Route of the first voyage of James Cook

The First voyage of James Cook was the initial voyage of James Cook. He was hired by the Royal Society to observe the transit of Venus in Tahiti. It took place between 1768 and 1771, during which time he had sailed around the world, charted much of the New Zealand coastline, and discovered the eastern coast of Australia. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 400 pixelsFull resolution (1263 × 632 pixel, file size: 97 KB, MIME type: image/png) (All user names refer to de. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 400 pixelsFull resolution (1263 × 632 pixel, file size: 97 KB, MIME type: image/png) (All user names refer to de. ... This article is about the British explorer. ... This article is about the British explorer. ... For other uses, see Royal Society (disambiguation). ... The 2004 transit of Venus A transit of Venus across the Sun takes place when the planet Venus passes directly between the Sun and Earth, obscuring a small portion of the Suns disk. ... Tahiti is the largest island in the Windward group of the French Polynesia, located in the archipelago of Society Islands in the southern Pacific Ocean at . ...

Background

In 1766, the Royal Society hired Cook to travel to the Pacific Ocean to observe and record the transit of Venus across the Sun. Cook was commissioned as a Lieutenant and given command of HM Bark Endeavour, a Whitby collier vessel of the type he had begun his career with, and ideal in terms of storage capacity, strength and the shallow draught which were essential for extended voyages in reef-strewn oceans and archipelagos.^[1] For other uses, see Royal Society (disambiguation). ... The 2004 transit of Venus A transit of Venus across the Sun takes place when the planet Venus passes directly between the Sun and Earth, obscuring a small portion of the Suns disk. ... Sol redirects here. ... Lieutenant is a military, naval, paramilitary, fire service or police officer rank. ... HMB Endeavour was a small 18th century British sailing ship, famous for being the vessel commanded by Lt. ...

Tahiti

He sailed from England in 1768, rounded Cape Horn and continued westward across the Pacific to arrive at Tahiti on April 13, 1769, where the observations were to be made. The transit was scheduled to occur on June 3, and in the meantime he commissioned the building of a small fort and observatory at what is now known as Point Venus. Cape Horn from the South. ... Tahiti is the largest island in the Windward group of the French Polynesia, located in the archipelago of Society Islands in the southern Pacific Ocean at . ... is the 103rd day of the year (104th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1769 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... is the 154th day of the year (155th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Table of Fortification, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ... This article is about scientific observatories. ...

The astronomer appointed to the task was Charles Green, assistant to the recently-appointed Astronomer Royal, Nevil Maskelyne. The primary purpose of the observation was to obtain measurements that could be used to calculate more accurately the distance of Venus from the Sun. If this could be achieved, then the distances of the other planets could be worked out, based on their orbits. On the day of the transit observation, Cook recorded: An astronomer or astrophysicist is a person whose area of interest is astronomy or astrophysics. ... Charles Green (1735-January 29, 1771) was a British astronomer, noted for his assignment by the Royal Society in 1768 to the expedition sent to the Pacific Ocean in order to observe the transit of Venus, aboard James Cooks Endeavour. ... Astronomer Royal is a senior post in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom. ... Nevil Maskelyne. ... Adjectives: Venusian or (rarely) Cytherean Atmosphere Surface pressure: 9. ...

"Saturday 3 ^rd This day prov'd as favourable to our purpose as we could wish, not a Clowd was to be seen the Whole day and the Air was perfectly clear, so that we had every advantage we could desire in Observing the whole of the passage of the Planet Venus over the Suns disk: we very distinctly saw an Atmosphere or dusky shade round the body of the Planet which very much disturbed the times of the contacts particularly the two internal ones. D ^r Solander observed as well as M ^r Green and my self, and we differ'd from one another in observeing the times of the Contacts much more than could be expected..."

Disappointingly, the separate measurements of Green, Cook and Solander varied by more than the anticipated margin of error. Their instrumentation was adequate by the standards of the time, but the resolution still could not eliminate the errors. When their results were later compared to those of the other observations of the same event made elsewhere for the exercise, the net result was not as conclusive or accurate as had been hoped.

Cook's map of New Zealand

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (500x603, 45 KB) Summary First nearly complete map of New Zealand, drawn by James Cook. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (500x603, 45 KB) Summary First nearly complete map of New Zealand, drawn by James Cook. ...

