7 carbon ← nitrogen → oxygen - ↑ N ↓ P periodic table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	nitrogen, N, 7
Chemical series	nonmetals
Group, Period, Block	15, 2, p
Appearance	colorless
Atomic mass	14.0067(2) g/mol
Electron configuration	1s2 2s2 2p3
Electrons per shell	2, 5
Physical properties
Phase	gas
Density	(0 °C, 101.325 kPa) 1.251 g/L
Melting point	63.15 K (-210.00 °C, -346.00 °F)
Boiling point	77.36 K (-195.79 °C, -320.42 °F)
Heat of fusion	(N2) 0.720 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	(N2) 5.57 kJ/mol
Heat capacity	(25 °C) (N2) 29.124 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T/K 37 41 46 53 62 77
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	hexagonal
Oxidation states	±3, 5, 4, 2 (strongly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	3.04 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st: 1402.3 kJ/mol
	2nd: 2856 kJ/mol
	3rd: 4578.1 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	65 pm
Atomic radius (calc.)	56 pm
Covalent radius	75 pm
Van der Waals radius	155 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	no data
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 25.83 mW/(m·K)
Speed of sound	(gas, 27 °C) 353 m/s
CAS registry number	7727-37-9
Notable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of nitrogen iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 13N syn 9.965 m ε 2.220 13C 14N 99.634% N is stable with 7 neutrons 15N 0.366% N is stable with 8 neutrons
References

