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The First Vienna Award was the result of the First Vienna Arbitration (November 2, 1938), which took place at Vienna's Belvedere Palace on the eve of World War II. By the award, arbiters from Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy sought a non-violent way to enforce the revanchist territorial claims of Hungary, ruled by Regent Miklós Horthy. The award separated territories with a dense Magyar population in southern Slovakia and southern Carpathian Rus from Czechoslovakia and made them part of Hungary. Hungary thus regained territories in present-day Slovakia and Ukraine that she had lost by the 1920 Treaty of Trianon in the post-World War I dissolution of Austria-Hungary, and which Hungary had been intent on recovering ever since. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... The two Vienna Awards or Vienna Arbitration Awards or Vienna Arbitral Awards or Vienna Diktats or Viennese Arbitrals is the name of two arbitral awards (1938 and 1940), by which arbiters of the National Socialist Germany and of Fascist Italy tried to enforce territorial claims of the Revisionist Hungary ruled... November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 59 days remaining. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Vienna (German: , see also other names) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... Upper Belvedere Lower Belvedere View of the gardens seen from the Upper Belvedere, painted by Canaletto in 1758 Upper Belvedere The Belvedere is a baroque palace complex built by Prince Eugene of Savoy in the 3rd district of Vienna, south-east of the city centre. ... The quintessential medieval European palace: Palais de la Cité, in Paris, the royal palace of France. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... National Socialism redirects here. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... Revanchism (from French revanche, revenge) is a term used since the 1870s to describe political campaigns to reverse territorial losses incurred by a country during previous wars and strifes, sometimes quite distant in time. ... Regent, from the Latin, a person selected to administer a state because the ruler is a minor or is not present or debilitated. ... “Horthy” redirects here. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... // Carpathian Ruthenia, aka Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Subcarpathian Rus, Subcarpathia (Ukrainian: Karpats’ka Rus’; Slovak and Czech: Podkarpatská Rus; Hungarian: Kárpátalja; Romanian: Transcarpatia) is a small region of Central Europe, now mostly in western Ukraines Zakarpattia Oblast (Ukrainian: Zakarpats’ka oblast’) and easternmost Slovakia (largely in PreÅ¡ov kraj... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... The negotiations on June 4, 1920. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ...

Subsequently, in mid-March 1939 Hungary received Adolf Hitler's permission to occupy the rest of Carpathian Rus north up to the Polish border. The historic common Hungarian-Polish border, thus recreated, would six months later, in September 1939, enable the Polish government and military to escape to Hungary and Romania, and from there to France to carry on the war against Hitler's Germany. 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... Hitler redirects here. ... Motto Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy Anthem Ukrainian: Transliteration: Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy Ukraines glory has not perished Map of Carpatho-Ukraine in 1939. ... Motto none1 Anthem Mazurek DÄ…browskiego(Polish) DÄ…browskis Mazurka Poland() – on the European continent() – in the European Union() [] Capital (and largest city) Warsaw Official languages Polish2 Government Parliamentary republic  -  President Lech KaczyÅ„ski  -  Prime Minister JarosÅ‚aw KaczyÅ„ski Formation  -  Christianisation4 966   -  Redeclared November 11, 1918  Accession to... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ...

The First Vienna Award was a direct result of the Munich Agreement (September 30, 1938). When World War II was over, the 1947 Treaty of Paris declared the Vienna Award null and void. For the annual global security meeting held in Munich, see Munich Conference on Security Policy Chamberlain holds the paper containing the resolution to commit to peaceful methods signed by both Hitler and himself on his return from Germany in September 1938. ... September 30 is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... The Paris Peace Conference (July 29 to October 15, 1946) resulted in the Paris peace treaties signed on February 10, 1947. ...

Prelude

Before the negotiations

The award, rendered in favor of Hungary, was one of the consequences of the Munich Agreement. Together with the Munich Agreement, it was part of Germany's plan for the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. Hungary openly planned to reannex the former Hungarian territories of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus, aka Carpathian Rus, aka Transcarpathian Rus. Initially there was also a third player: Poland, with its authoritarian regime led by Józef Beck. Poland and Hungary considered coordinated attacks on Czechoslovakia, in order that Poland would get Český Těšín and some other small territories, and Hungary would get Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus.^{[citation needed]} The problem with the plan was that Hungary feared the consequences of a military conflict with Czechoslovakia. As Horthy put it on October 16, 1938, "A Hungarian military intervention would be a disaster for Hungary, because the Czechoslovak army has currently the best arms in Europe and Budapest is only five minutes from the border for Czechoslovak aircraft. They would neutralize me before I could get up from my bed." As for Poland, Adolf Hitler had other plans vis à vis that country (see History of Poland: World War II). For the annual global security meeting held in Munich, see Munich Conference on Security Policy Chamberlain holds the paper containing the resolution to commit to peaceful methods signed by both Hitler and himself on his return from Germany in September 1938. ... Carpathian Ruthenia (Karpatska Rus) or Carpatho-Ukraine or Carpathian Ukraine is a name for a small part of Central Europe that was a part of the Hungarian kingdom (since 1526 under Habsburg rule). ... Józef Beck Józef Beck (October 4, 1894 - June 5, 1944) was a Polish statesman, diplomat, military officer, and close associate of Józef PiÅ‚sudski. ... ÄŒeský Těšín (Polish: ) is a town in the northeastern Czech Republic, on the Olza river, in Moravian-Silesian Region. ... October 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years). ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Hitler redirects here. ... Over the past millennium, the territory ruled by Poland has shifted and varied greatly. ...

Since Hungary did not want a military conflict, it tried to get the desired territories through diplomacy. As early as November 1937, Hitler had promised Hungary an unspecified portion of Czechoslovakia. At the beginning of 1938, representatives of Hungary and of Hungarian and German political parties in Czechoslovakia worked assiduously for its disintegration. On February 11, 1938, they made an agreement in Budapest that "Czechoslovakia must be broken up." On April 17–18, 1938, Count Janos Eszterházy, a leader of the Hungarian minority in Czechoslovakia, presented in Warsaw, Poland, a plan drawn up by the Hungarian government which aimed at breaking up Czechoslovakia and incorporating Slovakia into Hungary. Miklós Kozma, palatine to Hungarian Regent Miklós Horthy, would openly admit a year later, on April 12, 1939 — after the Vienna Award — that "the demands of the Hungarian minorities in the neighboring countries were only tactics directed at implementing a strategic goal — the restoration of a Great Hungary occupying the entire Carpathian Basin." 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... February 11 is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... April 17 is the 107th day of the year (108th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... April 18 is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Motto: Contemnit procellas (It defies the storms) Semper invicta (Always invincible) Coordinates: Country Poland Voivodeship Masovia Powiat city county Gmina Warszawa Districts 18 boroughs City Rights turn of the 13th century Government  - Mayor Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz (PO) Area  - City 516. ... See Palatine Hill for geography of Rome. ... Regent, from the Latin, a person selected to administer a state because the ruler is a minor or is not present or debilitated. ... “Horthy” redirects here. ... April 12 is the 102nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (103rd in leap years). ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... The Kingdom of Hungary (Hungarian: Magyar Királyság) is the name of a multiethnic kingdom that existed in Central Europe from 1000 to 1918. ... The Pannonian plain is a large plain in central/south-eastern Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea (see below) dried out. ...

