Bundesstaat Österreich Federation of Austria
← 1919 – 1938 →
Flag Coat of arms
Capital	Vienna
Language(s)	German
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Government	Republic
President
- 1919–20	Karl Seitz
- 1920–28	Michael Hainisch
- 1928–38	Wilhelm Miklas
Chancellor
- 1918–20	Karl Renner (first)
- 1922–29	Ignaz Seipel (brief absence 1924–26)
- 1932–34	Engelbert Dollfuß
- 1934–38	Kurt Schuschnigg
- 1938	Arthur Seyß-Inquart (last)
Legislature	Reichsrat
- Upper house	Herrenhaus (House of Lords)
- Lower house	Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Deputies)
Historical era	Interwar period
- Established	October 21, 1919
- July Revolt	July 15, 1927
- Assassination of     Engelbert Dollfuß	July 25, 1934
- Anschluss	March 12, 1938

In Austrian history, the First Republic refers to the period after World War I, following the breakdown of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, up to World War II. Austria was de-facto republic, as the constitution did not identify it directly as a republic, its official name was the Federation of Austria. This period was marked by violent strife between the left and the right, e.g. in the July Revolt of 1927. The Constitution of Austria was enacted in 1920 and amended in 1929. The First Republic ends with the Anschluss to Nazi Germany in 1938, or, according to some accounts with the establishment of the Austro-fascist dictatorship in 1933/34 following the Austrian Civil War. (The constitution of the Austro-fascist state did not consider Austria a republic, but only a Bundesstaat, i.e. a federation). The Republic of German Austria (German: ) was the initial rump state successor to Austro-Hungarian Empire following World War I for areas with a predominantly ethnic German population. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Austria. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany_1933. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Austria. ... Image File history File links Austria_Bundesadler. ... Civil Flag Ratio: 2:3 State Flag Ratio: 2:3 The flag of Austria has three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red. ... The Coat of Arms of Austria has been used since the end of World War I to symbolize Austria. ... This article is about a city that serves as a center of government and politics. ... Vienna (German: , see also other names) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A republic is a form of government maintained by a state or country whose sovereignty is based on popular consent and whose governance is based on popular representation and control. ... The Leopoldine Wing of Hofburg Imperial Palace in Vienna: home to the offices of the Federal President. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... Karl Seitz (September 4, 1869 - February 3, 1950) was an Austrian politician. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... Michael Hainisch (August 15, 1858 - February 26, 1940) was an Austrian politician, and second Federal President of Austria, after the fall of the monarchy at the end of World War I. He did not belong to any party and was an independent candidate. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Born October 15th, 1872 Wilhelm Miklas studied history and geography at the University of Vienna while serving in his role for the Christian Social Party. ... The Chancellor of Austria (in German: Bundeskanzler) is the head of government in Austria. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... Karl Renner Monument to Karl Renner next to the Austrian Parliament, Ringstraße, Vienna, Austria Karl Renner (December 14, 1870 - December 31, 1950) was an Austrian politician. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Ignaz Seipel (19 July 1876 - 2 August 1932) was an Austrian politician who served as Chancellor during the 1920s. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Engelbert Dollfuss. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Kurt Schuschnigg in a propagando manifesto. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... http://www. ... A legislature is a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to adopt laws. ... Between 1867 and 1918, the Reichsrat was the parliament of Cisleithania, the Austrian part of Austria-Hungary, which was officially known as the kingdoms and lands represented in the Reichsrat (German die im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreiche und Länder). ... The German term Herrenhaus is equivalent to the English House of Lords and describes roughly similar institutions as the English House of Lords in German-speaking countries. ... The Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin is the state parliament for the State of Berlin according to the constitution of Berlin. ... Europe between 1929 and 1938 The Interwar period (also interbellum) is understood within Western culture to be the period between the end of the First World War and the beginning of the Second World War in Europe, specifically 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939. ... The Treaty of Saint-Germain, was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand and by the new republic of Austria on the other. ... October 21 is the 294th day of the year (295th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 71 days remaining. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... During the Austrian July Revolt of 1927, 85 protesters were killed by Austrian police forces, while four policemen died, on July 15, 1927. ... July 15 is the 196th day (197th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 169 days remaining. ... 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar). ... Engelbert Dollfuss Engelbert Dollfuss (German: Dollfuß) (October 4, 1892 - July 25, 1934) was an Austrian politician and dictator. ... July 25 is the 206th day (207th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 159 days remaining. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... German troops march into Austria on 12 March 1938. ... March 12 is the 71st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (72nd in leap years). ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... In addition to the country, the Republic of Austria, the name Austria can refer to the following: The Latin name for Austria used poetically in German and for various applications in Austria such as: The name of a 19th century national personification of Austria (Nationalallegorie Austria) Two historical models of... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... During the Austrian July Revolt of 1927, 85 protesters were killed by Austrian police forces, while four policemen died, on July 15, 1927. ... The Constitution of Austria or sterreichisches Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz (B-VG) is one of the chartas governing political life in the Republic of Austria. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... German troops march into Austria on 12 March 1938. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Supporters of the Austrian Christian Social Party in 1934 Austrofascism is a term which is frequently used to describe the authoritarian rule installed in Austria between 1934 and 1938. ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Austrian Civil War, also known as the February Uprising, is a term sometimes used for a few days of skirmishes between socialist and fascist forces between 12 February and 16 February 1934 in Austria. ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A republic is a form of government maintained by a state or country whose sovereignty is based on popular consent and whose governance is based on popular representation and control. ... A map displaying todays federations. ...