Nitrogen is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol N and atomic number 7. Commonly a colorless, odorless, tasteless and mostly inert diatomic non-metal gas, nitrogen constitutes 78 percent of Earth's atmosphere and is a constituent of all living tissues. Nitrogen forms many important compounds such as amino acids, ammonia, nitric acid, and cyanides. Jump to: navigation, search General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Atomic mass 12. ... Jump to: navigation, search General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 15. ... Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the chemical element. ... Download high resolution version (900x270, 19 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... State at standard temperature and pressure those numbered in red are gases those numbered in green are liquids those numbered in black are solid Natural occurrence those without borders have not been discovered/synthesized yet those with dotted borders do not occur naturally (Synthetic elements) those with dashed borders naturally... This is a list of chemical elements, sorted by name and color coded according to type of element. ... Categories: Chemical elements ... A chemical series is a group of chemical elements whose physical and chemical characteristics vary progressively from one end of the series to another. ... Jump to: navigation, search Together with the metals and metalloids, a nonmetal is one of three categories of chemical elements as distinguished by ionization and bonding properties. ... A periodic table group is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ... In the periodic table of the elements, a period is a row of the table. ... A block of the periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups. ... The group 15 elements(a. ... A period 2 element is one of the chemical elements in the second row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. ... The p-block of the periodic table of elements consists of the last six groups. ... Jump to: navigation, search Color is an important part of the visual arts. ... Nitrogen sample (gas, doesnt look like much). ... The atomic mass of an element (also known as the relative atomic mass or average atomic mass or atomic weight) is the average atomic mass of all the chemical elements isotopes as found in a particular environment, weighted by isotopic abundance. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude we list here masses between 6. ... Electron atomic and molecular orbitals In atomic physics, the electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule or other body. ... Jump to: navigation, search Properties The electron is a fundamental subatomic particle which carries a negative electric charge. ... A quantum mechanic system can only be in certain states, so that only certain energy levels are possible. ... In the physical sciences, a phase is a set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (i. ... A gas is one of the phases of matter. ... Jump to: navigation, search Density (symbol: ρ - Greek: rho) is a measure of mass per unit of volume. ... Jump to: navigation, search The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... Jump to: navigation, search The kelvin (symbol: K) is the SI unit of temperature, and is one of the seven SI base units. ... The degree Celsius (°C or ℃ (Unicode 0x2103)) is a unit of temperature named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who first proposed a similar system in 1742. ... Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after the German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), who proposed it in 1724. ... Jump to: navigation, search Allah is who made all of this. ... Jump to: navigation, search The kelvin (symbol: K) is the SI unit of temperature, and is one of the seven SI base units. ... The degree Celsius (°C or ℃ (Unicode 0x2103)) is a unit of temperature named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who first proposed a similar system in 1742. ... Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after the German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), who proposed it in 1724. ... Jump to: navigation, search Heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy which must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of a substance to change states from a solid to a liquid or vice versa. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... The heat of vaporization is a physical property of substances. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... Heat capacity (abbreviated Cth or just C, also called thermal capacity) is the ability of matter to store heat. ... Jump to: navigation, search The vapor pressure is the pressure (if the vapor is mixed with other gases, the partial pressure) of a vapor(this vapour being formed from molecules/atoms escaping from a liquid/solid). ... Jump to: navigation, search Rose des Sables (Sand Rose), formed of gypsum crystals In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... The oxidation state or oxidation number is defined as the sum of negative and positive charges in an atom, which indirectly indicates the number of electrons it has accepted or donated. ... Jump to: navigation, search (often represented by the generic formula AH) is typically a water-soluble, sour-tasting chemical compound. ... Jump to: navigation, search Electronegativity is the measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract electrons in the context of a chemical bond. ... Electronegativity is a measure of the attraction that an atom has for the bonding pair of electrons in a covalent bond. ... The ionization energy (IE) of an atom or of a molecule is the energy required to strip it of an electron. ... These tables list the ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove an electron from a neutral atom (first energy), respectively from a singly, doubly, etc. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... The hot butt sexis the distance from the atomic nucleus to the outmost stable electron orbital in a atom that is at equilibrium. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10 pm and 100 pm (10-11 m and 10-12 m). ... Picometre (American spelling: picometer) is an SI measure of length that is equal to 10−12 of a metre. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10 pm and 100 pm (10-11 m and 10-12 m). ... Covalent radius in chemistry corresponds to half of the distance between two identical atomic nuclei, bound by a covalent bond. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10 pm and 100 pm (10-11 m and 10-12 m). ... The van der Waals radius of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard sphere which can be used to model the atom for many purposes. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 100 pm and 1 nm (10-10 m and 10-9 m). ... Jump to: navigation, search In physics, magnetism is not one of the phenomena by which materials exert an attractive or repulsive force on other materials. ... In physics, thermal conductivity, λ, is the intensive property of a material which relates its ability to conduct heat. ... In physics, thermal conductivity, λ, is the quantity of heat transmitted, due to unit temperature gradient, in unit time under steady conditions in a direction normal to a surface of unit area, when the heat transfer is dependent only on the temperature gradient thermal conductivity = heat flow rate / (distance × temperature... Jump to: navigation, search The speed of sound c (from Latin celeritas, velocity) varies depending on the medium through which the sound waves pass. ... Jump to: navigation, search Metre per second (U.S. spelling: meter per second) is an SI derived unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector), defined by distance in metres divided by time in seconds. ... Jump to: navigation, search CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... Nitrogen (N) Standard atomic mass: 14. ... Jump to: navigation, search Isotopes are forms of an element whose nuclei have the same atomic number–-the number of protons in the nucleus--but different atomic masses because they contain different numbers of neutrons. ... Natural abundance refers to the prevalence of different isotopes of an element as found in nature. ... Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ... In physics, the decay mode describes a particular way a particle decays. ... The decay energy is the energy released by a nuclear decay. ... An electronvolt (symbol: eV) is the amount of energy gained by a single unbound electron when it falls through an electrostatic potential difference of one volt. ... In nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, is a nuclide resulting from the radioactive decay of a parent or precursor nuclide. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... Nitrogen-14 is a stable, non-radioactive isotope of the nitrogen element. ... Nitrogen-14 is a stable, non-radioactive isotope of the nitrogen element. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Properties In physics, the neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass of 939. ... Nitrogen-15 is a stable, non-radioactive isotope of nitrogen. ... Nitrogen-15 is a stable, non-radioactive isotope of nitrogen. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Properties In physics, the neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass of 939. ... Recommended values for many properties of the elements, together with various references, are collected on these data pages. ... Jump to: navigation, search A chemical element, often called simply element, is the class of atoms which contain the same number of protons. ... Jump to: navigation, search The periodic table of the chemical elements, also called the Mendeleev periodic table, is a tabular display of the known chemical elements. ... The atomic number (Z) is a term used in chemistry and physics to represent the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. ... Jump to: navigation, search Inert is the state of doing little or nothing. ... Together with the metals and metalloids, a nonmetal is one of three categories of chemical elements as distinguished by ionization and bonding properties. ... Jump to: navigation, search Layers of Atmosphere (NOAA) Earths atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth and retained by the Earths gravity. ... In chemistry, an amino acid is any molecule that contains both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. ... Jump to: navigation, search Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. ... Jump to: navigation, search Flash point not applicable R/S statement R: ? S: ? RTECS number  ? Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Jump to: navigation, search A cyanide is any chemical compound that contains the group C≡N, with the carbon atom triple bonded to the nitrogen atom. ...

