consisted of a copper vessel of 3 gallons (13.6 litres) of pearl ash (potassium carbonate) solution contained within compressed air. Captain George William Manby (born November 28, 1765 in Denver; died November 18, 1854 in Great Yarmouth) was the inventor of an apparatus for saving life from shipwrecks. ... The gallon (abbreviation: gal) is a unit of volume. ... The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of volume. ... Flash point Not flammable Related Compounds Other cations Lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, caesium carbonate Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Potassium carbonate is a white salt, soluble in water (insoluble in alcohol), which forms... Pneumatics, a subsection of an area called fluid power, is the use of pressurized air to effect mechanical motion. ...

The soda-acid extinguisher was invented in 1881 by Almon M. Granger. His extinguisher used the reaction between sodium bicarbonate solution and sulfuric acid to expel pressurized water onto a fire.^[1] Year 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Flash point Non-flammable. ... Sulfuric acid, (also known as sulphuric acid) H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid. ...

A vial was suspended in the cylinder containing concentrated sulfuric acid. Depending on the type of extinguisher, the vial of acid could be broken in one of two ways. One used a plunger to break the acid vial, while the second released a lead bung that held the vial closed. Once the acid was mixed with the bicarbonate solution, carbon dioxide gas was expelled and thereby pressurize the water. The pressurized water was forced from the canister through a nozzle or short length of hose. Sulfuric acid, (also known as sulphuric acid) H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid. ... Carbon dioxide (chemical formula: ) is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. ...

Around 1912 Pyrene invented the carbon tetrachloride (CTC) extinguisher, which expelled the liquid from a brass or chrome container by a handpump; it was usually of 1 imperial quart (1.1 L) or 1 imperial pint (0.6 L) capacity but was also available in up to 2 imperial gallon (9 L) size. A further variety consisted of a glass bottle "bomb" filled with the liquid that was intended to be hurled at the base of a fire. The CTC vaporized and extinguished the flames by chemical reaction. The extinguisher was suitable for liquid and electrical fires, and was popular in motor vehicles for the next 60 years. In the 1940s, Germany invented the liquid chlorobromomethane (CBM) for use in aircraft. It was more effective and slightly less toxic than carbon tetrachloride and was used until 1969. Methyl Bromide was discovered as an extinguishing agent in the 1920s and was used extensively in Europe. It is a low-pressure gas that works by inhibiting the chain reaction of the fire and is the most toxic of the vaporizing liquids, used until the 1960s. The vapor and combustion by-products of all vaporizing liquids were highly toxic, and could cause death in confined spaces. R-phrases , , , , S-phrases , , , , , Flash point Non flammable Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Brazen redirects here. ... Bright chrome is often used as a decorative feature on consumer products such as cars. ... For other uses, see Quart (disambiguation). ... The pint is an English unit of volume or capacity in the imperial system and United States customary units, equivalent in each system to one half of a quart, and one eighth of a gallon. ...

Classification

Internationally there are several accepted classification methods for hand-held fire extinguishers. Each classification is useful in fighting fires with a particular group of fuel.

Australia

In Australia, yellow (Halon) fire extinguishers are illegal to own or use on a fire, unless an essential use exemption has been granted.^[2]

United Kingdom

According to the standard BS EN 3, fire extinguishers in the United Kingdom as all throughout Europe are red RAL 3000, and a band or circle of a second color covering at least 5% of the surface area of the extinguisher indicates the contents. Before 1997, the entire body of the fire extinguisher was color coded according to the type of extinguishing agent. RAL is a color space system developed in 1927 by Reichsausschuß für Lieferbedingungen (und Gütesicherung)—German for Commission for Delivery Terms and Quality Assurance, nowadays called . ... A color code is a system for displaying information by using different colors. ...

Typical United Kingdom CO2 and water fire extinguishers

The UK recognizes six fire classes. Class A fires involve organic solids such as paper and wood. Class B fires involve flammable liquids. Class C fires involve flammable gases. Class D fires involve metals, Class E fires involve live electrical items and Class F fires involve cooking fat and oil. Fire extinguishing capacity is rated by fire class using numbers and letters such as 13A, 55B. EN 3 does not recognize a separate E class - this is an additional feature requiring special testing (dielectric test per EN 3-7:2004) and NOT passing this test makes it compulsory to add a special label (pictogram) indicating the inability to isolate the user from a live electric source. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1200 × 1600 pixel, file size: 117 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Description: United Kingdom fire extinuishers, CO2 and water, taken with a v3x mobile phone. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1200 × 1600 pixel, file size: 117 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Description: United Kingdom fire extinuishers, CO2 and water, taken with a v3x mobile phone. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

