First Carlist War
Part of Carlist Wars
Carlist forces
Date 1833-1839 Location Spain Result liberal victory
Combatants
Carlists supporting Infante Carlos of Spain Portuguese loyal to Miguel of Portugal The Carlist Wars in Spain were the last major European civil wars in which pretenders fought to establish their claim to a throne. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 757 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1560 × 1236 pixels, file size: 728 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 757 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1560 × 1236 pixels, file size: 728 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Year 1833 (MDCCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Carlism restored the cross of Burgundy assimilated by the Spanish Bourbons throught the Spanish Habsburgs and used as flag of the Spanish empire. ... Infante Carlos of Spain Don Carlos María Isidro Benito de Borbón, Infante of Spain (1788-1855) was the second surviving son of King Charles IV of Spain and of his wife, Maria Louisa of Parma. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Miguel I, King of Portugal/pron. ...	Liberals (Isabelinos or Cristinos) supporting Isabella II of Spain and her regent mother Maria Christina Great Britain France Portuguese loyal to Pedro IV Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ... Isabella II (October 10, 1830 – April 10, 1904), Isabel II in Spanish, was Queen regnant of Spain (Queen of the Spains officially from August 13, 1836, Isabella II the queen of Castile, Leon, Aragon,...) She was born in Madrid, and was the eldest daughter of Ferdinand VII, king of Spain... Maria Christina, Queen Regent of Spain Maria Christina of Bourbon, Princess of the Two Sicilies, Queen of Spain (Maria Cristina Ferdinanda of the Two Sicilies branch of the Royal House of Bourbon) (April 27, 1806–August 22, 1878) was Queen Consort of Spain (1829 to 1833) and Queen Regent of... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil; Pedro IV of Portugal Pedro I of Brazil, known as Dom Pedro (October 12, 1798 - September 24, 1834), proclaimed Brazil independent from Portugal and became Brazils first Emperor. ...
Commanders
Tomás de Zumalacárregui Ramón Cabrera Rafael Maroto Sebestian Gabriel de Borbón	Vicente Genaro de Quesada José Ramón Rodil y Campillo Francisco Espoz y Mina Luis Fernández de Córdova Baldomero Espartero
Casualties
between 15.000 and 60.000	Spain: between 15.000 and 65.000, France: 7.700, GB: 2.500, Pedroists: 50

The First Carlist War was a civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1839. Carlist General Tomás de Zumalacárregui. ... Ramon Cabrera (27 December 1806 - 1877) was a Carlist general of Spain. ... Rafael Maroto with his niece Margarita Borgoño, painting by Raymond Monvoisin Rafael Maroto Yserns (October 15, 1783 — August 25, 1853) was a Spanish general, known both for his involvement on the Spanish side in the wars of independence in South America and on the Carlist side in the First... Sebastian Gabriel de Borbon y de Braganza, Infante of Portugal and Spain, was a royal of the 19th century and progenitor of the ducal lines of Hernani, Ansola, Durcal and Marchena. ... José Ramón Rodil y Campillo, Spanish general and statesman, born in Santa María del Trovo, Galicia region. ... Portrait of General Espoz y Mina by Francisco Goya. ... Luis Fernández de Córdova Luis Fernández de Córdova (or Córdoba) (Cádiz, August 2, 1798 - Lisbon, April 22, 1840) was a Spanish military and diplomat. ... Baldomero Espartero (1793 - 1879) was a Spanish general and political figure. ... A civil war is a war in which parties within the same culture, society or nationality fight against each other for the control of political power. ...

Historical background

At the beginning of the 18th century, King Philip V of Spain promulgated the Salic Law, which declared illegal the inheritance of the Spanish crown by women. His purpose was to thwart the Habsburgs' regaining the throne by way of the female dynastic line. Events and trends The Bonneville Slide blocks the Columbia River near the site of present-day Cascade Locks, Oregon with a land bridge 200 feet (60 m) high. ... King Philip V of Spain (December 19, 1683 – July 9, 1746) or Philippe of Anjou was king of Spain from 1700 to 1746, the first of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain. ... The King of the Franks, in the midst of the military chiefs who formed his Treuste -- or armed court, dictates the Salic Law (Code of the Barbaric Laws). ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ...