Notable characteristics

Nitrogen is a non-metal, with an electronegativity of 3.0. It has five electrons in its outer shell, so is trivalent in most compounds. Pure nitrogen is an unreactive colorless diatomic gas at room temperature, and comprises about 78.08% of the Earth's atmosphere. It condenses at 77 K and freezes at 63 K. Liquid nitrogen is a common cryogen. Together with the metals and metalloids, a nonmetal is one of three categories of chemical elements as distinguished by ionization and bonding properties. ... Jump to: navigation, search Electronegativity is the measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract electrons in the context of a chemical bond. ... Properties The electron (also called negatron, commonly represented as e−) is a subatomic particle. ... Jump to: navigation, search Diatomic molecules are molecules formed of exactly two atoms, of the same or different chemical elements. ... Jump to: navigation, search Earth, also known as the Earth, Terra, and (mostly in the 19th century) Tellus, is the third-closest planet to the Sun. ... Condensation can refer to: The change in phase of a substance to a denser phase, such as gas to a liquid. ... Cryogenics is the study of very low temperatures or the production of the same, and is often confused with cryobiology, the study of the effect of low temperatures on organisms, or the study of cryopreservation. ...

Applications

Nitrogen Compounds

Molecular nitrogen in the atmosphere is relatively non-reactive, but in nature it is slowly converted into biologically (and industrially) useful compounds by some living organisms, notably certain bacteria (see Biological role below). The ability to combine or fix nitrogen is a key feature of modern industrial chemisty, where nitrogen (along with natural gas) is converted into ammonia (via the Haber process). Ammonia, in turn, can be used directly (primarily as a fertilizer), or as a precursor of many other important materials including explosives, largely via the production of nitric acid by the Ostwald process. Jump to: navigation, search Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... Jump to: navigation, search Natural gas (commonly refered to as gas in many countries, but note that this is also American and Canadian slang for gasoline) is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane. ... Jump to: navigation, search Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Haber Process (also Haber-Bosch process) is the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen to produce ammonia. ... Jump to: navigation, search Fertilizers or fertilisers are compounds given to plants with the intention of promoting growth; they are usually applied either via the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by foliar spraying, for uptake through leaves. ... This article is concerned solely with chemical explosives. ... Jump to: navigation, search Flash point not applicable R/S statement R: ? S: ? RTECS number  ? Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... The Ostwald process is chemical process for producing nitric acid, which was developed by Wilhelm Ostwald (patented 1902). ...