On September 30, 1938, the Munich Agreement was concluded regarding the German population in Czechoslovakia. Following pressures from Poland and Hungary, the agreement received supplementary protocols. These stipulated that Czechoslovakia must also resolve the demands of her Hungarian and Polish minorities within three month through bilateral negotiations; otherwise matters would be resolved by the four signatories to the Munich Agreement (Germany, Italy, France and the United Kingdom). September 30 is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... For the annual global security meeting held in Munich, see Munich Conference on Security Policy Chamberlain holds the paper containing the resolution to commit to peaceful methods signed by both Hitler and himself on his return from Germany in September 1938. ... In international politics, protocol is the etiquette of diplomacy and affairs of state. ... The definition of a minority group can vary, depending on specific context, but generally refers to either a sociological sub-group that does not form either a majority or a plurality of the total population, or a group that, while not necessarily a numerical minority, is disadvantaged or otherwise has...

Poland, however, annexed Zaolzie (801,5 km², with a predominantly Polish population) already on October 1, pursuant to demands made on Czechoslovakia as early as September 21. The negotiations required by the Munich Agreement began only on October 25, 1938. As a result of them, on December 1 Poland received further territories, this time in northern Slovakia, comprising 226 km², with 4,280 inhabitants, less than 0.3% of whom were Poles. Zaolzie (Czech: , Polish: , literally: Trans-Olza River Silesia) was an area disputed between Poland and Czechoslovakia, west of Cieszyn. ... October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... September 21 is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years). ... October 25 is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... December 1 is the 335th (in leap years the 336th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Following the early-October occupation of frontier regions of the Czech part of Czechoslovakia by Germany pursuant to the Munich Agreement, the Czechoslovak territories of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus received autonomy within Czechoslovakia on October 6 and October 11, respectively. In November 1938, Subcarpathian Rus was renamed "Carpathian Ukraine" aka "Carpatho-Ukraine." Bohemia, Moravia, Austrian Silesia - 1892, then part of Austria-Hungary Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia within Czechoslovakia in 1928 The Czech lands (in Czech: české země) is an auxiliary term used mainly to describe the combination of Bohemia, Moravia and Czech Silesia. ... Carpathian Ruthenia (Karpatska Rus) or Carpatho-Ukraine or Carpathian Ukraine is a name for a small part of Central Europe that was a part of the Hungarian kingdom (since 1526 under Habsburg rule). ... An autonomous (subnational) entity is a subnational entity that has a certain amount of autonomy. ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... October 11 is the 284th day of the year (285th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Carpathian Ruthenia (Karpatska Rus) or Carpatho-Ukraine or Carpathian Ukraine is a name for a small part of Central Europe that was a part of the Hungarian kingdom (since 1526 under Habsburg rule). ... // Carpathian Ruthenia, aka Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Subcarpathian Rus, Subcarpathia (Ukrainian: Karpats’ka Rus’; Slovak and Czech: Podkarpatská Rus; Hungarian: Kárpátalja; Romanian: Transcarpatia) is a small region of Central Europe, now mostly in western Ukraines Zakarpattia Oblast (Ukrainian: Zakarpats’ka oblast’) and easternmost Slovakia (largely in Prešov kraj... Motto Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy Anthem Ukrainian: Transliteration: Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy Ukraines glory has not perished Map of Carpatho-Ukraine in 1939. ...

Main negotiations

Invoking the negotiation provisions of the Munich Agreement, Hungary on October 1 demanded that Czechoslovakia begin negotiations. Under international pressure, and facing diversionist activities by specially trained groups of Hungarian partisans sent mainly to the frontier regions — 350 of whom were apprehended — Czechoslovakia agreed to begin negotiations, which took place between October 9 and October 13, 1938, in Komárno on the Slovak northern bank of the Danube River, immediately across from Hungary. October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Look up partisan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... October 9 is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... October 13 is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Komárno (Hungarian: Komárom [today a separate town, also nonofficial Révkomárom], German: Komorn) is a town in Slovakia at the Danube and the Váh rivers. ... Length 2,888 km Elevation of the source 1,078 m Average discharge 30 km before Passau: 580 m³/s Vienna: 1,900 m³/s Budapest: 2,350 m³/s just before Delta: 6,500 m³/s Area watershed 817,000 km² Origin Black Forest (Schwarzwald-Baar, Baden- Württemberg...

The Czechoslovak delegation was led by the Prime Minister of autonomous Slovakia, Jozef Tiso, and included Ferdinand Durčanský, Minister of Justice in the Slovak cabinet, and General Rudolf Viest. The Prague Government (the central government of Czechoslovakia) was represented by Dr. Ivan Krno, Political Director of the Czechoslovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. Autonomous Subcarpathian Rus was mainly represented by I. Parkányi, Subcarpathian minister without portfolio. The Hungarian delegation was led by Foreign Minister Kálmán Kánya and Minister of Education Pál Teleki. The Czechoslovak (mostly Slovak) delegation was inexperienced and unprepared, because there were many other internal problems to be solved in the newly created autonomous Slovakia and Subcarpathia. The Hungarian delegation, on the other hand, comprised experienced individuals, and its government had had an opportunity on October 8 to discuss the negotiations in advance. The instructions of the Hungarian government had been: do not negotiate, only demand. Josef Tiso in photo Monsignor Jozef Tiso (October 13, 1887–April 18, 1947) was a Roman Catholic priest who became a deputy of the Czechoslovak parliament, a member of the Czechoslovak government, and finally the President of Independent Slovak Republic from 1939-1945, allied with Nazi Germany. ... Nickname: Motto: Praga Caput Rei publicae Location within the Czech Republic Coordinates: Country Czech Republic Region Capital City of Prague Founded 9th century Government  - Mayor Pavel Bém Area  - City 496 km²  (191. ... A Minister without Portfolio is a government minister with no specific responsibilities. ... Kálmán de Kánya, Foreign Minister of Hungary during the Horthy era. ... Pál Count Teleki de Szék (November 1, 1879 – April 3, 1941) was prime minister of Hungary from 1920 till 1921 and from 1939 till 1941. ... October 8 is the 281st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (282nd in leap years). ...