A century later, King Ferdinand VII of Spain had no male descendant, but only two daughters, Isabella (later known as Isabella II of Spain) and Luisa Fernanda). So he promulgated the Pragmática Sanción, to allow Isabella to become Queen after his death.
The Infante Carlos, the king's brother, would have normally become king without the Pragmatic. He and his followers, such as Secretary of Justice Francisco Tadeo Calomarde) pressed Ferdinand to change his mind. But the ill Ferdinand kept his decision and when he died, 29th September 1833, Isabella became the legitimate queen. As she was only a child, a regent was needed: her mother, Queen Consort María Cristina. Ferdinand VII (October 14, 1784 - September 29, 1833) was King of Spain from 1813 to 1833. ... Isabella II (October 10, 1830 – April 10, 1904), Isabel II in Spanish, was Queen regnant of Spain (Queen of the Spains officially from August 13, 1836, Isabella II the queen of Castile, Leon, Aragon,...) She was born in Madrid, and was the eldest daughter of Ferdinand VII, king of Spain... Infanta Doña María Luísa Fernanda of Spain (30 January 1832 - 2 February 1897) was Infanta of Spain and Duchess of Montpensier. ... A pragmatic sanction is a sovereigns solemn decree on a matter of primary importance and has the force of fundamental law. ... Infante Carlos of Spain Don Carlos María Isidro Benito de Borbón, Infante of Spain (1788-1855) was the second surviving son of King Charles IV of Spain and of his wife, Maria Louisa of Parma. ... Francisco Tadeo Calomarde, by L. Cruz y Ríos (copia de Vicente López) Don Francisco Tadeo Calomarde y Arría (1775, Villel, Aragon - 1842, Toulouse) was a Spanish statesman. ... Maria Christina, Queen Regent of Spain Maria Christina, Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Queen of Spain (Maria Cristina Ferdinanda of the Two Sicilies branch of the Royal House of Bourbon) (April 27, 1806–August 22, 1878) was Queen Consort of Spain (1829 to 1833) and Queen Regent of Spain (1833...

At the beginning of the 19th century, the political situation in Spain was extremely problematic. During the war of independence against Napoleon, the Cortes met in Cádiz (1812) and elaborated the first Spanish constitution, possibly the most modern and most liberal in the world. After the war, when Ferdinand VII returned to Spain, he annulled the constitution in the Manifest of Valencia, and thus became an absolute king, governing by decrees and restoring the Spanish Inquisition, abolished by Joseph Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon. // Invention of the Jacquard loom in 1801. ... The Peninsular War (1808-1814) was a major conflict during the Napoleonic Wars. ... The Cortes Generales (Spanish for General Courts) is the legislature of Spain. ... Location Location of Cádiz Coordinates : Time Zone : General information Native name Cádiz (Spanish) Spanish name Cádiz Postal code – Website http://www. ... The Spanish Constitution of 1812 was promulgated by the Cortes Generales (General Courts), the national legislative assembly of Spain. ... This article is about one of the historical Inquisitions. ... Joseph Bonaparte Coat of arms of Joseph Bonaparte as King of Spain (1808-1813). ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ...

Towards the end of his life, Ferdinand made some concessions to the liberals, giving them hopes of a liberal rule. But there was a strong absolutist party which did not want to lose its position. Its members knew that María Cristina and Isabella would make liberal reforms, so they looked for another candidate for the throne; and their natural choice, with the background of the Salic Law, was Ferdinand's brother Carlos. Infante Carlos of Spain Don Carlos María Isidro Benito de Borbón, Infante of Spain (1788-1855) was the second surviving son of King Charles IV of Spain and of his wife, Maria Louisa of Parma. ...

Basque reasons for Carlist uprising

Meanwhile, there was a continued movement to suppress the Basque Fueros and to move the customs borders to the Pyrenees. Since the 1700s a new emergent class had an interest in weakening the powerful Basque nobles and their influence and commerce, including that extending throughout the world with the help of the Jesuit order. Languages Basque - few monoglots Spanish - 1,525,000 monoglots French - 150,000 monoglots Basque-Spanish - 600,000 speakers Basque-French - 76,000 speakers [4] other native languages Religions Traditionally Roman Catholic The Basques (Basque: ) are an indigenous people[5] who inhabit parts of northeastern Spain and southwestern France. ... Fueros is a Spanish legal term and concept; there is a similar Portuguese term, Forals. ... Pic de Bugatetin the Néouvielle Natural Reserve Central Pyrenees For the mountains in Victoria, Australia, see Pyrenees (Victoria). ... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ...