The salts of nitric acid include important compounds like potassium nitrate (or saltpeter, important historically for its use in gunpowder) and ammonium nitrate, an important fertilizer. Various other nitrated organic compounds, such as nitroglycerin and trinitrotoluene, are used as explosives. Nitric acid is used as an oxidizer in liquid fueled rockets. Hydrazine and hydrazine derivatives find use as rocket fuels. Saltpeter is variously: potassium nitrate (niter); or sodium nitrate (soda niter) ... Saltpeter is variously: potassium nitrate (niter); or sodium nitrate (soda niter) ... Jump to: navigation, search Gunpowder whether black powder or smokeless powder, is a substance which burns very rapidly and is used as a propellant in firearms. ... Jump to: navigation, search The chemical compound ammonium nitrate, the nitrate of ammonia with chemical formula NH4NO3, is commonly used in agriculture as a high-nitrogen fertilizer. ... Jump to: navigation, search Nitroglycerin, also known as nitroglycerine, trinitroglycerin, and glyceryl trinitrate, is a chemical compound, a heavy, colorless, poisonous, oily, explosive liquid obtained by nitrating glycerol. ... Jump to: navigation, search Trinitrotoluene (TNT, or Trotyl) is a pale yellow crystalline aromatic hydrocarbon compound that melts at 354 K (178 Â°F, 81 °C). ... A Redstone rocket, part of the Mercury program A rocket is a vehicle, missile or aircraft which obtains thrust by the reaction to the ejection of fast moving exhaust gas from within a rocket engine. ... Hydrazine is a chemical compound with formula N2H4 used as a rocket fuel. ... For the workstation, see SGI Fuel. ...

Molecular nitrogen (gas and liquid)

Nitrogen gas is readily produced by allowing liquid nitrogen (see below) to warm up and evaporate. It has a wide variety of applications, including serving as a more inert replacement for air where oxidation is undesireable; Evaporation is the process whereby atoms or molecules in a liquid state (or solid state if the substance sublimes) gain sufficient energy to enter the gaseous state. ... Jump to: navigation, search Redox reactions include all chemical processes in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. ...

• to preserve the freshness of packaged or bulk foods (by delaying rancidity and other forms of oxidative damage)
• on top of liquid explosives for safety

It is also used in: Rancidification is the decomposition of fats and other lipids by oxidation. ...

• the production of electronic parts such as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits
• the manufacture of stainless steel
• filling automotive tires due to its inertness and lack of moisture or oxidative qualities, as opposed to air.

A further example of its versitility is its use (as a preferred alternative to carbon dioxide) to pressurize kegs of some beers, particularly thicker stouts and Scottish and English ales, due to the smaller bubbles it produces, which make the dispensed beer smoother and headier. A modern application of a pressure sensitive nitrogen capsule known commonly as a "widget" now allows nitrogen charged beers to be packaged in cans and bottles. A very popular example of this is Guinness Draught. Jump to: navigation, search Two digital voltmeters The field of electronics is the study and use of systems that operate by controlling the flow of electrons or other electrically charged particles in devices such as thermionic valves and semiconductors. ... Jump to: navigation, search High-power transistors used in a switching power supply. ... Jump to: navigation, search Types of diodes A diode can be thought of as the electronic version of a one-way valve. ... Jump to: navigation, search Optical Microscope image of an integrated circuit showing defects in the aluminium layer deposition. ... The pinnacle of New Yorks Chrysler Building is clad with stainless steel In metallurgy, stainless steel (inox) is defined as a ferrous alloy with a minimum of 10. ... Jump to: navigation, search Firestone tire A tire (U.S. spelling) or tyre (UK spelling) is a roughly toroidal piece of material placed on the circumference of a wheel, either for the purpose of cushioning or to protect the wheel from wear and tear. ... Jump to: navigation, search Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ... Jump to: navigation, search A mug of lager beer, showing the golden colour of the beer and the foamy head floating on top. ... Ale is an ancient word for a fermented alcoholic beverage obtained chiefly from malted barley. ... Ale is an ancient word for a fermented alcoholic beverage obtained chiefly from malted barley. ... See also Guinness Book of Records. ...