New Zealand

Once the observations were completed, Cook opened the sealed orders for the second part of his voyage: to search the south Pacific for signs of the postulated rich southern continent of Terra Australis, acting on additional instructions from the Admiralty.^[2] The Royal Society, and especially Alexander Dalrymple, believed that it must exist and that Britain's best chance of discovering it and claiming its fabled riches before any other rival European power managed to do so would be by using Cook's Transit of Venus mission (on an inconspicuous small ship such as the Endeavour) as a cover. Sealed Orders are the orders given the commanding officer of a ship or squadron that are sealed up, which he is not allowed to open till he has proceeded a certain length into the high seas; an arrangement in order to ensure secrecy in a time of war. ... Animated, colour-coded map showing the various continents. ... Terra Australis is the large continent on the bottom of the map Terra Australis (also: Terra Australis Incognita, Latin for the unknown land of the South) was an imaginary continent, appearing on European maps from the 15th to the 18th century. ... Flag of the Lord High Admiral The Admiralty was formerly the authority in the United Kingdom responsible for the command of the Royal Navy. ... Alexander Dalrymple (July 24, 1737 - June 19, 1808 was a Scottish geographer. ...

Cook, however, had his own personal doubts on the continent's existence. With the help of a Tahitian named Tupaia, who had extensive knowledge of Pacific geography, Cook managed to reach New Zealand on 6 October 1769, leading only the second group of Europeans to do so (after Abel Tasman over a century earlier, in 1642). Cook mapped the complete New Zealand coastline, making only some minor errors (such as calling Banks Peninsula an island, and thinking Stewart Island/Rakiura was part of the South Island). He also identified Cook Strait, which separates the North Island from the South Island, and which Tasman had not seen. Tupaia (c. ... is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1769 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The European peoples are the various nations and ethnic groups of Europe. ... Portrait of Tasman Abel Janszoon Tasman (1603 - October 10, 1659), was a Dutch seafarer, explorer, and merchant. ... Events January 4 - Charles I attempts to arrest five leading members of the Long Parliament, but they escape. ... Banks Peninsula has a roughly circular shape, with many bays and two deep harbours. ... A Rakiura beach Stewart Island/Rakiura is the third largest island of New Zealand. ... The South Island The South Island is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the more populous North Island. ... A view of from the summit of Mount Victoria, Wellington - Cook Strait stretches to the right (west). ... North Island The North Island is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, the other being the South Island. ...

Australian coast

He then set course westwards, intending to strike for Van Diemen's Land (present-day Tasmania, sighted by Tasman) in order to establish whether or not it formed part of the fabled southern continent. However, they were forced to maintain a more northerly course owing to prevailing gales, and sailed onwards until one afternoon when land was sighted, which Cook named Point Hicks. Cook calculated that Van Diemen's Land ought to lie due south of their position, but having found the coastline trending to the southwest, recorded his doubt that this landmass was connected to it. This point was on the southeastern coast of the Australian continent, and in doing so his expedition became the first recorded Europeans to have encountered its eastern coastline. In his journal, Cook recorded the event thus: 1663 map of Van Diemens Land, showing the parts discovered by Tasman, including Storm Bay, Maria Island and Schouten Island. ... Slogan or Nickname: The Apple Isle; Holiday Isle Motto(s): Ubertas et Fidelitas (Fertility and Faithfulness) Other Australian states and territories Capital Hobart Government Constitutional monarchy Governor William Cox Premier Paul Lennon (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 5  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05)  - Product ($m)  $16,114... Point Hicks, formerly called Cape Everard, is a coastal headland on the eastern coast of Victoria, Australia, located within the Croajingolong National Park. ...

"the Southermost Point of land we had in sight which bore from us W1/4S I judged to lay in the Latitude of 38°..0' S° and in the Longitude of 211°..07' W ^t from the Meridion of Greenwich. I have named it Point Hicks, because Leuit ^t Hicks was the first who discover'd this land".