The newly appointed Spanish courtiers supported some of the great powers against the Basques at least since the abolition of the Jesuit order and the Godoy regime. First they sided with the French Bourbons to suppress the Jesuits, with the formidable changes in America and the subsequent loss of Spanish influence. Then Godoy sided with the English against the Basques in the Convention War of 1793 and immediately afterwards with the French of Napoleon also against the Basques. The English interest was to destroy, for as long as possible, Spanish commercial routes and power, which was mainly sustained by the Basque ports, commercial navy and companies (Compañía Guipuzcoana de Caracas). The Spaniards only helped in such a destructive effort, bringing the Spanish empire to total annihilation. Manuel de Godoy (May 12, 1767 – October 7, 1851), Duke of Alcudia, was a Spanish statesman. ... War of the Pyrenees (1793-1795) was the Pyrenees front of the First Coalitions war against the First French Republic. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ...

The contenders

Isabel II

The Church, a privileged class, was as ambiguous as ever, but many priests fought for Carlos. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 353 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (836 × 1420 pixels, file size: 701 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 353 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (836 × 1420 pixels, file size: 701 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...

The people of the Basque Provinces and Navarre sided with Carlos because of traditionalism and historical respect for the Catholic Church; ideologically, Carlos was clearly close to them. There have been many authors who believed that the Carlist cause in the Basque Country was a foralist cause. But this point of view is largely subjective, with the clear intention of creating indications of a Basque nationalism before the Arana brothers (an inspired and quite neutral version in "The Basque Nationalism", by Stanley G. Payne). Many supporters of the Carlist cause believed a traditionalist rule would respect the ancient Foral institutions better.
Another important reason for the massive mobilisation of the Basque Provinces and Navarre for the Carlist cause was the tremendous influence of the Basque clergy in the society. Salvador de Madariaga, in his book "Memories of a Federalist" (Buenos Aires, 1967), accused the Basque clergy of being "the heart, the brain and the root of the intolerance and the hard line" of the Spanish Catholic Church; there are also other social and economic causes, which have not been properly studied. In fact, there are more narrative books about the Carlist War in the Basque Provinces than historical works. This means a "romantic" vision of the Basque people fighting for their rights against the foreign rule of Castile. “Navarra” redirects here. ... The name Catholic Church can mean a visible organization that refers to itself as Catholic, or the invisible Christian Church, viz. ... Pays Basque) see Northern Basque Country. ... Fueros is a Spanish legal term and concept; there is a similar Portuguese term, Forals. ... Stanley G. Payne is a historian of modern Spain and European Fascism at the University of Wisconsin--Madison. ... Salvador de Madariaga y Rojo (July 23, 1886, A Coruña, Spain - December 14, 1978, Locarno, Switzerland) was a Spanish diplomat, writer, historian and pacifist. ...

Don Carlos

Meanwhile, in Catalonia and Aragón, the people saw the chance of recovering their foral rights, which were lost after the Spanish Succession War when Philip V defeated the armies that fought for Archduke Karl of Austria, the other candidate to the throne after the death of Charles II of Spain. Carlos, however, never said anything about the foral rights. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 385 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1084 × 1686 pixels, file size: 438 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 385 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1084 × 1686 pixels, file size: 438 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... This article is about the Spanish autonomous community. ... Capital Zaragoza Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47 719 km²  9,4% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 11th  1 217 514  2,9%  25,51/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Spanish  Aragonese  aragonés Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation  â€“ Congress seats  â€“ Senate... Charles II was the last Habsburg King of Spain. ... King Philip V of Spain (December 19, 1683 – July 9, 1746) or Philippe of Anjou was king of Spain from 1700 to 1746, the first of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain. ... Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI Charles VI, (German Karl VI; in full Karl Josef Franz)Holy Roman Emperor (October 1, 1685 – October 20, 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1711 to 1740 and the second son of Leopold I with his third wife, Eleonore-Magdalena of Pfalz-Neuburg. ... Charles II of Spain. ...