Liquid nitrogen is produced industrially in large quantities by distillation from liquid air and is often referred to by the quasi-formula LN₂. It is a cryogenic (extremely cold) fluid which can cause instant frostbite on direct contact with living tissue. When appropriately insulated from ambient heat it serves as a compact and readily transported source of nitrogen gas without pressurization. Further, its ability to maintain an unearthly temperature as it evaporates (77 K, -196 °C or -320 °F) makes it extremely useful in a wide range of applications as an open-cycle refrigerant, including; Jump to: navigation, search Strathisla whisky distillery in Keith, Scotland Distillation is a means of separating liquids through differences in their vapor pressures. ... Liquid air is air that has been liquified by compression and cooled to very low temperatures. ... Jump to: navigation, search Cryogenics is the study of very low temperatures or the production of the same, and is often confused with cryobiology, the study of the effect of low temperatures on organisms, or the study of cryopreservation. ... Jump to: navigation, search This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Jump to: navigation, search A red-hot iron rod cooling after being worked by a blacksmith. ... Jump to: navigation, search The kelvin (symbol: K) is the SI unit of temperature, and is one of the seven SI base units. ... The degree Celsius (°C or ℃ (Unicode 0x2103)) is a unit of temperature named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who first proposed a similar system in 1742. ... Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after the German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), who proposed it in 1724. ... Refrigeration (from the Latin frigus, frost) is generally the cooling of a body by the transfer of a portion of its heat away from it. ...

• the immersion freezing and transportation of food products
• the preservation of bodies, reproductive cells (sperm and egg), and biological samples and materials
• in the study of cryogenics
• for demonstrations in science education
• in dermatology for removing unsightly or potentially malignant skin lesions,e.g., warts, actinic keratosis, etc.

Jump to: navigation, search This bigfoot Dewar flask is custom-designed to contain four wholebody patients and six neuropatients immersed in liquid nitrogen at -196 degrees Celsius. ... Jump to: navigation, search The signifier sperm can refer to: (mass noun, from Greek sperma = seed) a substance which consists of spermatozoa and which is a component of semen (mass noun) semen itself (informally, count noun with plural sperm or sperms) a single spermatozoon (= sperm cell) sperma ceti (Latin ceti... A human ovum An ovum (loosely, egg or egg cell) is a female sex cell or gamete. ... Main articles: Life The most salient example of biological universality is that all living things share a common carbon-based biochemistry and in particular pass on their characteristics via genetic material, which is based on nucleic acids such as DNA and which uses a common genetic code with only minor... Science education is the field interested in sharing science content and process with individuals not traditionally considered part of the science community. ... Dermatology (from Greek derma, skin) is a branch of medicine dealing with the skin, its structure, functions, and diseases, as well as its appendages (nails, hair, sweat glands). ... Jump to: navigation, search In medicine (dermatology), there are several different types of cancer referred to under the general label of skin cancer. ... Jump to: navigation, search A wart is a generally small, rough, cauliflower-like growth, typically on hands and feet. ... Actinic keratosis also called solar keratosis, senile keratosis, or AK, is a premalignant condition of thick, scaly, or crusty patches of skin. ...

History

Nitrogen (Latin nitrum, Greek Nitron meaning "native soda", "genes", "forming") is formally considered to have been discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air or fixed air. That there was a fraction of air that did not support combustion was well known to the late 18th century chemist. Nitrogen was also studied at about the same time by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Henry Cavendish, and Joseph Priestley, who referred to it as burnt air or phlogisticated air. Nitrogen gas was inert enough that Antoine Lavoisier referred to it as azote, which stands for without life; this term has become the French word for "nitrogen" and later spread out to many other languages. Jump to: navigation, search Latin is an Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... Tyler Wigger , (November 3, 1749 – November 15, 1819), was a British chemist and physician who was most famous for the discovery of nitrogen in 1772. ... Jump to: navigation, search Combustion or burning is an exothermic reaction between a substance (the fuel) and a gas (the oxidizer), usually O2, to release heat. ... // Introduction Chemistry is a large field encompassing many subdisciplines that often overlap with significant portions of other sciences. ... Carl Wilhelm Scheele Scheeles house with his pharmacy in Köping. ... Henry Cavendish (October 10, 1731 - February 24, 1810) was a British scientist. ... Jump to: navigation, search Joseph Priestley is often credited for the discovery of oxygen. ... Jump to: navigation, search Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (August 26, 1743 – May 8, 1794) was a French nobleman prominent in the histories of chemistry, finance, biology, and economics. ...

