The First Liberian Civil War was a conflict in Liberia from 1989 until 1996. Charles Taylor, a leader of the NPFL and later President of Liberia. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... Samuel Kanyon Doe (May 6, 1950/1951 – September 9, 1990) was the president of the west African country of Liberia from 1980 to 1990. ... For other persons named Charles Taylor, see Charles Taylor (disambiguation). ... The following is a list of Presidents of Liberia: Joseph Jenkins Roberts 1847-1856 Stephen Allen Benson 1856-1864 Daniel Bashiel Warner 1864-1868 James Spriggs Payne 1868-1870 Edward J. Roye 1870-1871 Joseph Jenkins Roberts 1871-1876 James Spriggs Payne 1876-1878 Anthony W. Gardiner 1878-1883 Alfred... The Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) is the military of Liberia. ... The United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO) was a rebel group that participated in the Liberian Civil War (1989-1996). ... The National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) was a rebel group that initiated and participated in the Liberian Civil War. ... The Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia (INPFL) was a rebel group that participated in the Liberian Civil War. ... Samuel Kanyon Doe (May 6, 1950/1951 – September 9, 1990) was the president of the west African country of Liberia from 1980 to 1990. ... For other persons named Charles Taylor, see Charles Taylor (disambiguation). ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ...

Origins

Samuel Doe, the President of Liberia, had taken power in a popular coup of 1980 but opposition from abroad to his undemocratic regime led to economic collapse. At first, Doe crushed internal opposition, but after his Krahn tribe began attacking other tribes – particularly in Nimba County – conflict seemed inevitable. Samuel Kanyon Doe (May 6, 1950/1951 – September 9, 1990) was the president of the west African country of Liberia from 1980 to 1990. ... The following is a list of Presidents of Liberia: Joseph Jenkins Roberts 1847-1856 Stephen Allen Benson 1856-1864 Daniel Bashiel Warner 1864-1868 James Spriggs Payne 1868-1870 Edward J. Roye 1870-1871 Joseph Jenkins Roberts 1871-1876 James Spriggs Payne 1876-1878 Anthony W. Gardiner 1878-1883 Alfred... A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... Krahn is an ethnic group of Liberia; it is also the language traditionally spoken by these people. ... Nimba county is in the north region of Liberia, sharing borders with Ivory Coast and Guinea. ...

Charles Taylor, who had left Doe's government, assembled a group of rebels in Côte d'Ivoire who later became known as the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL). They invaded Nimbo County on 24 December 1989. The Liberian Army retaliated against the whole population of the region, attacking unarmed civilians and burning villages. Many left as refugees for Guinea and Côte d’Ivoire, but opposition to Doe was inflamed. Prince Johnson had sided with Taylor in the invasion, but soon split to form his own guerrilla force, based on the Gio tribe. For other persons named Charles Taylor, see Charles Taylor (disambiguation). ... The National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) was a rebel group that initiated and participated in the Liberian Civil War. ... December 24 is the 358th day of the year (359th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) is the military of Liberia. ... Prince Yormie Johnson is a Liberian political figure. ... Look up guerrilla in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... GIO is a computer bus standard developed by SGI and used in a variety of their products in the 1990s as their primary expansion system. ...

Overview

By the middle of 1990, a civil war was raging. Taylor's NPFL soon controlled much of the country, while Johnson took most of the capital, Monrovia. ECOWAS attempted to persuade Doe to resign and go into exile, but despite his weak position – besieged in his mansion – he refused. While making a brief trip out of the Executive Mansion to ECOMOG Headquarters, Doe was captured by Johnson on September 9, 1990, and tortured before being killed. The spectacle was videotaped and seen on news reports around the world.^[1] MCMXC redirects here; for the Enigma album, see MCMXC a. ... A civil war is a war in which parties within the same culture, society or nationality fight against each other for the control of political power. ... Monrovia in the 1800s. ... The Economic Community of West African States is a regional group of fifteen countries, founded on May 28, 1975 when 15 West African countries signed the Treaty of Lagos. ... Exile (band) may refer to: Exile - The American country music band Exile - The Japanese pop music band Category: ...

Peace was still far off as both Taylor and Johnson claimed power. ECOMOG declared an Interim Government of National Unity (IGNU) with Amos Sawyer as their president, with the broad support of Johnson. Taylor attacked Monrovia in 1992, but ECOMOG reinforced the city and negotiated the Cotonou Agreement, a treaty between the NPFL, IGNU and Doe’s remaining supporters (known as the United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy or ULIMO). A coalition government was formed in August 1993. ECOMOG is a West African multilateral armed force established by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). ... Amos Sawyer (born 1945) was the President of the Interim Government of National Unity in Liberia (November 22, 1990–March 7, 1994). ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... The United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO) was a rebel group that participated in the Liberian Civil War (1989-1996). ... A coalition government, or coalition cabinet, is a cabinet in parliamentary government in which several parties cooperate. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ...