In the UK the use of Halon gas is now illegal except under certain situations.^[3]

United States

There is no official standard in the United States for the color of fire extinguishers, though they are typically red, except for Class D extinguishers, which are usually yellow. Extinguishers are marked with pictograms depicting the types of fires that the extinguisher is approved to fight. In the past, extinguishers were marked with colored geometric symbols, and some extinguishers still use both symbols. No official pictogram exists for Class D extinguishers, though training manuals sometimes show a drill press with shavings burning underneath. The types of fires and additional standards are described in NFPA 10: Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers. For other uses, see Drill (disambiguation). ... The National Fire Protection Association (established 1896) is an independent, voluntary-membership, nonprofit (tax-exempt) organization. ...

The Underwriters Laboratories rate fire extinguishing capacity in accordance with UL/ANSI 711: Rating and Fire Testing of Fire Extinguishers. The ratings are described using numbers preceding the class letter, such as 1-A:10-B:C. The number preceding the A multiplied by 1.25 gives the equivalent extinguishing capability in gallons of water. The number preceding the B indicates the size of fire in square feet that an ordinary user should be able to extinguish. There is no additional rating for class C, as it only indicates that the extinguishing agent will not conduct electricity, and an extinguisher will never have a rating of just C. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The UL Mark Underwriters Laboratories Inc. ... The American National Standards Institute or ANSI (pronounced an-see) is a nonprofit organization that oversees the development of standards for products, services, processes and systems in the United States. ...

• For additional US UL rating information see Fast Flow Extinguishers

Commonly referred to as Fast Flow or High Performance extinguishers. ...

Installation

Fire extinguishers are typically fitted in buildings at an easily-accessible location, such as against a wall in a high-traffic area. They are also often fitted to motor vehicles, watercraft, and aircraft - this is required by law in many juristictions, for identified classes of vehicles. Under NFPA 10 all commercial vehicles must carry at least one fire extinguisher (size/UL rating depending on type of vechical and cargo (ie. fuel tankers typically must have a 9.1 kg (20 lb). when most others can carry a 2.3 kg (5 lb).) The revised NFPA 10 created criteria on the placement of "Fast Flow Extinguishers" in locations such as those storing and transporting pressurized flammable liquids and pressurized flammable gas or areas with possiblity of three dimensional class B hazards are required to have "fast flow" extinguishers as required by NFPA 5.5.1.1. Old Executive Office Building, Washington D.C. Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong, China In architecture, construction, engineering and real estate development the word building may refer to one of the following: Any man-made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy, or An... A brick wall A wall is a usually solid structure that defines and sometimes protects an area. ... Vehicles are non-living means of transport. ... A watercraft is a vehicle designed to float on and move across (or through) water for pleasure, physical exercise (in the case of many small boats), transporting people and/or goods, or military missions. ... Flying machine redirects here. ... Commonly referred to as Fast Flow or High Performance extinguishers. ...

A fire extinguisher fitted to the passenger seat of a car.

Varying classes of competition vehicles require fire extinguishing systems, the simplest requirements being a 1A10BC handheld portable extinguisher mounted to the interior of the vehicle. Image File history File linksMetadata Fire_extinguisher_in_car. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Fire_extinguisher_in_car. ...

Types of extinguishing agents

Dry Chemical (lyophobic colloid)

Powder based agent that extinguishes by separating the four parts of the fire tetrahedron. It prevents the chemical reaction between heat, fuel and oxygen, thus extinguishing the fire.

• Monoammonium phosphate, also known as ABC Dry Chemical, used on class A, B, and C fires. It receives its class A rating from the agents ability to melt and flow at 177 °C (350 °F) to smother the fire. More corrosive than other dry chemical agents.
• Sodium bicarbonate, used on class B and C fires. Interrupts the fire's chemical reaction.
• Potassium bicarbonate (aka Purple-K), used on class B and C fires. About two times as effective on class B fires as sodium bicarbonate. The preferred dry chemical agent of the oil and gas industry. The only dry chemical agent certified for use in AR-FF by the NFPA.
• Potassium bicarbonate & Urea Complex (aka Monnex), used on Class B and C fires. More effective than all other powders due to its ability to decrepitate (where the powder breaks up into smaller particles) in the flame zone creating a larger surface area for free radical inhibiton.