Compounds of nitrogen were known in the Middle Ages. The alchemists knew nitric acid as aqua fortis. The mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids was known as aqua regia, celebrated for its ability to dissolve gold. The earliest industrial and agricultural applications of nitrogen compounds used it in the form of saltpeter (sodium- or potassium nitrate), notably in gunpowder, and much later, as fertilizer, and later still, as a chemical feedstock. The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Jump to: navigation, search Alchemy is an early protoscientific practice combining elements of chemistry, physics, astrology, art, semiotics, metallurgy, medicine, and mysticism. ... Jump to: navigation, search Flash point not applicable R/S statement R: ? S: ? RTECS number  ? Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Jump to: navigation, search The chemical substance hydrochloric acid is the aqueous (water-based) solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas. ... Jump to: navigation, search Aqua regia (Latin for royal water) is a highly corrosive, fuming yellow liquid, formed by a fresh mixture of concentrated nitric acid (otherwise known as aqua fortis) and concentrated hydrochloric acid, usually in the ratio of one to three. ... Jump to: navigation, search General Name, Symbol, Number gold, Au, 79 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 6, d Appearance metallic yellow Atomic mass 196. ... Saltpeter is variously: potassium nitrate (niter); or sodium nitrate (soda niter) ... Sodium nitrate is a type of salt(NaNO3)which has long been used as an ingredient in explosives and in solid rocket propellants, as well as in glass and pottery enamel, and as a food preservative (such as in hot dogs), and has been mined extensively for those purposes. ... The chemical compound potassium nitrate is a naturally occurring mineral source of nitrogen. ... Jump to: navigation, search Gunpowder whether black powder or smokeless powder, is a substance which burns very rapidly and is used as a propellant in firearms. ... Jump to: navigation, search Fertilizers or fertilisers are compounds given to plants with the intention of promoting growth; they are usually applied either via the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by foliar spraying, for uptake through leaves. ...

Occurrence

Nitrogen is the largest single component of the Earth's atmosphere (78.084% by volume, 75.5% by weight) and is acquired for industrial purposes by the fractional distillation of liquid air or by mechanical means of gaseous air (i.e. pressurised reverse osmosis membrane or PSA (Pressure Swing Adsorption). Compounds that contain this element have been observed in outer space. Nitrogen-14 is created as part of the fusion processes in stars. Nitrogen is a large component of animal waste (for example, guano), usually in the form of urea, uric acid, and compounds of these nitrogenous products. Jump to: navigation, search Layers of Atmosphere (NOAA) Earths atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth and retained by the Earths gravity. ... Jump to: navigation, search Strathisla whisky distillery in Keith, Scotland Distillation is a means of separating liquids through differences in their vapor pressures. ... Jump to: navigation, search The deuterium-tritium fusion reaction is considered the most promising for producing fusion power. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Pleiades star cluster A star is a massive body of plasma in outer space that is currently producing or has produced energy through nuclear fusion. ... Jump to: navigation, search The nest of the Guanay cormorant is made of guano Guano (from the Quechua wanu, via Spanish) is the name given to the collected droppings of seabirds and bats. ... Urea is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen, with the formula CON2H4 or (NH2)2CO and the structure shown right: Urea is also known as carbamide, especially in the recommended International Non-proprietary Names (rINN) in use in Europe. ... Jump to: navigation, search This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Molecular nitrogen has been known to occur in Titan's atmosphere for some time, and has now been detected in interstellar space by David Knauth and coworkers using the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer. Titan (tye-tun, Greek Τιτάνας) is the largest moon of Saturn and the second largest moon in the solar system[1], after Jupiters moon Ganymede. ... The interstellar medium (or ISM) is a term used in astronomy to describe the rarefied gas and dust that exists between the stars (or their immediate circumstellar environment) within a galaxy. ... FUSE, the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer, is a space-based telescope, run by the Johns Hopkins University. ...