The basic difference between the arguments of the two parties was that the Hungarians presented 1910 census figures (as had Germany during the Munich Conference) while Czechoslovakia presented the latest, 1930 figures, contested the validity of the 1910 census, and later also presented figures from Hungarian censuses before 1900, when the process of Magyarization and spontaneous ethnic assimilation had not advanced so far as it would by 1910. One of the chief reasons for the discrepancies between the ethnic proportions as indicated in the 1910 Hungarian and the 1930 Czechoslovak censuses was the large number of individuals of mixed origins, or Slovak-Hungarian bilinguals, who could declare themselves with equal ease as either Slovaks or Hungarians. Another reason for a large difference in the two censuses was that both states preferred to fill public administration positions with members of the state-forming nation, whose loyalty to the state was not questioned. This implied that a large number of former Hungarian civil servants and intellectuals left Czechoslovakia after the Trianon peace treaty, and the same tendency could have been observed after the First Vienna Award, this time to the detriment of the Slovak population. 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... 1870 US Census for New York City A census is the process of obtaining information about every member of a population (not necessarily a human population). ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... 1870 US Census for New York City A census is the process of obtaining information about every member of a population (not necessarily a human population). ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

As a token of good will, the Czechoslovak delegation offered Hungary the railway town of Slovenské Nové Mesto (until 1918 a suburb of the Hungarian town of Sátoraljaújhely) as well as the town of Šahy (Hungarian: Ipolyság). Both were occupied by Hungary on October 12. Location of TrebiÅ¡ov District in the Region Slovenské Nové Mesto is a village and municipality in the TrebiÅ¡ov District in the KoÅ¡ice Region of south-eastern Slovakia. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Sátoraljaújhely (-Hungarian, Slovak: Nové Mesto pod Å iatrom, German: Neustadt am Zeltberg) is a town located in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county in northern Hungary near the Slovak border. ... Šahy (Hungarian: Ipolyság) is a town in southern Slovakia, on the river Ipeľ. It has 8. ... October 12 is the 285th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (286th in leap years). ...

At the beginning of the negotiations, Hungary demanded southern Slovak and Subcarpathian territories up to and including the line defined by Devín (Hungarian: Dévény) - Bratislava (Pozsony) - Nitra (Nyitra) - Tlmače (Garamtolmács) - Levice (Léva) - Lučenec (Losonc) - Rimavská Sobota (Rimaszombat) - Jelšava (Jolsva) - Rožňava (Rozsnyó) - Košice (Kassa) - Trebišov (Tőketerebes) - Pavlovce (Pálócz) - Uzhhorod (Slovak: Užhorod, Hungarian: Ungvár) - Mukacheve (Mukačevo, Munkács) - Vinogradiv (Nagyszőlős). In 1930, the Slovak portion of this territory (12,124 km², about 85% of the total) comprised 550,000 Magyars and 432,000 Slovaks (according to the 1930 census), and held 23% of the total population of Slovakia. The Hungarians further demanded a plebiscite in the remaining territory of Slovakia, in which Slovaks would say whether they wanted to be incorporated into Hungary. Devín (Slovak: Devín or Devínsky hrad) is a castle in Bratislava, Slovakia. ... Nickname: Location of Bratislava within Slovakia Coordinates: Country Slovakia Region Bratislava Region Districts Bratislava I-V City parts 17 city boroughs Cadastral areas 20 cadastral areas First mentioned 907[1] Government  - Type City Council  - Mayor (Primátor) Andrej ÄŽurkovský[2] Area  - City 367. ... Nitra - City Center Nitra (German: ( ); Hungarian: / Nyitria [archaic]) is a city in western Slovakia (and the fourth largest urban settlement in Slovakia) situated at the foot of Zobor Mountain in the Nitra River valley. ... Tlmače (Hungarian: ) is a town and municipality in the Levice District in the Nitra Region of Slovakia. ... Levice is also a name of a small village in Italy, province of Cuneo Levice /lÉ›vit Í¡sÉ›/ (Hungarian: Léva, German: Lewenz) is a town in western Slovakia. ... Lučenec [lu-che-nyetz] (Hungarian: Losonc, German: Lizenz) is a town in the Banska Bystrica region of south-central Slovakia. ... Rimavská Sobota (Hungarian: Rimaszombat, German: Großsteffelsdorf) is a town in southern Slovakia. ... JelÅ¡ava (German: or Jelschau; Hungarian: ; Latin: ) is a town and municipality in Revúca District in the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia. ... Rožňava (Hungarian: Rozsnyó, German: Rosenau) is a town in Slovakia, near Kosice. ... Statue of KoÅ¡ices coat of arms St. ... TrebiÅ¡ov (Hungarian: ; German: ) is a small industrial town in the easternmost part of Slovakia, with a population of around 23,000. ... Pavlovce may refer to: Pavlovce - a municipality in the Rimavská Sobota District of southern Slovakia Pavlovce - a municipality in the Vranov nad Topľou District of eastern Slovakia Pavlovce nad Uhom - a municipality in the Michalovce District of eastern Slovakia Category: ... Motto: Oblast Zakarpattia Oblast Mayor Serhiy Ratushnyak Area 31. ... Location Map of Zakarpattia Oblast with Mukacheve. ... Vynohradiv is a city in western Ukraine, Zakarpattia Oblast. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ...

The Czechoslovak delegation, for its part, offered Hungary the creation of an autonomous Hungarian territory within Slovakia. Kánya characterized the proposal as a "joke." Czechoslovakia then offered the cession of Great Rye Island (Slovak: Žitný ostrov, Hungarian: Csallóköz, 1838 km², 105,418 inhabitants), the creation of a free port in the town of Komárno, and a population exchange in the remaining frontier regions. Since Hungary turned down this offer as well, on October 13 the Czechoslovak delegation proposed another solution, under which there would remain as many Slovaks and Rusyns in Hungary as Magyars in Czechoslovakia. This proposal involved Czechoslovakia keeping the main towns of the region: Levice (Léva), Košice (Kassa), and Uzhhorod (Ungvár). But this offer, too, was unacceptable to Hungary; also, it was not clear why Rusyns, a would-be minority in both countries, counted as Slovaks in the Slovak proposal. On the evening of October 13, after consultations in Budapest, Kánya declared the negotiations failed, without presenting any Hungarian counter-proposal. Žitný ostrov (German: , Hungarian: ) is a river island in southwestern Slovakia, extending from Bratislava to Komárno. ... A free port (porto franco) or free zone (US: Foreign-Trade Zone) is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location. ... Komárno (Hungarian: Komárom [today a separate town, also nonofficial Révkomárom], German: Komorn) is a town in Slovakia at the Danube and the Váh rivers. ... October 13 is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... October 13 is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

After the negotiations

On October 5, 1938, Germany had decided internally that "for military reasons a common Hungarian-Polish frontier was undesirable," and that "it was [in Germany's] military interest that Slovakia should not be separated from the Czechoslovak union but should remain with Czechoslovakia under strong German influence." October 5 is the 278th day of the year (279th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