Foundation

In 1919, the state of German Austria was dissolved by the Treaty of Saint Germain, which ceded German-populated regions in Sudetenland to Czechoslovakia, German-populated Tyrol to Italy and a portion of southern land to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later renamed Yugoslavia). The treaty angered the German population in Austria who claimed that it violated the Fourteen Points laid out by United States President Woodrow Wilson during peace talks, specifically the right to "self-determination" of all nations. The new state managed to prevent two land claims from being taken by their neighbours. The first was the region of Carinthia, which was prevented from being taken by the new Yugoslav state though a plebiscite on October 20, 1920, in which the population chose to remain in Austria. The second land-claim that was prevented was Hungary's claim to Burgenland, the population rejected the claim and joined Austria in 1921. The Republic of German Austria (German: ) was the initial rump state successor to Austro-Hungarian Empire following World War I for areas with a predominantly ethnic German population. ... The Treaty of Saint-Germain, was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand and by the new republic of Austria on the other. ... Sudetenland (German; Sudety in Czech and Polish) was the name used in the first half of the 20th century for the regions inhabited mostly by Germans in the border areas of Bohemia, Moravia, and those parts of Silesia associated with Bohemia. ... Coat of arms of Tyrol: *[1] The Tyrol is a historical region in Western Central Europe, which includes the Austrian state of Tyrol (consisting of North Tyrol and East Tyrol) and the Italian regions known as the South Tyrol and Trentino. ... The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a Balkan state which existed from December 1, 1918 to mid-April 1941. ... United States President Woodrow Wilson listed the Fourteen Points in a speech that he delivered to the United States Congress on January 8, 1918. ... Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924), was the 28th President of the United States. ... Carinthia (Kärnten in German, Koroška in Slovenian) can refer to: Carinthia - a federal state of Austria Carinthia - an informal province in Slovenia Carinthia - a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire and crownland of Austria_Hungary Karantania - the first Slovenian state This is a disambiguation page — a navigational... A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ... October 20 is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 72 days remaining. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... Burgenland (Hungarian Várvidék, Őrvidék or FelsÅ‘Å‘rvidék, Croatian Gradišće, Slovenian Gradiščansko) is the easternmost state or Land of Austria. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for full calendar). ...

After the war, Austria was governed by a coalition of left-wing and right-wing parties which had established a number of progressive socioeconomic and labour legislation. In 1920, the coalition government established the Constitution of Austria. However the new state was difficult to control, as much of the former empire's important economic regions had been taken away with the foundation of new nation-states. The matter was further complicated by the fact that a number of these new nation-states were still dependent on Vienna's banks. 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... The Constitution of Austria or sterreichisches Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz (B-VG) is one of the chartas governing political life in the Republic of Austria. ...

Government and Politics, 1920–1932

After 1920, Austria's government was dominated by the Christian Social Party which retained close ties to the Roman Catholic Church. The party's first Chancellor, Ignaz Seipel, attempted to forge a political alliance between wealthy industrialists and the Roman Catholic Church. Despite the nation having a steady political party in power, the politics of the nation were fractious and violent, with both left-wing and right-wing political bodies forming paramilitary forces which clashed with each other. In 1927, left-wing supporters engaged in a massive protest over the acquittal of right-wing paramilitaries who were found guilty of killing a man and a child. The huge protest was known as the July Revolt of 1927. The July Revolt was put down through violence by police which killed a number of protestors. The violence in Austria continued to escalate until the early 1930s when Engelbert Dollfuß became Chancellor. The Christian Social Party (CS) was an Austrian political party from 1893 to 1933 and a predecessor of the contemporary Austrian Peoples Party. ... The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus Christ and led by the Twelve Apostles, in particular Saint Peter. ... Ignaz Seipel (19 July 1876 - 2 August 1932) was an Austrian politician who served as Chancellor during the 1920s. ... A paramilitary organization is a group of civilians trained and organized in a military fashion. ... During the Austrian July Revolt of 1927, 85 protesters were killed by Austrian police forces, while four policemen died, on July 15, 1927. ... Engelbert Dollfuss Engelbert Dollfuss (German: Dollfuß) (October 4, 1892 - July 25, 1934) was an Austrian politician and dictator. ...