The ship's log recorded that land was sighted at 6 a.m. on Thursday 19 April 1770. Cook's log used the nautical date, which, during the 18th century, assigned the same date to all ship's events from noon to noon, first p.m. and then a.m. That nautical date began twelve hours before the midnight beginning of the like-named civil date. Furthermore, Cook did not adjust his nautical date to account for circumnavigation of the globe until he had traveled a full 360° relative to the longitude of his home British port, either toward the east or west. Because he traveled west on his first voyage, this a.m. nautical date was the morning of a civil date 14 hours slow relative to his home port (port−14h). Because the southeast coast of Australia is now regarded as being 10 hours fast relative to Britain, that date is now called Friday, April 20.^[3] is the 109th day of the year (110th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the village in Queensland, see 1770, Queensland. ... Longitude is the east-west geographic coordinate measurement most commonly utilized in cartography and global navigation. ... is the 110th day of the year (111th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The landmark of this sighting is generally reckoned to be a point lying about half-way between the present-day towns of Orbost and Mallacoota on the southeastern coast of the state of Victoria. A survey done in 1843 ignored or overlooked Cook's earlier naming of the point, giving it the name Cape Everard. On the 200th anniversary of the sighting, the name was officially changed back to Point Hicks. Orbost () is a town of approximately 2000 inhabitants (2001 census) in the East Gippsland Shire, Victoria, Australia, located 375km east of Melbourne where the Princes Highway crosses the Snowy River. ... Mallacoota Camping Park Mallacoota Mallacoota () is a small town in the East Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia. ... “VIC” redirects here. ... Year 1843 (MDCCCXLIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Botany Bay

Endeavour continued northwards along the coastline, keeping the land in sight with Cook charting and naming landmarks as he went. A little over a week later, they came across an extensive but shallow inlet, and upon entering it moored off a low headland fronted by sand dunes. It was here, on April 29, that Cook and crew made their first landfall on the continent, at a place now known as Kurnell. This date does not need adjustment because it occurred during the afternoon (p.m.) on April 29 in the ship's log, but was the afternoon of the civil date of April 28 14 hours west of port, which is now a civil date 10 hours east of port, 24 hours later, hence a modern civil date of April 29. At first Cook bestowed the name Stingaree (Stingray) Bay to the inlet after the many such creatures found there; this was later changed to Botanist Bay and finally Botany Bay after the unique specimens retrieved by the botanists Joseph Banks, Daniel Solander and Herman Spöring. HMB Endeavour was a small 18th century British sailing ship, famous for being the vessel commanded by Lt. ... is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Kurnell is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. ... is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other Botany Bays see Botany Bay (disambiguation) Bicentennial Monument at Botany Bay Botany Bay is a bay in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, a few kilometers south of the central business district. ... Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet, PRS (13 February 1743 – 19 June 1820) was an English naturalist, botanist and science patron. ... Daniel Carlsson Solander (February 19, 1733 – May 16, 1782) was a Swedish botanist. ... Dr. Herman Diedrich Spöring Jr. ...

Captain Cook landing place plaque.

This first landing site was later to be promoted (particularly by Joseph Banks) as a suitable candidate for situating a settlement and British colonial outpost. However, almost 18 years later, when Captain Arthur Phillip and the First Fleet arrived in early 1788 to establish an outpost and penal colony, they found that the bay and surrounds did not live up to the promising picture that had been painted. Instead, Phillip gave orders to relocate to a harbour a few kilometres to the north, which Cook had named Port Jackson but had not further explored. It was in this harbour, at a place Phillip named Sydney Cove, that the settlement of Sydney was established. The settlement was for some time afterwards still referred to generally as Botany Bay. The expedition's scientific members commenced the first European scientific documentation of Australian fauna and flora. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1920 × 2560 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1920 × 2560 pixel, file size: 1. ... Kurnell sandstone cliffs, view towards Pacific Ocean Kurnell is a suburb in southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. ... A United Kingdom overseas territory (formerly known as a dependent territory or earlier as a crown colony) is a territory that is under the sovereignty and formal control of the United Kingdom but is not part of the United Kingdom proper (Great Britain and Northern Ireland). ... Admiral Arthur Phillip RN (11 October 1738 – 31 August 1814) was a British naval officer and colonial administrator. ... The First Fleet is the name given to the 11 ships which sailed from Great Britain on May 13, 1787 to establish the first European colony in New South Wales. ... 1788 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... A penis colony is a colony used to detain prisoners and generally use them for penal labor in an economically underdeveloped part of the states (usually colonial) territories, and on a far larger scale than a prison farm. ... “Sydney Harbour” redirects here. ... Sydney Cove is a small bay on the southern shore of Port Jackson (commonly but incorrectly called Sydney Harbour), on the coast of the state of New South Wales, Australia. ... This article is about the metropolitan area in Australia. ... Australia is unusual because the animal population evolved largely out of contact with the other continents. ... Flowers of a Yellow Box eucalyptus Australian bushland, Victoria Australian bushland, Victoria Australian flora, in order to cope with the extreme conditions present in much of Australia, has evolved to cope with a common set of conditions, namely the ubiquitous presence of fire; soils low in nutrients (due to a...