On October 13 (the day the negotiations deadlocked) Hungary conducted a partial mobilization and, shortly after, Czechoslovakia declared martial law in her frontier region. Hungary sent delegations both to Italy and to Germany. Count Csáky went to Rome, and Italy began preparing a four-power conference similar to the one that had produced the Munich Agreement. On October 16 the Hungarian emissary in Germany, Kálmán Darányi, told Hitler that Hungary was ready to fight. Hitler remonstrated that Hungary had lied to him in claiming that the Slovaks and Rusyns desired union with Hungary at all costs, and said that if Hungary started a conflict, nobody would help her. He advised Hungary to continue the negotiations and to observe the ethnic principle. Hitler also indicated that Hungary would not receive the (largely German) town of Bratislava, because Germans did not want to live as a minority under Hungary and because Hungary's controversial treatment of her minorities was known in Germany. As a result of this conversation, Ribbentrop, in cooperation with Hungary and in the presence of Czechoslovak (more exactly, Czech) Foreign Minister František Chvalkovský, substituted for the Hungarian proposal a new frontier line, the "Ribbentrop line." This kept closer to the ethnic principle (for example, Bratislava and Nitra remained in Slovakia) but actually differed little from the Hungarian proposal. During the drawing of his line, Ribbentrop contacted Italy and told her to drop the plans for a four-power conference, because Germany preferred to act "behind the scenes." October 13 is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Martial law (disambiguation). ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... October 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years). ... Kálmán Darányi de Pusztaszentgyörgy et Tetétlen (1886-1939) was a Hungarian politician who served as Prime Minister of Hungary from 1936 to 1938. ... This article or section should be merged with ethnic group Ethnicity is the cultural characteristics that connect a particular group or groups of people to each other. ... Nickname: Location of Bratislava within Slovakia Coordinates: Country Slovakia Region Bratislava Region Districts Bratislava I-V City parts 17 city boroughs Cadastral areas 20 cadastral areas First mentioned 907[1] Government  - Type City Council  - Mayor (Primátor) Andrej ÄŽurkovský[2] Area  - City 367. ... Joachim von Ribbentrop with his son. ... František Chvalkovský (July 30, 1885 - February 25, 1945) was a Czech diplomat and the fourth foreign minister of Czechoslovakia. ...

Back in Prague, the Czechoslovak foreign minister recommended accepting the Ribbentrop line. On October 19, however, the Slovak representatives Tiso and Ďurčanský met with Ribbentrop in Munich and — showing him population statistics proving a strong Magyarization in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 19th century (which also concerned the Germans) — managed to persuade him to assign Košice to Czechoslovakia and to accept the principle that there should remain as many Slovaks and Rusyns in Hungary as Magyars in Czechoslovakia. A few days later, Ribbentrop revealed himself to be quite hostile to the Hungarians. As Italian Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano saw it, "The truth is that he intends to protect Czechoslovakia as far as he can and sacrifice the ambitions, even the legitimate ambitions, of Hungary." October 19 is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Munich (German: , pronounced  ; Austro-Bavarian: Minga [1]) is the capital of the German Federal State of Bavaria. ... The Kingdom of Hungary (Hungarian: Magyar Királyság) is the name of a multiethnic kingdom that existed in Central Europe from 1000 to 1918. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Galeazzo Ciano. ...

After October 17, activities around Subcarpathian Rus intensified. Poland proposed a partition of Subcarpathian Rus among Hungary, Poland and Romania. Romania, staunch ally of Czechoslovakia against Hungary, rebuffed the proposal, even offering military support for Czechoslovakia in Subcarpathia. Hungary, in turn, attempted to persuade the Carpathorusyn representatives to become part of Hungary. Since a common Polish-Hungarian frontier, which would arise by a Hungarian annexation of Subcarpathian Rus, had been a long-time dream of both Poland and Hungary, Poland was moving troops toward that frontier for support. However, since a common Polish-Hungarian frontier would mean a minor flanking of Germany, Germany was willing to countenance such a common frontier only if Poland made compensation by giving up the Danzig corridor to East Prussia. Poland refused the German proposal. On October 20, the Rusyns produced a resolution more or less in favor of a plebiscite concerning the entirety of Carpathorus becoming part of Hungary. Five days later Subcarpathian Prime Minister Andriy Borody was placed under arrest in Prague, and Subcarpathian Foreign Minister Avhustyn Voloshyn was appointed prime minister in his stead. He was willing to consider the cession only of ethnically Magyar territories to Hungary, and rejected the idea of a plebiscite. October 17 is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... GdaÅ„sk ( ; IPA: ), also known by its German name Danzig ( ) and several other names, is the sixth-largest city in Poland and is Polands principal seaport and the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. ... East Prussia (German: Ostpreu en; Polish: Prusy Wschodnie; Russian: Восточная Пруссия — Vostochnaya Prussiya) was a province of Kingdom of Prussia, situated on the territory of former Ducal Prussia. ... October 20 is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Avhustyn Voloshyn (Ukrainian: , 1874–1945) was a Subcarpathian politician, teacher, and essayist. ...

Resumed negotiations

In the meantime, negotiations between Czechoslovakia and Hungary resumed via diplomatic channels. As a result of the Slovak visit to Munich on October 19, Czechoslovakia made her "Third Territorial Offer" on October 22: she offered to cede Hungary 9,606 km² in southern Slovakia plus 1,694 km² in Subcarpathian Rus; Czechoslovakia would retain Bratislava, Nitra and Košice. Hungary turned down the proposal and demanded that the territories offered by Czechoslovakia be immediately occupied by Hungary, that there be a plebiscite in the disputed territory, and that Subcarpathia "decide her own future" (decide that she wanted to join Hungary). Hungary also warned that if Czechoslovakia refused this proposal, Hungary would demand arbitration (Italo-German in western Slovakia, Italo-German-Polish in eastern Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus). Czechoslovakia rejected the demands, but agreed to arbitration. There were reasons for this other than international pressure: not only was the Hungarian government working with Hitler, so was the newly autonomous Slovak government (e.g. through the October 19 meeting with Ribbentrop). Both parties hoped that Germany would support their demands. Meanwhile Britain and France announced a lack of interest in arbitration, but remained ready to participate in a four-power conference if such should arise. October 19 is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... October 22 is the 295th day of the year (296th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 70 days remaining. ... October 19 is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Before the arbitration

Czechoslovakia, however, underestimated Hungary's influence with Italy. Hungary managed to persuade Italy that the powerful German influence exercised through Czechoslovakia could be eliminated by a strong Hungary, which would, of course, support Italy. Consequently on October 27, in Rome, Italian Foreign Minister Ciano persuaded Ribbentrop — who meanwhile had changed his mind and now supported a four-power conference — that German-Italian arbitration was a good idea as it would be a major move against Franco-British influence. After long hesitation, Ribbentrop was also persuaded that the award should go beyond the ethnic principle, and should above all give Hungary the important Czechoslovak towns of Košice, Uzhhorod and Mukachevo. Giving up the last two Carpathorusyn towns, however, meant that Carpatho-Ukraine would be deprived of her economic centers and could not survive. Of course, Czechoslovakia did not know about this change in Ribbentrop's attitude, and the Slovak leaders' confidence in a favorable German decision was instrumental in bringing them to accept arbitration. October 27 is the 300th day of the year (301st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 65 days remaining. ...