Compounds

The main hydride of nitrogen is ammonia (NH₃) although hydrazine (N₂H₄) is also well known. Ammonia is somewhat more basic than water, and in solution forms ammonium ions (NH₄⁺). Liquid ammonia is in fact slightly amphiprotic and forms ammonium and amide ions (NH₂^-); both amides and nitride (N^3-) salts are known, but decompose in water. Singly and doubly substituted compounds of ammonia are called amines. Larger chains, rings and structures of nitrogen hydrides are also known but virtually unstable. A hydride is a chemical compound of a hydrogen with other elements. ... Jump to: navigation, search Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. ... Jump to: navigation, search General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... Hydrazine is a chemical compound with formula N2H4 used as a rocket fuel. ... Jump to: navigation, search Water (from the Old English word wæter; c. ... Fumes from hydrochloric acid and ammonia forming a white cloud of ammonium chloride The Ammonium cation is a positively charged polyatomic ion of the chemical formula NH4+ and a molecular mass of 18. ... Jump to: navigation, search An ion is an atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge. ... In chemistry, the term amide has several meanings. ... Definition The nitride ion is N3- (a nitrogen atom plus three electrons). ... Ammonia Amines are organic compounds containing nitrogen as the key atom in the amine functional group. ...

Other classes of nitrogen anions are azides (N₃^-), which are linear and isoelectronic to carbon dioxide. Another molecule of the same structure is dinitrogen monoxide (N₂O), or laughing gas. This is one of a variety of oxides, the most prominent of which are nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), which both contain an unpaired electron. The latter shows some tendency to dimerize and is an important component of smog. An anion is an ion with negative charge. ... Jump to: navigation, search An azide is a N3- anion, or a reactive group in organic chemistry where a carbon substituent is attached as RN3. ... Two or more molecular entities (atoms, molecules, ions) are described as isoelectronic if they have the same number of valence electrons and the same structure (number and connectivity of atoms), but may differ in the elements involved. ... Jump to: navigation, search Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ... Jump to: navigation, search A molecule is the smallest particle of a pure chemical substance that still retains its chemical composition and properties. ... Jump to: navigation, search Nitrous oxide, also known as dinitrogen oxide or dinitrogen monoxide, is a chemical compound with chemical formula N2O. Under room conditions it is a colourless non-flammable gas, with a pleasant, slightly sweet odor. ... Jump to: navigation, search General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 15. ... The chemical compound nitric oxide is a gas with chemical formula NO. It is an important signaling molecule in the body of mammals including humans, one of the few gaseous signaling molecules known. ... The chemical compound nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a red or orange/brown gas with a characteristic sharp, biting odor. ... Jump to: navigation, search Properties The electron is a fundamental subatomic particle which carries a negative electric charge. ... Sucrose, or common table sugar, is composed of glucose and fructose. ...

The more standard oxides, dinitrogen trioxide (N₂O₃) and dinitrogen pentoxide (N₂O₅), are actually fairly unstable and explosive. The corresponding acids are nitrous (HNO₂) and nitric acid (HNO₃), with the corresponding salts called nitrites and nitrates. Nitric acid is one of the few acids stronger than hydronium. The chemical compound dinitrogen trioxide (chemical formula: N2O3) is a pale blue liquid, and is unstable above 3°C (37° F) at standard pressure. ... Jump to: navigation, search Dinitrogen pentoxide is a chemical compound made of nitrogen and oxygen with formula N2O5. ... Nitrous acid weak monobasic acid known only in solution and in the form of nitrite salts. ... Jump to: navigation, search Flash point not applicable R/S statement R: ? S: ? RTECS number  ? Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Definition The nitrite ion is NO2-. A nitrite compound is one that contains this group, either an ionic compound, or an analogous covalent one. ... this is a negative ion,NO3- Discussion In inorganic chemistry, nitrates are the salts of nitric acid. ... In chemistry, hydronium is the common name for the cation H3O+. // Nomenclature According to IUPAC ion nomenclature, it should be referred to as oxonium. ...