On the other side, the liberals and moderates united to defend the "new order" represented by María Cristina and her three-year-old daughter, Isabella. They controlled the institutions, almost the whole army and the cities; the Carlist movement was stronger in the country. The liberals had the crucial support of United Kingdom, France and Portugal, support that was shown in the important credits to Cristina's treasury and the military help from the British (British Legion or Westminster Legion under General Lacy Evans), the French (the French Foreign Legion) and the Portuguese (a part of the regular army, under General Baron Das Antas). The Liberals were strong enough to win the war in two months, but an inefficient government and the dispersion of the Carlist forces gave Carlos time to consolidate his forces and hold out for almost seven years in the northern and eastern provinces. The British Legion (1835-1837) was a British military force sent to Spain to support the Liberals and Queen Isabella II of Spain against the Carlists in the First Carlist War. ... Sir George de Lacy Evans (1787 - 1870) was a British general. ... Legionnaire redirects here. ...

The war in the Northern Front

The war was long and hard, and the Carlist forces achieved important victories in the north under the direction of the brilliant general Tomás de Zumalacárregui. Opposing his advisers, Carlos V decided to conquer a Bilbao defended by the British navy. With such an important city in his power, the Prussian or Russian Tsarist banks would give him credit to win the war; one of the most important problems for Carlos was a lack of funds. In the siege of Bilbao, Zumalacárregui was wounded in the leg by a stray bullet. The wound was not serious, but it did not heal properly, and finally General Zumalacárregui lost his life on June 25, 1835. Many historians believe the circumstances of his death were suspicious, and have pointed out that the general had many enemies in the Carlist court; however, nothing has been proven. Carlist General Tomás de Zumalacárregui. ... La Muy Noble y Muy Leal e Invicta (The most noble and most loyal and undefeated) Location Location of Bilbao in Spain and Biscay Coordinates : , Time zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer : CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Bilbao (Basque) Spanish name Bilbao Nickname El Botxo (the hole) Founded 15... La Muy Noble y Muy Leal e Invicta (The most noble and most loyal and undefeated) Location Location of Bilbao in Spain and Biscay Coordinates : , Time zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer : CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Bilbao (Basque) Spanish name Bilbao Nickname El Botxo (the hole) Founded 15... is the 176th day of the year (177th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

Forces

In the European theatre all the great powers backed the Isabeline army, as many British observers wrote in their reports. Meanwhile, in the east, Carlist general Ramón Cabrera held the initiative in the war, but his forces were too few to achieve a decisive victory over the liberal forces. In 1837 the Carlist effort culminated in the Royal Expedition, which reached the walls of Madrid, but subsequently retreated after the Battle of Aranzueque. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 581 pixelsFull resolution (1701 × 1236 pixels, file size: 942 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 581 pixelsFull resolution (1701 × 1236 pixels, file size: 942 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Ramon Cabrera (27 December 1806 - 1877) was a Carlist general of Spain. ... Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Battle of Aranzueque was a September 1837 confrontation at the village of Aranzueque, Spain during the First Carlist War. ...

The end of the war

After the death of Zumalacárregui, the liberals slowly regained the initiative but were not able to win the war until 1839. The war ended with the "Abrazo de Vergara" (the embrace in Vergara - Bergara in Basque -), 31st August 1839, between the liberal general Baldomero Espartero, Count of Luchana and the Carlist General Rafael Maroto. Some authors have written that General Maroto was a traitor who forced Carlos to accept the peace, but it is clear that the Carlists were too tired to continue with the war against the liberal government. In the east, General Cabrera continued fighting but he was alone and finally had to flee to France. However, Cabrera was considered a hero and returned for the Third Carlist War. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Rafael Maroto with his niece Margarita Borgoño, painting by Raymond Monvoisin Rafael Maroto Yserns (October 15, 1783 — August 25, 1853) was a Spanish general, known both for his involvement on the Spanish side in the wars of independence in South America and on the Carlist side in the First... Ramon Cabrera (27 December 1806 - 1877) was a Carlist general of Spain. ... Restoration promiss During the Third Carlist War (1872-1876), the carlist forces managed to occupy some cities in the interior Catalonia. ...

One of the best works on this subject is Alexander Gallardo, Britain and the First Carlist War, Norwood Editions, 1978

External links

• Chronology of the First Carlist War
• Site by the Zumalakarregi Museum dedicated to the First Carlist War

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Iconography: First Carlist War