Austrofascism

Engelbert Dollfuss.

Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuß (English: Dollfuss) of the Christian Social Party took power in Austria in 1932, and moved the party and Austria towards dictatorship, centralization and fascism. In 1933, Dollfuß took advantage of an error in a bill in parliament, and his cabinet voted to dissolve the National Council and declared that parliament ceased to function. Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Fascism is an authoritarian political ideology (generally tied to a mass movement) that considers individual and other societal interests inferior to the needs of the state, and seeks to forge a type of national unity, usually based on ethnic, religious, cultural, or racial attributes. ... The term National Council may refer to: The National Council of Austria (Nationalrat) The National Council of Monaco The National Council of the Slovak Republic (Národná rada) The National Council of Slovenia (Državni svet) The National Council of Switzerland (Nationalrat, Conseil national) State National Council in Poland, 1944...

The government was in competition with the growing Austrian Nazi party, which wanted Austria to join Germany. Dollfuß's Austrofascism tied Austria's roots with Roman Catholicism to the government, as a means to show reason to why Austria should not join a predominantly Protestant Germany. Violence escalated into civil war between Nazis, socialists, and Austrofascists. Austrian National Socialism was a Pan-Germanic movement that was formed at the beginning of the 20th century. ... Supporters of the Austrian Christian Social Party in 1934 Austrofascism is a term which is frequently used to describe the authoritarian rule installed in Austria between 1934 and 1938. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ...

1934: One-party state and Assassination of Dollfuß

In 1934, Dollfuß created a one-party state, to be led by the Fatherland Front. The state took complete control on employer–employee relations, and began to crackdown on pro-Nazi and pro–German-unification sympathizers. The Nazis responded by assasinating Engelbert Dollfuss on July 25, 1934. A single-party state or one-party system or single-party system is a type of party system and form of government where only a single political party dominates the government and no opposition parties are allowed. ... The movements flag. ... July 25 is the 206th day (207th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 159 days remaining. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Aftermath of Dollfuß's Assassination

This assasination by the Austrian Nazis infuriated Austria's neighbour, Fascist Italy under dictator Benito Mussolini, who suspected German involvement and promised the Austrofascist regime military support if Germany where to invade, as the Nazis had claims on Italian-administered Tyrol. Italy's support helped save Austria from potential annexation in 1934. Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, refers to the right-wing authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (July 29, 1883 – April 28, 1945) was the prime minister and dictator of Italy from 1922 until 1943, when he was overthrown. ...

Kurt Schuschnigg in a propaganda manifesto.

The successor to Dollfuß, Kurt Schuschnigg, maintained the ban on Nazi activities, but also banned Austria's national paramilitary force, the Heimwehr in 1936. Image File history File links Schuschnigg. ... Image File history File links Schuschnigg. ... Kurt Schuschnigg in a propagando manifesto. ... The Heimwehr (German Home Guard) were a Nationalist, initially paramilitary grouping, operating within Austria during the 1920s and 1930s; they were similar in methods, organisation, and ideology to Germanys Freikorp. ...

Anchluss

In 1938, Hitler had gained Italy's favour on the issue of annexation of Austria, and made clear his immediate intentions to take over the country. Schuschnigg desperately tried to avoid war with Germany, and organized a plebiscite set for March 13 to decide whether Austria would join Germany or remain independent. Schuschnigg intended to rig the vote to insure a pro-Austrian victory. Hitler responded by demanding Schuschnigg's immediate resignation, which he was pressured to accept on March 11 which the immediate threat of occupation. Schuschnigg was replaced by Austrian Nazi leader Arthur Seyß-Inquart and Germany sent in troops the next day on March 12, which took over the nation. On March 13, the First Austrian Republic was formally dissolved and became part of Germany as part of Anchluss (political union). A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ... March 13 is the 72nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (73rd in leap years). ... March 11 is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (71st in leap years). ... http://www. ... March 12 is the 71st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (72nd in leap years). ... March 13 is the 72nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (73rd in leap years). ... German troops march into Austria on 12 March 1938. ...