In September 1994, the Akosombo Agreement attempted to replace the coalition with moves towards a democratic government, but IGNU rejected this. The Abuja Accord of August 1995 finally achieved this, but in April 1996 the NPFL and ULIMO again began fighting in Monrovia, leading to the evacuation of most international NGOs and the destruction of much of the city. 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... The Abuja Agreement was a peace treaty signed on 19 August, 1995 in an attempt to secure peace from National Patriotic Front of Liberia leader, Charles Taylor in the Liberian Civil War. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... The term non-governmental organization (NGO) is used in a variety of ways all over the world and, depending on the context in which it is used, can refer to many different types of organizations. ...

Aftermath

The battles were ended by an amendment to the Abuja Accord in August, agreeing to disarmament and demobilization by 1997 and elections in July of that year. Charles Taylor formed the National Patriotic Party which won a large majority and left the country peaceful enough that refugees began to return. But other leaders were forced to leave the country, and some ULIMO forces reformed as the Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD). LURD began fighting in Lofa County with the aim of destabilizing the government and gaining control of the local diamond fields, leading to the Second Liberian Civil War. Disarmament means the act of reducing or depriving arms i. ... Demobilization is the process of standing down a nations armed forces from combat-ready status. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Liberia held Presidential and Legislative elections on 19 July 1997 following an end to a bloody civil war that devastated the country. ... Politics of Liberia Categories: Politics stubs | Liberian political parties ... A majority is a subset of a group that is more than half of the entire group. ... Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD) was a rebel group in Liberia that had been active since 1999. ... Lofa is the northernmost Liberian county. ... This article is about the gemstone. ... Combatants voluntarilly disarm in May 2004 during the UN program, Disarmament, Demobilization, Rehabilitation and Reintegration (DDRR) The Second Liberian Civil War began in 1999 when a rebel group backed by the government of neighboring Guinea, the Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD), emerged in northern Liberia. ...

The UN estimates that 150,000 people died during the First and Second Liberian Civil Wars, with 850,000 refugees fleeing to neighboring countries. The years of fighting, coupled with the flight of most businesses, had disrupted formal economic activity.

In 1997, the Liberian people elected Charles Taylor as President after he entered the capital city, Monrovia, by force. The implicit unrest manifested during the late 1990s is emblematic in the sharp national economic decline and the prevalent sale of diamonds and timber in exchange for small arms. For other persons named Charles Taylor, see Charles Taylor (disambiguation). ... Monrovia in the 1800s. ...

Second Liberian Civil War

The Second Liberian Civil War officially began in 2002 and ended in October 2003, when UN and US military intervened to stop the rebel siege on Monrovia and exile Charles Taylor to Nigeria. By the conclusion of the final war, more than 250,000 people had been killed and nearly 1 million displaced. Half that number remain to be repatriated in 2005, at the election of Liberia's first democratic President since the initial 1980 coup d'etat of Samuel Doe. Combatants voluntarilly disarm in May 2004 during the UN program, Disarmament, Demobilization, Rehabilitation and Reintegration (DDRR) The Second Liberian Civil War began in 1999 when a rebel group backed by the government of neighboring Guinea, the Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD), emerged in northern Liberia. ... The Siege of Monrovia, Liberia in 2003 was a major military confrontation between the Liberian army and LURD rebels. ... Monrovia in the 1800s. ... For other persons named Charles Taylor, see Charles Taylor (disambiguation). ...

The future after the war

The new president, Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, was inaugurated in January and the National Transitional Government of Liberia terminated its power. After fourteen years of war, Liberians may be ready for development of basic services on peaceful terms, particularly electric current and primary infrastructure. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf (born October 29, 1938) is the current president of Liberia and Africas first elected female head of state. ...

Armed groups that participated in the War

• Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL)
• Liberia Peace Council (LPC)
• Lofa Defense Force (LDF)
• National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL)
  • Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia (INPFL)
  • National Patriotic Front of Liberia-Central Revolutionary Council (NPFL-CRC)
• United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO)
  • United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy-Johnson faction (ULIMO-J)
  • United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy-Kromah faction (ULIMO-K)

The Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) is the military of Liberia. ... The Liberia Peace Council (LPC) was a rebel group that participated in the Liberian Civil War. ... The Lofa Defense Force (LDF) was a rebel group that participated in the Liberian Civil War. ... The National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) was a rebel group that initiated and participated in the Liberian Civil War. ... The Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia (INPFL) was a rebel group that participated in the Liberian Civil War. ... The National Patriotic Front of Liberia-Central Revolutionary Council (NPFL-CRC) was a rebel group that participated in the Liberian Civil War. ... The United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO) was a rebel group that participated in the Liberian Civil War (1989-1996). ... The United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy–Johnson faction (ULIMO-J) was a rebel group that was active during the Liberian Civil War. ... The United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy–Kromah faction (ULIMO-K) was a rebel group that was active during the Liberian Civil War. ...

In Fiction

In the video game Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty, the primary protagonist Raiden fought in the Liberian Civil War as a child, as did the primary antagonist, Solidus Snake. Namcos Pac-Man was a hit, and became a universal phenomenon. ... Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty (commonly abbreviated MGS2) is a stealth-based game that was developed and published by Konami for the PlayStation 2 in 2001. ... Raiden can refer to: Raijin, a figure in Japanese mythology. ... Solidus Snake is a fictional character the video game Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty by Konami. ...

References

2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... February 26 is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• The Liberian peace process Accord Magazine Online issue with articles, chronology and text of agreements