Ammonium phosphate. ... {| class=wikitable |- Bold text |}ABC or Multi-Purpose dry chemical is a dry chemical extinguishing agent. ... Flash point Non-flammable. ... Potassium bicarbonate (also known as potassium hydrogen carbonate or potassium acid carbonate), is a colorless, odorless, slightly basic, salty substance. ...

Foams (lyophilic colloid)

Applied to fuel fires as either an aspirated (mixed & expanded with air in a branch pipe) or non aspirated form to form a frothy blanket or seal over the fuel, preventing oxygen reaching it. Unlike powder, foam can be used to progressively extinguish fires without flashback

• AFFF (aqueous film forming foam), used on A and B fires and for vapor suppression. The most common type in portable extinguishers. It contains flour tensides ^[4] which can be accumulated in human body.
• AR-AFFF (Alcohol-resistant aqueous film forming foams), used on fuel fires containing alcohol. Forms a membrane between the fuel and the foam preventing the alcohol from breaking down the foam blanket.
• FFFP (film forming fluoroprotein) contains naturally occurring proteins from animal fats to create a foam blanket that is more heat resistant then the synthetic AFFF foams.
• CAFS (compressed air foam system) Any APW style extinguisher that is charged with a foam solution and pressurized with compressed air. Generally used to extend a water supply in wildland operations. Used on class A fires and with very dry foam on class B for vapor suppression.
• Arctic Fire is a liquid fire extinguishing agent that emulsifies and cools heated materials quicker than water or ordinary foam. It is used extensively in the steel industry. Effective on classes A, B, and D.
• FireAde, a foaming agent that emulsifies burning liquids and renders them non-flammable. It is able to cool heated material and surfaces similar to CAFS. Used on A and B (said to be effective on some class D hazards, although not recommended due to the fact that fireade still contains amounts of water which will react with some metal fires).

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is an artificial acid that has many industrial uses. ... Fire Retardant Foam, or fire suppression foam, is a foam used for fire suppression. ... Fire Retardant Foam, or fire suppression foam, is a foam used for fire suppression. ... A Compressed Air Foam System, abbreviated CAFS, is a system used in firefighting to deliver fire retardant foam for the purpose of extinguishing a fire or protecting unburned areas from becoming involved in flame. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Water

Cools burning material

• APW (Air pressurized water) cools burning material by absorbing heat from burning material. Effective on only Class A fires, but has the advantage of being cheap, harmless, and relatively easy to clean up.
• Water Mist uses a fine misting nozzle to break up a stream of deionized water to the point of not conducting electricity back to the operator. Class A and C rated. Used widely in Hospitals.

Air pressurized water extinguishers or APW extinguish burning material by absorbing heat from burning material. ...

Water Additives

• Wet Chemical (potassium acetate) extinguishes the fire by forming a soapy foam blanket over the burning oil(saponification)and by cooling the oil below its ignition temperature. Generally class A and K (F in Europe) only.
• Wetting Agents Detergent based additives used to break the surface tension of water & improve penetration of Class A fires. Enables a 3 litre water extinguisher to achieve the fire fighting capacity of a 9 litre plain water type

This article lacks information on the importance of the subject matter. ...

Clean Agents

Agent does not extinguish by smothering, but displaces oxygen, or inhibits chemical chain reaction. They are labeled clean agents because they do not leave any residue after discharge which is ideal for sensitive electronics and documents.

• Halon (including Halon 1211 and Halon 1301), a gaseous agent that inhibits the chemical reaction of the fire. Classes B:C for lower weight fire extinguishers (2.3 kg ; 5 lbs or less) and A:B:C for heavier weights (4.1-7.7 kg ; 9-17 lbs). Banned from new production, except for military use, as of January 1, 1994 as its properties contribute to ozone depletion and long atmospheric lifetime, usually 400 years. Halon was completely banned in Europe resulting in stockpiles being sent to the United States for reuse. Although production has been banned, the reuse is still permitted. Halon 1301 and 1211 are being replaced with new halons which have no ozone depletion properties and low atmospheric lifetimes, but are less effective. Currently Halotron I and Halotron II are meant to be replacements with significantly reduced ozone depletion potential.
• CO₂, a clean gaseous agent which displaces oxygen. Highest rating for 7.7 kg (20 pound) portable CO₂ extinguishers is 10B:C. Not intended for Class A fires.
• Mixtures of inert gases, including Inergen and Argonite.