On October 29, 1938, Czechoslovakia and Hungary officially asked Germany and Italy to arbitrate, and declared in advance that they would abide by the results. October 29 is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The Arbitration

The delegations

The award was rendered in Vienna by the foreign ministers of Germany (Joachim von Ribbentrop) and Italy (Galeazzo Ciano). Joachim von Ribbentrop with his son. ... Galeazzo Ciano. ...

The Hungarian delegation was led by Foreign Minister Kálmán Kánya, accompanied by Minister of Education Pál Teleki. Kálmán de Kánya, Foreign Minister of Hungary during the Horthy era. ... Pál Count Teleki de Szék (November 1, 1879 – April 3, 1941) was prime minister of Hungary from 1920 till 1921 and from 1939 till 1941. ...

The Czechoslovak delegation was led by Foreign Minister František Chvalkovský and by Ivan Krno. Important members of the Czechoslovak delegation included representatives of Subcarpathian Rus — Prime Minister Avhustyn Voloshyn — and of Slovakia: Prime Minister Jozef Tiso and Minister of Justice Ferdinand Ďurčanský. František Chvalkovský (July 30, 1885 - February 25, 1945) was a Czech diplomat and the fourth foreign minister of Czechoslovakia. ... Carpathian Ruthenia (Karpatska Rus) or Carpatho-Ukraine or Carpathian Ukraine is a name for a small part of Central Europe that was a part of the Hungarian kingdom (since 1526 under Habsburg rule). ... Avhustyn Voloshyn (Ukrainian: , 1874–1945) was a Subcarpathian politician, teacher, and essayist. ... Josef Tiso in photo Monsignor Jozef Tiso (October 13, 1887–April 18, 1947) was a Roman Catholic priest who became a deputy of the Czechoslovak parliament, a member of the Czechoslovak government, and finally the President of Independent Slovak Republic from 1939-1945, allied with Nazi Germany. ...

Arbitration

The arbitration began in the Belvedere Palace, in Vienna, at noon on November 2, 1938. Also present was Hermann Goering. The Czechoslovak and Hungarian delegations were allowed to present their arguments. Kanya was "bitter and argumentative," Teleki was "calm and with more documentation." Chvalkovsky was brief and left the task of presenting the Czechoslovak case to Minister Krno. Ribbentrop then prevented Slovak Prime Minister Tiso and Subcarpathian Prime Minister Voloshyn from officially stating their views. November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 59 days remaining. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Hermann Göring Hermann Wilhelm Göring (also spelled Hermann Goering in English) (January 12, 1893–October 15, 1946) was a prominent and early member of the Nazi party, founder of the Gestapo, and one of the main architects of Nazi Germany. ...

The two arbiters, Ribbentrop and Ciano, continued their conversations with the delegates at lunch and then retired to a separate room, where they argued over a map. Ciano, protecting Hungarian interests, sought to shift the new frontier north; Ribbentrop, protecting Czechoslovak interests, sought to shift it in the opposite direction. Due to Ribbentrop's unpreparedness and indolence, the Italian foreign minister prevailed. When the award was announced around 7 p.m., the Czechoslovak delegation was so shocked that Jozef Tiso actually had to be talked by Ribbentrop and Chvalkovský into signing the document.

Provisions of the award

Czechoslovakia was obliged to surrender the territories in southern Slovakia and southern Subcarpathia south of the line (and inclusive of the towns of) Senec - Galanta - Vráble - Levice - Lučenec - Rimavská Sobota - Jelšava -Rožnava -Košice - Michaľany - Veľké Kapušany - Uzhhorod - Mukachevo - to the border with Romania. Thus Czechoslovakia retained the western Slovak towns of Bratislava and Nitra, while Hungary recovered the three disputed eastern towns as well as four others in the central area. Senec (Hungarian: ) is a town in the Bratislava Region of south-western Slovakia. ... Galanta (Hungarian: Galánta) is a small town situated in Slovakia. ... Location of Vráble in Slovakia Vráble is a town in Slovakia. ... Levice is also a name of a small village in Italy, province of Cuneo Levice /lÉ›vit Í¡sÉ›/ (Hungarian: Léva, German: Lewenz) is a town in western Slovakia. ... Lučenec [lu-che-nyets] (Hungarian: Losonc, German: Lizenz) is a town in the Banska Bystrica region of south-central Slovakia. ... Rimavská Sobota (Hungarian: Rimaszombat, German: Großsteffelsdorf) is a town in southern Slovakia. ... Revúca District in the Banská Bystrica Region JelÅ¡ava (Hungarian: Jolsva) is a town and municipality in Revúca District in the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia. ... Statue of KoÅ¡ices coat of arms St. ... Motto: Oblast Zakarpattia Oblast Mayor Serhiy Ratushnyak Area 31. ... Mukacheve (Мукачеве, Ruthenian: Мукачів (Mukachiv), Russian: Мукачево (Mukachevo), Hungarian: Munkács, Slovak and Czech: Mukačevo, German: Munkatsch, Yiddish: Munkacz) is a city in Zakarpattya region of southwestern Ukraine. ...

These territories came to 11,927 km² (10,390 of them in what is as of 2004 present-day Slovakia, the rest in Carpatho-Ukraine) with approximately 1,060,000 inhabitants. According to the last Czechoslovak census before the Vienna Award, the Slovak part of these territories had 852,332 inhabitants: 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

• 506,208 (59%) Magyars,
• 290,107 (34%) Slovaks,
• 26,227 (3.07%) Jews,
• 13,184 (1.5%) Germans,
• 1,892 (0.2%) Rusyns, and
• 14,714 (1.7%) other nationalities.

According to a Hungarian census of late 1938, there were only 121,603 Slovaks in the territories in question; according to another Hungarian census of 1941, the number of Hungarians was 751,944 (86.5%) out of a total population of 869,299 and the number of Slovaks had decreased to 85,392 (9.8%). 70,000 Magyars, according to Slovak sources — 67,000 according to Hungarian sources — remained in the non-annexed part of Slovakia. These spectacular changes between 1930 and 1941 are mainly the results of the opportunist identity change, as discussed above, which resulted that most of the bilingual individuals who opted for declaring themselves as Slovaks in 1930, now preferred to be declared as Hungarians. The second main reason is the return of the Hungarian civil servants and the removal of the Slovak ones. For these two chief reasons, the 1910 ethnic proportions reappeared in the region. It is noteworthy that again for the same reasons, the proportions of Hungarians fell to the 1930 level shortly after the territory had been reannexed to Czechoslovakia after the end of the war. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Rusyns, also called Ruthenians, Ruthenes, Rusins, Carpatho-Rusins, and Russniaks, are a modern group of ethnic groups that speak the Rusyn language and are descended from the minority of Ruthenians who did not adopt a Ukrainian national identity and become Ukrainians in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ...