At Cook's original landing contact was made with the local Australian Aboriginal inhabitants. As the ships sailed into the harbour, they noticed Aborigines on both of the headlands. At about 2 pm they put the anchor down near a group of six to eight huts. Two Aborigines, a younger and an older man, came down to the boat. They ignored gifts from Cook. A musket was fired over their heads, which wounded the older man slightly, and he ran towards the huts. He came back with other men and threw spears at Cook's men, although they did no harm. They were chased off after two more rounds were fired. The adults had left, but Cook found several Aboriginal children in the huts, and left some beads with them as a gesture of friendship. Australian Aborigines are the indigenous peoples of Australia. ...

Endeavour River

Cook continued northwards, charting along the coastline. A mishap occurred when Endeavour ran aground on a shoal of the Great Barrier Reef, on June 11, 1770. The ship was seriously damaged and his voyage was delayed almost seven weeks while repairs were carried out on the beach (near the docks of modern Cooktown, at the mouth of the Endeavour River). While there, Joseph Banks, Herman Spöring and Daniel Solander made their first major collections of Australian flora. The crew's encounters with the local Aboriginal people were mainly peaceable; from the group encountered here the name "kangaroo" entered the English language, coming from the local Guugu Yimidhirr word for a kind of Grey Kangaroo, gangurru (IPA: /ɡaŋuru/). HMB Endeavour was a small 18th century British sailing ship, famous for being the vessel commanded by Lt. ... The Great Barrier Reef is the worlds largest coral reef system,[1][2] composed of roughly 3,000 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for 2,600 kilometres (1,616 mi) over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometres (132,974 sq mi). ... is the 162nd day of the year (163rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the village in Queensland, see 1770, Queensland. ... Cooktown is the northernmost town on the East coast of Australia, located at 15°28′ S 145°17′ E on Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland, Australia. ... Endeavour River locator map The Endeavour River 15°28′S 145°17′E on Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland, Australia, was named in 1770 by Lt. ... Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet, PRS (13 February 1743 – 19 June 1820) was an English naturalist, botanist and science patron. ... Dr. Herman Diedrich Spöring Jr. ... Daniel Carlsson Solander (February 19, 1733 – May 16, 1782) was a Swedish botanist. ... This article is about the animal. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Guugu Yimidhirr (also Guguyimidjir, Kukuyimidir, Koko Imdudji, Gugu Yimijir, Guuguu Yimithirr) is an Australian Aboriginal language. ... This page may meet Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ...

Possession Island

Once repairs were complete the voyage continued, eventually passing by the northern-most point of Cape York Peninsula and then sailing through Torres Strait between Australia and New Guinea, earlier navigated by Luis Vaez de Torres in 1606. Having rounded the Cape, Cook landed on Possession Island on 22 August, where he claimed the entire coastline he had just explored (later naming the region New South Wales) for the British Crown. This article is about the peninsula located in the Australian state of Queensland; it should not be confused with either Yorke Peninsula in South Australia, or Cape York, Greenland. ... Torres Strait and islands The Torres Strait - Cape York Peninsula is at the bottom; several of the Torres Strait Islands can be seen strung out towards Papua New Guinea to the north. ... Luiz Váez de Torres, Portuguese seaman, remembered chiefly because the Torres Strait separating Australia from Papua New Guinea is named for him. ... Events January 27 - The trial of Guy Fawkes and other conspirators begins ending in their execution on January 31 May 17 - Supporters of Vasili Shusky invade the Kremlin and kill Premier Dmitri December 26 - Shakespeares King Lear performed in court Storm buries a village of St Ismails near... Possession Island is a national park in Queensland (Australia), 2168 km northwest of Brisbane. ... is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... “NSW” redirects here. ... This article is about the monarchy of the United Kingdom, one of sixteen that share a common monarch; for information about this constitutional relationship, see Commonwealth realm; for information on the reigning monarch, see Elizabeth II. For information about other Commonwealth realm monarchies, as well as other relevant articles, see...

At that point in the voyage, Cook had lost not a single man to scurvy, a remarkable and practically unheard-of achievement in 18th century long-distance sea-faring. Adhering to Royal Navy policy introduced in 1747, Cook persuaded his men to eat foods such as citrus fruits and sauerkraut. At that time it was known that poor diet caused scurvy but not specifically that a vitamin C deficiency was the culprit. Scurvy (N.Lat. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Species & major hybrids Species Citrus aurantifolia - Key lime Citrus maxima - Pomelo Citrus medica - Citron Citrus reticulata - Mandarin & Tangerine Major hybrids Citrus ×sinensis - Sweet Orange Citrus ×aurantium - Bitter Orange Citrus ×paradisi - Grapefruit Citrus ×limon - Lemon Citrus ×limonia - Rangpur lime Citrus ×latifolia - Persian lime See also main text for other hybrids Citrus... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ... Sauerkraut and sausage on a plate Pickled Eisbein, served with Sauerkraut Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ... This article is about the nutrient. ...