Bromochlorodifluoromethane, also known by the trade name Halon 1211, or BCF, or Halon 1211 BCF, or Freon 12B1, is a haloalkane with the chemical formula is CF2ClBr. ... Halon 1301 is a trade name for bromotrifluoromethane, it is also known as BTM, Halon 1301 BTM, or Freon 13BI. The chemical formula is CF3Br. ... Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ... Inergen is a trademarked Fire suppression product of Ansul Corporation. ... Argonite is the name-brand (a registered trademark owned by Ginge-Kerr) for a mixture of 50% argon (Ar) and 50% nitrogen (N2). ...

Class D

• Sodium Chloride/Bicarbonate Urea Graphite and Copper forms a crust over the burning metal and performs like a heat sink to draw heat away from the burning material, also smothers to a degree. Copper dry powder was developed by the U.S. Navy for lithium fires and will cling to vertical surfaces.

R-phrases 36 S-phrases none Flash point Non-flammable Related Compounds Other anions NaF, NaBr, NaI Other cations LiCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, MgCl2, CaCl2 Related salts Sodium acetate Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... For other uses, see Graphite (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). ...

Maintenance

An empty fire extinguisher which was not replaced for years.

Most countries in the world require regular fire extinguisher maintenance by a competent person to operate safely and effectively, as part of fire safety legislation. Lack of maintenance can lead to an extinguisher not discharging when required, or rupturing when pressurized. Deaths have occurred, even in recent times, from corroded extinguishers exploding. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2304x3072, 3937 KB)[edit] Summary Photo by Myke Waddy,August 21st 2006, empty fire extinguisher a safety hazard [edit] Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2304x3072, 3937 KB)[edit] Summary Photo by Myke Waddy,August 21st 2006, empty fire extinguisher a safety hazard [edit] Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...

There is no all-encompassing fire code in the United States. Generally, most municipalities (by adoption of the International Fire Code) require inspections every 30 days to ensure the unit is pressurized and unobstructed (done by an employee of the facility) and an annual inspection by a qualified technician. Hydrostatic pressure testing for all types of extinguishers is also required, generally every five years for water and CO₂ models up to every 12 years for dry chemical models. The International Code Council (ICC) is a United States based non-governmental organization which allows U.S. jurisdictions (states, counties, etc. ... Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid due to its weight. ...

Recently the National Fire Protection Association and ICC voted to allow for the elimination of the 30 day inspection requirement so long as the fire extinguisher is monitored electronically. According to NFPA, the system must provide record keeping in the form of an electronic event log at the control panel. The system must also constantly monitor an extinguisher’s physical presence, internal pressure and whether an obstruction exists that could prevent ready access. In the event that any of the above conditions are found, the system must send an alert to officials so they can immediately rectify the situation. Electronic monitoring can be wired or wireless.

In the UK, three types of maintenance are required:

• Basic Service: All types of extinguisher require a basic inspection annually to check weight, correct pressure (using a special tool, not just looking at the gauge) and for signs of damage or corrosion, cartridge extinguishers are opened up for internal inspection & check weighing of the cartridge, labels are checked for legibility, where possible dip tubes, hoses and mechanisms checked for clear free operation.

• Extended Service: Water, Wet Chemical, Foam & Powder extinguishers require every five years a more detailed examination including a test discharge of the extinguisher and recharging- on stored pressure extinguishers this is the only opportunity to internally inspect for damage/corrosion. By recharging fresh agent is used as they all have a shelf life, even water goes foul inside an extinguisher; Note: extinguishers should be percentage tested according to total number of units in any given area. Some extinguishers contain pressure in excess of 1.38 MPa (200psi) and this internal pressure over periods of time affects each brand & make differently depending on their placement & location.

• Overhaul: CO₂ extinguishers, due to their high operating pressure, are subject to pressure vessel safety legislation and must be hydraulic pressure tested, inspected internally & externally and date stamped every 10 years (Every 5 years in the U.S.). As it cannot be pressure tested a new valve is also fitted. If replacing any part of the extinguisher (valve, horn etc) with a part from another manufacturer then the extinguisher will lose its fire rating. This may invalidate insurance, as would incorrect or inadequate servicing if it were to be found.