Although, analogously to the Munich Agreement, the award was supposed to have ceded territories that, according to the 1910 census — the last Hungarian census carried out while Slovakia and Carpathorus had still been part of the Kingdom of Hungary — had more than 50% Magyars, in reality the award was contrary even to that old census in several regions, especially in the areas of rural Košice, Bratislava (the city itself had a German relative majority in 1910), Nové Zámky, Vráble, Hurbanovo and Jelšava. More violations of the ethnic principle appear if the Czechoslovak census is taken for basis: Slovaks constituted the majority in 182 communities out of the 779 ceded, and were 60% in the ceded town of Košice and 73% in the ceded district of Vráble. 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... The Kingdom of Hungary (Hungarian: Magyar Királyság) is the name of a multiethnic kingdom that existed in Central Europe from 1000 to 1918. ... Nové Zámky (in German: Neuhäusl or Neuhäusel, in Hungarian: Érsekújvár, in Turkish: Uyvar) is a town in southwestern Slovakia. ... Hurbanovo (until 1948 Stará ÄŽala, Hungarian: , German: ) is a town and large municipality in the Komarno District in the Nitra Region of south-west Slovakia. ... Statue of KoÅ¡ices coat of arms St. ...

Slovakia lost 21% of its territory, 20% of its industry, over 30% of its arable land, 27% of its power stations, 28% of its extractable iron ore, over 50% of its vineyards, 35% of its swine, though many Slovaks were actually left in Slovakia, and 930 km of railway tracks. Eastern Slovakia lost its central town (Košice). Eastern Slovakia and many towns in southern Slovakia lost their railway connections to the rest of the world, because their only railway lines ran through the annexed territories and the border was closed. Carpatho-Ukraine was deprived of its two principal towns, Uzhhorod and Munkachevo, and of all of its fertile lands.

In addition, the award stated that "both parties accept the arbitral award as the final frontier adjustment." This provision, however, would soon be violated by Hungary, as described below.

Consequences

The award was, of course, unfavorable to Slovakia and Carpatho-Ukraine. The fact that the rest of Slovakia remained a separate entity enabled Germany to gain control over this strategic territory in central Europe and later to play Hungary and Slovakia off against each other, with both trying to gain German approval.

Aftermath of the Vienna Award

Shortly after the award had been announced, János Eszterházy, a Magyar leader in Slovakia, proposed that Hungary return to Slovakia 1000 km² of the territory that Hungary had received (more precisely, predominantly Slovak lands in the districts of Šurany [in Hungarian, Nagysurány] and Palárikovo [in Hungarian, Tótmegyer]) in order to ensure long-term peaceful coexistence between the two nations. His proposal was ignored in Budapest.

The ceded territories were occupied by Hungarian honvéds (Magyar Királyi Honvédség) between November 5 and 10, 1938. On November 11, Hungarian Regent Miklós Horthy solemnly entered the principal town, Košice (in Hungarian, Kassa). By that time 15,000 Czechs and Slovaks (the Czechs settled there after 1919) had left the town; 15,000 more would do so before the month was out, leaving perhaps 12,000 Slovaks and virtually no Czechs. The Honvédség (lit. ... November 5 is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 56 days remaining. ... November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 51 days remaining. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... November 11 is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 50 days remaining. ... Regent, from the Latin, a person selected to administer a state because the ruler is a minor or is not present or debilitated. ... Statue of KoÅ¡ices coat of arms St. ...

The recovered "Felvidék Territories" were incorporated into Hungary on November 12, 1938, by act of the Hungarian Parliament. The occupied territory was mostly divided into two new counties with seats in Nové Zámky and Levice, while some lands became part of other Hungarian counties. The northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary. ... November 12 is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

As the frontier established by the award had been set on a large-scale map, Hungary was able to shift the actual frontier even farther north during the delimitation process. Czechoslovakia did not protest, because its government was terrified of another arbitration.

Under pressure from Hitler, Slovakia on March 14, 1939, declared her total independence. Czechoslovakia ceased to exist. Two days earlier, Hitler had informed Hungary that she was allowed to occupy the rest of Carpathorus within 24 hours, but that she was to keep her hands off the remainder of Slovakia, which Hitler wanted to turn into a strategically located German ally, especially for his planned invasion of Poland. On March 14 – 15, what remained of Carpathorus declared its independence. Between March 15 and 18, "Carpatho-Ukraine" (with minor Magyar population) was occupied by Hungary, in direct violation of the Vienna Award. From Carpatho-Ukraine, Hungary on March 15 also occupied a small part of Slovakia. Seeing no substantial reaction, Hungary on March 23 launched a larger attack on eastern Slovakia. The plan was to "advance as far west as possible." After a short Slovak-Hungarian War (with several Hungarian air raids, e.g. March 24 on Spišská Nová Ves) Hungary was forced by Germany to stop and negotiate. As a result of the negotiations (March 27 - April 4), Hungary received further territories in eastern Slovakia (1,897 km²) with 69,630 inhabitants, almost exclusively Slovaks or Rusyns. This was another violation of the Vienna Award. March 14 is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... An invasion is a military action consisting of armed forces of one geopolitical entity entering territory controlled by another such entity, generally with the objective of conquering territory, or altering the established government. ... March 14 is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (75th in leap years). ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (75th in leap years). ... March 18 is the 77th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (78th in leap years). ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (75th in leap years). ... March 23 is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants First Slovak Republic Hungary Commanders Augustín Malár András Littay Strength 3 infantry regiments 2 artillery regiments 9 armoured cars 3 tanks 5 infantry battalions 2 cavalry battalion 1 motorised battalion 3 armoured cars 70 tankettes 5 light tanks Casualties Slovak military: 22 killed, 360 Slovak and... March 24 is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... March 27 is the 86th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (87th in leap years). ... April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ...

Life in the annexed territories

Although initially the honveds were welcomed to the annexed territories by most Magyars, soon wall inscriptions switched from Mindent vissza! ("Everything back!" — meaning, all of Slovakia) to Minden drága, vissza Prága! ("Everything is expensive — back to Prague!") and people were saying, Nem ezeket a magyarokat vártuk ("These aren't the Magyars we've been waiting for"). The Magyar author K. Janics would write in 1994 that 90% of Magyars in the annexed territories welcomed the annexation, but as early as the summer of 1939 the same Magyars would have liked to secede from Hungary. To be sure, their objection was not to Hungary as such but to the authoritarian regime of Miklós Horthy, which had ruled Hungary since 1920 and had continued the political and economic backwardness into which the country had lapsed after World War I. It was exactly opposite to what had happened in Czechoslovakia after the war: in Hungary there were longer working hours, higher prices, lower pay, higher taxes, no collective bargaining, no unemployment benefits, almost no leaves of absence from work. The local population failed in most of their attempts to preserve the advantages of the Czechoslovak system, but did prevail on one count: both in the annexed territories and throughout Hungary, compulsory education was increased from 6 years to the Czechoslovak standard of 8. Nickname: Motto: Praga Caput Rei publicae Location within the Czech Republic Coordinates: Country Czech Republic Region Capital City of Prague Founded 9th century Government  - Mayor Pavel Bém Area  - City 496 km²  (191. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... “Horthy” redirects here. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ...