The means by which he persuaded his crew, described here, are illustrative of Cook's leadership qualities. HMB Endeavour was a small 18th century British sailing ship, famous for being the vessel commanded by Lt. ...

In negotiating the Torres Straight out of Cape York, Cook also put an end to the speculation that New Holland and New Guinea were part of the same land mass.^[4] The Endeavour then visited the island of Savu, staying for three days before continuing on to Batavia, the capital of the Dutch East Indies, to put in for repairs. Batavia was known for its outbreaks of malaria, and before they returned home in 1771, many in Cook's crew succumbed to the disease and other ailments such as dysentery, including the Tahitian Tupaia, Banks' Finnish secretary and fellow scientist Herman Spöring, astronomer Charles Green, and the illustrator Sydney Parkinson. Cook named Spöring Island off the coast of New Zealand to honour Herman Spöring and his work on the voyage. // Location Savu (also known as Sawu, Sabu, Sawoe, Havu, Hawu, Hawoe) is situated midway between Sumba and Rote, west of Timor, in Indonesias eastern province, East Nusa Tenggara. ... This page is about the capital city of Indonesia. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites. ... 1771 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is frequent, small-volume, severe diarrhea that shows blood in the feces along with intestinal cramping and tenesmus (painful straining to pass stool). ... Tupaia was a Tahitian priest and chief with good knowledge of geography and therefore useful in navigation. ... Dr. Herman Diedrich Spöring Jr. ... Sydney Parkinson (1745 - January 1771) was a Scottish natural history artist. ... The island named by Captain James Cook after the Finnish draughtsman Herman Spöring lies in Tolaga Bay, just offshore from Cook’s Cove in New Zealand. ...

Voyage home

Route of the Endeavour from the Torres Strait to Java, August and September 1770

Cook then rounded the Cape of Good Hope and stopped at Saint Helena. On 10th July 1771 Nicholas Young, the boy who had first seen New Zealand, sighted England (specifically the Lizard) again for the first time, and the Endeavour sailed up the English Channel, passing Beachy Head at 6am on the 12th and on the afternoon of the 12th, anchoring in the Downs, Cook went ashore at Deal, Kent. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 427 pixelsFull resolution (1300 × 694 pixel, file size: 247 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 427 pixelsFull resolution (1300 × 694 pixel, file size: 247 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... The Cape of Good Hope; looking towards the west, from the coastal cliffs above Cape Point. ... (Redirected from 10th July) July 10 is the 191st day (192nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 174 days remaining. ... 1771 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Lizard Point The Lizard is a peninsula of Cornwall, United Kingdom, and contains the most southerly point of the island Great Britain, Lizard Point. ... Satellite view of the English Channel The English Channel (French: , the sleeve) is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the island of Great Britain from northern France and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic. ... How the Beachy Head Lighthouse was built. ... The Downs was a roadstead in the English Channel off the east coast of Kent, between the North and the South Foreland. ... Deal is a town in Kent, England. ...

The Endeavour, his ship on this first voyage, later lent its name to the Space Shuttle Endeavour, as well as the Endeavour River. HMB Endeavour was a small 18th century British sailing ship, famous for being the vessel commanded by Lt. ... Space Shuttle Orbiter Endeavour (NASA Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-105), is the fifth and final operational NASA space shuttle. ...

Notes

The National Archives of Australia building on Queen Victoria Terrace in Canberra, May 2007. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• The Endeavour journal (1) and The Endeavour journal (2), as kept by James Cook - digitised and held by the National Library of Australia
• Captain Cook's Journal During the First Voyage Round the World, available at Project Gutenberg.
• Voyages of Captain Cook, 1st voyage
• James Cook, Voyage of the Endeavor, 1768-1771
• The South Seas Project: maps and online editions of the Journals of James Cook's First Pacific Voyage. 1768-1771, Includes full text of journals kept by Cook, Joseph Banks and Sydney Parkinson, as well as the complete text of John Hawkesworth's 1773 Account of Cook's first voyage.
• The Endeavour Replica A replica of Captain Cook's vessel.