Fire extinguisher signs

Fire extinguisher identification signs are small signs designed to be mounted near a fire extinguisher, in order to draw attention to the extinguisher's location. Such signs may be manufactured from a variety of materials, commonly self-adhesive vinyl, rigid PVC and aluminum. PVC may refer to the following: Polyvinyl chloride, a plastic Premature ventricular contraction, irregular heartbeat Permanent virtual circuit, a term used in telecommunications and computer networks Param Vir Chakra, Indias highest military honor. ... Aluminum is a soft and lightweight metal with a dull silvery appearance, due to a thin layer of oxidation that forms quickly when it is exposed to air. ...

In addition to words and pictographs indicating the presence of a fire extinguisher , modern extinguisher ID signs also describe the extinguishing agent in the unit, and summarize the types of fire on which it may safely be used.

Public and government buildings are often required, by local legal codes, to provide an ID sign for each extinguisher on the site.^[5]

Similar signs are available for other fire equipment (including fire blankets and fire hose reels), and for other emergency equipment (such as first aid kits). A fire blanket is a safety device, made from flameproof fabric (typically fibreglass) usually made available along with other fire safety equipment such as fire extinguishers, which can be used to help extinguishing accidental fires. ...

Placement of fire extinguisher signs

Fire extinguisher signs are mounted above or to the side of the extinguisher they relate to.

Most licensing authorities have regulations describing the standard appearance of these signs (e.g. text height, pictographs used and so on)^[6].

Photo-luminescent fire extinguisher signs

Photo-luminescent fire extinguisher signs are made of a polymer that absorbs ambient light and releases it slowly in dark conditions - the sign "glows in the dark". Such signs are independent of an external power supply, and so offer a low-cost, reliable means of indicating the position of emergency equipment in dark or smoky conditions. A polymer (from Greek: πολυ, polu, many; and μέρος, meros, part) is a substance composed of molecules with large molecular mass composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, connected by covalent chemical bonds. ...

Photo-luminescent signs are sometimes mis-described as being reflective. A reflective material will only return ambient light for as long as the light source is supplied, rather than storing energy and releasing it over a period of time. However, many fire extinguishers and extinguisher mounting posts have strips of reflective adhesive tape placed on them to facilitate their location in situations where only emergency lighting or flashlights are available. The term reflection (also spelt reflexion) can refer to several different concepts: In mathematics, reflection is the transformation of a space. ... For the Parliament song, see Flash Light (song). ...

Older luminescent signs sometimes used a radioactive tritium source to energise the polymeric material. This source could pose a hazard when such signs are dismantled or damaged^[7]. Modern photoluminescent materials are, however, not radioactive. Tritium (symbol T or ³H) is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. ...

References

Automatic Sprinkler Protection - Goram Dana, S.B. is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Department of the Environment and Heritage (DEH) is a department of the Australian federal government. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 346th day of the year (347th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... “PDF” redirects here. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Fire extinguisher

• Underwriters Laboratories tips
• MSDS Sheets for hand held portable fire extinguishers
• OSHA requirements
• -Extinguisher-museum.com > Online museum about antique fire extinguishers and their history
• Fire Extinguisher Information Site
• National Fire Help

v • d • e  Fire protection

General: Active fire protection — Fire alarm system Fire suppression: Fire extinguisher — Fire sand bucket — Fire sprinkler — Gaseous fire suppression Detection/alarm: Control panel — Heat detector — Pull station — Fire alarm box — Notification appliance — Smoke detector Practices: Fire drill — Fire drill regulations in the USA Active fire protection is one of the three types of structural fire protection. ... A fire alarm with a strobe light. ... A fire sand bucket or fire bucket is a bucket filled with sand which is used to put out fires. ... Fire sprinklers are an active fire protection measure subject to stringent bounding. ... Gaseous fire suppression is a term to describe the use of inert and chemical agents or gasses to suppress a fire. ... A Siemens MXL fire alarm control panel (top) and graphic annunciator (bottom) for Potomac Hall, at James Madison University. ... Electro-pneumatic heat detector, rate of rise and fixed temperature operation. ... A Fire-Lite BG-10 manual pull station. ... A Wheelock MT-24-LSM electronic fire alarm horn and strobe. ... A smoke detector or smoke alarm is a device that detects smoke and issues an alarm to alert nearby people that there is a potential fire. ... College students evacuate Potomac Hall, a dormitory at James Madison University, during a fire drill. ... The list of fire drill regulations contains information about regulations concerning fire drills in elementary, middle, and high schools unless otherwise stated. ...