In violation of the provisions of the award, Hungary imposed military dictatorship on the annexed territories (which were administered by the military) and failed to promote minorities. On the contrary, Slovak, Rusyn ("Ukrainian"), Jewish, and to some extent also German citizens of the annexed territories were subjected to persecution. In particular, Hungarian gendarmes frequently committed violence against Slovaks. The best-known case occurred at Christmas 1938, when gendarmes fired at Slovaks leaving a church, merely because they had sung a Slovak national song during mass. Special military courts which sentenced resistance members to death or torture were nothing out of the ordinary. Looting of Slovak and Czech stores and properties in the annexed territories was commonplace. Many Slovak libraries and books were burned; thousands of Slovak and Czech employees — especially in the railways and public services — were dismissed; Slovak and Jewish trade licenses were revoked; priests unwilling to say mass in Hungarian were tortured. Most Slovak schools were closed (386 primary schools, 28 council schools ["burgher schools"] and 10 gymnasia); protestors were imprisoned, and 862 of 1,119 Slovak teachers were fired. Many of them were presumably among the 100,000 Slovaks and Czechs who fled or were expelled from the annexed territories. Deportations began with an order of November 5, 1938, from the Hungarian Chief of Staff that all Czech and Slovak colonists be expelled from the annexed territories. Only when the upset Slovak government ordered retaliatory measures against Magyars in Slovakia in November 1938, did Hungary start to negotiate. The result of all this was — as the Hungarian ambassador in Prague put it in February 1939 — that "emotional conflicts have arisen between the Slovaks and Magyars that have never existed before." Christmas is an annual holiday that marks the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Then-Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (now Pope Benedict XVI) presiding at the 2005 Easter Vigil Mass in place of the dying Pope John Paul II. Mass is the term used of the celebration of the Eucharist in the Latin rites of the Roman Catholic Church. ... A gymnasium (pronounced with or, in Swedish, as opposed to ) is a type of school providing secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English Grammar Schools and U.S. High Schools. ... November 5 is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 56 days remaining. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ...

In addition, the Hungarian authorities openly and deliberately called up mainly Slovaks, Romanians and Ukrainians into the Second Hungarian Army, which was sent to the Soviet Union in 1942. This army was totally defeated at the Battle of the Don, with thousands of fatalities. In this connection, Hungarian Prime Minister Miklós Kállay said on February 23, 1943: "Thank God the losses of the Hungarian Army did not to an appreciable extent touch the substance of the Magyar nation, because the [non-Magyar] nationalities have lost more lives." 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... Miklós Kállay de Nagy-Kálló (January 23, 1887, Nyíregyháza – January 14, 1967, New York City) was a Hungarian politician who served as Prime Minister of Hungary during World War II, from March 9, 1942 to March 19, 1944. ... February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Hungarian-speaking Jews were deported by a kommando group led by Adolf Eichmann after the German occupation of Hungary (see History of Hungary) on March 19, 1944. Karl Adolf Eichmann Jr. ... See also the history of Europe, the history of present-day nations and states, Hungary before the Magyars, and Hungary. ... March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ...

After World War II

After the Soviet Army's liberation of the annexed territories, they — like the short-lived Slovak Republic — immediately again became part of Czechoslovakia (see below: Nullification). After World War II, until 1948, the Magyars were considered war criminals, except for those who had been underground resistance fighters against the Germans. However, the Allies did not allow a deportation of the Magyars similar to that of Germans from the Czech lands. They only allowed an "exchange of populations," in which 68,407 Magyars were resettled to Hungary in exchange for Slovaks resettled to Czechoslovakia. A further 31,780 Magyars were expelled because they had come to these territories only after the Vienna Award. Earlier some 44,000 Magyars, much as over 100,000 Slovaks, had been sent or deported to the depopulated Sudetenland for labor service. One or two years later, the Magyars were allowed to return to southern Slovakia, and some 24,000 availed themselves of the opportunity. This brief lawless period ended with the 1948 Communist coup (see History of Czechoslovakia), following which the Magyars — unlike the Germans — got back their Czechoslovak citizenship and all their rights. In October 1948 the Czechoslovak parliament restored Czechoslovak citizenship to Hungarians who were resident in Slovakia on November 1, 1938, and who had not been convicted of crime. This latter provision excluded from restitution the Hungarian "war criminals," a category that embraced a large number of Hungarians; members of Hungarian cultural or social associations or of Hungarian political parties; people connected directly or indirectly with the Hungarian administration in the years 1938 to 1944. This article is about the armed forces of the Soviet Union. ... The process of nullification may refer to: The Hartford Convention, in which New England Federalists considered secession from the United States of America. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... A war crime is a punishable offense, under international (criminal) law, for violations of the law of war by any person or persons, military or civilian. ... A resistance movement is a group or collection of individual groups, dedicated to fighting an invader in an occupied country through either the use of physical force, or nonviolence. ... Look up ally in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... It has been suggested that Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918-1938) be merged into this article or section. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... November 1 is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 60 days remaining. ...

Strategic role of the Hungarian-Polish border

Prior to March 1939, Hungarians and Poles had long dreamed of reestablishing the historic common border between their countries. Following the Munich Agreement (September 30, 1938), they had worked together to achieve that end. A step toward their goal was realized with the First Vienna Award (November 2, 1938). 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... For the annual global security meeting held in Munich, see Munich Conference on Security Policy Chamberlain holds the paper containing the resolution to commit to peaceful methods signed by both Hitler and himself on his return from Germany in September 1938. ... September 30 is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 59 days remaining. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Until mid-March 1939, Germany had considered that "for military reasons a common Hungarian-Polish frontier was undesirable." Indeed Hitler, when in March 1939 authorizing Hungary to occupy the rest of Carpathorus, had warned Hungary not to touch the remainder of Slovakia. He meant to use Slovakia as a staging ground for his planned invasion of Poland. In March 1939 Hitler changed his mind about the common Hungarian-Polish frontier, and decided to betray Germany's ally, the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, who had already in 1938 begun organizing Ukrainian military units in a sich outside Uzhhorod under German tutelage. Hitler was concerned that, if a Ukrainian army organized in Rus were to accompany German forces invading the Soviet Union, Ukrainian nationalists would insist on the establishment of an independent Ukraine. Hitler did not wish to be bothered. 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... Hitler redirects here. ... Motto Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy Anthem Ukrainian: Transliteration: Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy Ukraines glory has not perished Map of Carpatho-Ukraine in 1939. ... An invasion is a military action consisting of armed forces of one geopolitical entity entering territory controlled by another such entity, generally with the objective of conquering territory, or altering the established government. ... Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists or OUN (Ukrainian: or ОУН) was a Ukrainian political movement originally created in the interwar Poland. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Sich can mean one of several things: Zaporizhian Sich, the fortified capital of Zaporizhian Cossacks in 16th to 18th century Ukraine. ... Motto: Oblast Zakarpattia Oblast Mayor Serhiy Ratushnyak Area 31. ...