Biological role

Nitrogen is an essential part of amino and nucleic acids which makes nitrogen vital to all life. Legumes like the soybean plant, can recover nitrogen directly from the atmosphere because their roots have nodules harboring microbes that do the actual conversion to ammonia in a process known as nitrogen fixation. The legume subsequently converts ammonia to nitrogen oxides and amino acids to form proteins. Jump to: navigation, search In chemistry, an amino acid is any molecule that contains both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. ... A nucleic acid is a complex, high-molecular-weight biochemical macromolecule composed of nucleotide chains that convey genetic information. ... Varieties of soybean seeds, a popular legume A flowering legume The term legume has two closely related meanings in botany, a situation encountered with many botanical common names of useful plants whereby an applied name can refer to either the plant itself, or to the edible fruit (or useful part). ... Jump to: navigation, search Binomial name Glycine max Merr. ... Jump to: navigation, search Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. ... Nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen is taken from its relatively inert molecular form (N2) in the atmosphere and converted into nitrogen compounds useful for other chemical processes (such as, notably, ammonia, nitrate and nitrogen dioxide). ... Jump to: navigation, search A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ...

Isotopes

There are two stable isotopes: N-14 and N-15. By far the most common is N-14 (99.634%), which is produced in the CNO cycle in stars. The rest is N-15. Of the ten isotopes produced synthetically, one has a half life of nine minutes and the remaining isotopes have half lives on the order of seconds or less. Biologically-mediated reactions (e.g., assimilation, nitrification, and denitrification) strongly control nitrogen dynamics in the soil. These reactions almost always result in N-15 enrichment of the substrate and depletion of the product. Although precipitation often contains subequal quantities of ammonium and nitrate, because ammonium is preferentially retained by the canopy relative to atmospheric nitrate, most of the atmospheric nitrogen that reaches the soil surface is in the form of nitrate. Soil nitrate is preferentially assimilated by tree roots relative to soil ammonium. Jump to: navigation, search Isotopes are forms of an element whose nuclei have the same atomic number–-the number of protons in the nucleus--but different atomic masses because they contain different numbers of neutrons. ... The CNO (carbon-nitrogen-oxygen) cycle is one of two fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium, the other being the proton-proton chain. ... Jump to: navigation, search Half-Life is a science fiction first-person shooter computer game developed by Valve Software and published by Sierra Entertainment in 1998, based on a heavily-modified Quake game engine. ... Fumes from hydrochloric acid and ammonia forming a white cloud of ammonium chloride The Ammonium cation is a positively charged polyatomic ion of the chemical formula NH4+ and a molecular mass of 18. ...

Precautions

Nitrate fertilizer washoff is a major source of ground water and river pollution. Cyano (-CN) containing compounds form extremely poisonous salts and are deadly to many animals and all mammals. Pollution is the release of harmful environmental contaminants, or the substances so released. ... Jump to: navigation, search General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Atomic mass 12. ... Jump to: navigation, search Orders Subclass Multituberculata (extinct) Plagiaulacida Cimolodonta Subclass Palaeoryctoides (extinct) Subclass Triconodonta (extinct) Subclass Placentalia Afrosoricida Artiodactyla Carnivora Cetacea Chiroptera Cimolesta (extinct) Creodonta (extinct) Condylarthra (extinct) Dermoptera Desmostylia (extinct) Embrithopoda (extinct) Hyracoidea Insectivora Lagomorpha Litopterna (extinct) Macroscelidea Mesonychia (extinct) Notoungulata (extinct) Perissodactyla Pholidota Plesiadapiformes (extinct) Primates Proboscidea...

See also

• Nutrient
• Nitrogen cycle
• NOx

Nutrients and the body A nutrient is any element or compound necessary for or contributing to an organisms metabolism, growth, or other functioning. ... Jump to: navigation, search Schematic representation of the flow of Nitrogen through the environment. ... Jump to: navigation, search There are several possible use of the 3 letter word/formula nox: Nox is a goddess of Night: see Nyx. ...

References

• Los Alamos National Laboratory – Nitrogen

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Nitrogen

• WebElements.com – Nitrogen
• It's Elemental – Nitrogen
• Schenectady County Community College – Nitrogen
• Nitrogen N2 Properties, Uses, Applications
• Computational Chemistry Wiki