Hitler would come to have reason to regret his decision regarding the fate of Carpatho-Ukraine. In six months, during the Invasion of Poland of 1939, the common Hungarian-Polish border would become of major importance when Admiral Horthy's government, grateful to Poland for having helped Hungary regain Rus, declined, as a matter of "Hungarian honor," Hitler's request to transit German forces across Carpathian Rus into southeastern Poland to speed Poland's conquest. This, in turn, allowed the Polish government and tens of thousands of Polish military personnel to escape into neighboring Romania and Hungary, and from there to France and French-mandated Syria to carry on operations as the third-strongest Allied belligerent after Britain and France. Also, for a time intelligence agents of Poland and Britain, including the famous Krystyna Skarbek, used Hungary's Carpathorus as a route across the Carpathian Mountains to and from Poland. Motto Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy Anthem Ukrainian: Transliteration: Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy Ukraines glory has not perished Map of Carpatho-Ukraine in 1939. ... Combatants Poland Germany, Slovakia, Soviet Union Commanders Edward Rydz-Śmigły Fedor von Bock (Army Group North), Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group South), Mikhail Kovalov (Belorussian Front), Semyon Timoshenko (Ukrainian Front), Ferdinand Čatloš (Field Army Bernolak) Strength 39 divisions, 16 brigades, 4,300 guns, 880 tanks, 400 aircraft Total: 950... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... Intelligence (abbreviated or ) is the process and the result of gathering information and analyzing it to answer questions or obtain advance warnings needed to plan for the future. ... Krystyna Skarbek Countess Krystyna Skarbek, G.M., O.B.E., Croix de guerre (May 1, 1908 - June 15, 1952) was a Polish-born World War II British SOE agent also known by the nom de guerre, Christine Granville. ... Motto Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy Anthem Ukrainian: Transliteration: Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy Ukraines glory has not perished Map of Carpatho-Ukraine in 1939. ... Satellite image of the Carpathians. ...

Nullification

While World War II was still in progress, the Allies had declared the Vienna Award null and void, because it was a direct result of the equally void Munich Agreement and was an act of gross violence and a violation of international law and of the September 30, 1938, agreement between Germany and Great Britain, requiring consultations with Britain and France before such an award. This was confirmed in the Treaty of Peace with Hungary (Treaty of Paris) signed February 10, 1947, whose Article 1 (4a) stated that "The decisions of the Vienna Award of November 2, 1938, are declared null and void." The Treaty went on to declare that the frontier between Hungary and Czechoslovakia was to be fixed along the former frontier between Hungary and Czechoslovakia as it existed on January 1, 1938 (except for three villages south of Bratislava, which were given to Czechoslovakia). The Soviet Union had "received" Carpatho-Ukraine from Czechoslovakia in June 1945. Look up ally in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For the annual global security meeting held in Munich, see Munich Conference on Security Policy Chamberlain holds the paper containing the resolution to commit to peaceful methods signed by both Hitler and himself on his return from Germany in September 1938. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... September 30 is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Paris Peace Conference (July 29 to October 15, 1946) resulted in the Paris peace treaties signed on February 10, 1947. ... February 10 is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 59 days remaining. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... A frontier is a political and geographical term referring to areas near or beyond a boundary, or of a different nature. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Motto Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy Anthem Ukrainian: Transliteration: Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy Ukraines glory has not perished Map of Carpatho-Ukraine in 1939. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ...

See also

• Second Vienna Award
• Vienna Awards
• Carpathian Rus
• German occupation of Czechoslovakia

The Second Vienna Award was the second of two Vienna Awards. ... Vienna Awards or Vienna Arbitration Awards or Vienna Arbitral Awards or Vienna Diktats or Viennese Arbitrals are various names for two arbitral awards (1938 and 1940) by which arbiters of National Socialist Germany and Fascist Italy sought to enforce peacefully the territorial claims of Revisionist Hungary, ruled by Regent Admiral... // Carpathian Ruthenia, aka Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Subcarpathian Rus, Subcarpathia (Ukrainian: Karpats’ka Rus’; Slovak and Czech: Podkarpatská Rus; Hungarian: Kárpátalja; Romanian: Transcarpatia) is a small region of Central Europe, now mostly in western Ukraines Zakarpattia Oblast (Ukrainian: Zakarpats’ka oblast’) and easternmost Slovakia (largely in Prešov kraj... The Munich Agreement and the first Vienna Award After the Austrian Anschluss, Czechoslovakia was to become Hitlers next target. ...

References

• "Wiener Schiedsspruch," in the German-language Wikipedia.
• Deák, Ladislav, Hra o Slovensko (The play for the stake "Slovakia"), Slovak Academy of Sciences, 1991.
• Deák, Ladislav, Viedenská arbitráž 2. November 1938. Dokumenty, zv. 1 (20. September – 2. November 1938) (Vienna Arbitral of November 2, 1938: Documents, volume 1 [September 20 – November 2, 1938]), Matica slovenská, 2002.
• Encyklopédia Slovenska (Encyclopedia of Slovakia), vol. VI, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 1982.
• Kronika Slovenska (Chronicle of Slovakia), vol. II, Fortuna Print Praha, 1999.
• Józef Kasparek, Przepust karpacki: tajna akcja polskiego wywiadu (The Carpathian Back Door: a Secret Polish Intelligence Operation), Warszawa, Wydawnictwo Czasopism i Książek Technicznych SIGMA NOT, 1992, ISBN 83-85001-96-4.
• Edmund Charaszkiewicz, Zbiór dokumentów ppłk. Edmunda Charaszkiewicza (Collection of Documents by Lt. Col. Edmund Charaszkiewicz), opracowanie, wstęp i przypisy (edited, with introduction and notes by) Andrzej Grzywacz, Marcin Kwiecień, Grzegorz Mazur, Kraków, Księgarnia Akademicka, 2000, ISBN 83-7188-449-4.
• Paweł Samuś, Kazimierz Badziak, Giennadij Matwiejew, Akcja "Łom": polskie działania dywersyjne na Rusi Zakarpackiej w świetle dokumentów Oddziału II Sztabu Głównego WP (Operation Crowbar: Polish Diversionary Operations in Transcarpathian Rus in Light of Documents of Section II of the Polish General Staff), Warsaw, Adiutor, 1998.

Józef Kasparek (1915-2002) was a Polish lawyer, historian and political scientist. ... This article covers the history of Polish Intelligence Services. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... // Carpathian Ruthenia, aka Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Subcarpathian Rus, Subcarpathia (Ukrainian: Karpats’ka Rus’; Slovak and Czech: Podkarpatská Rus; Hungarian: Kárpátalja; Romanian: Transcarpatia) is a small region of Central Europe, now mostly in western Ukraines Zakarpattia Oblast (Ukrainian: Zakarpats’ka oblast’) and easternmost Slovakia (largely in Prešov kraj...

External links

• Text of the first arbitral award of Vienna
• Edward Chaszar : The Czechoslovak-Hungarian Border Dispute of 1938