The Flag Desecration Amendment, often referred to as the flag burning amendment, is a controversial proposed constitutional amendment to the United States Constitution that would allow the United States Congress to statutorily prohibit the physical desecration of the flag of the United States. The concept of flag desecration continues to provoke a heated debate over protecting a national symbol and protecting free speech. An amendment is a change to the constitution of a nation or a state. ... Page one of the original copy of the Constitution. ... Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives United States Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, D since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, D since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups (as of November 7, 2006 elections) Democratic Party Republican... Union Jack. ... National symbols are symbols of states, nations and countries in the world. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

While the proposed amendment is most frequently referred to colloquially in terms of flag burning, the language would permit the prohibition of all forms of flag desecration, which may take forms other than burning, such as uses for clothing or napkins. Burning the Flag of the United States Flag desecration is a blanket term applied to various acts that intentionally deface a flag, most often a national flag (though other flags can be defaced as well). ...

The most recent attempt to adopt a flag desecration amendment failed in the United States Senate by one vote on June 27, 2006.^[1][2] Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Politics Portal      The United States Senate is one of the two chambers of the bicameral United States Congress, the... June 27 is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 187 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

The flag of the United States

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Proposed amendment

The full text of the amendment (passed several times by the U.S. House of Representatives): The United States House of Representatives (or simply the House) is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. ...

The Congress shall have power to prohibit the physical desecration of the flag of the United States.

This proposed amendment was intended to give Congress the right to enact statutes criminalizing the burning or other desecration of the United States flag in a public protest. Proponents of legislation to proscribe flag burning argue that burning the flag is a very offensive gesture that deserves to be formally outlawed. Opponents maintain that giving Congress such power would essentially limit the principle of freedom of speech—enshrined in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution and symbolized by the flag itself. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The first ten Amendments to the U.S. Constitution make up the Bill of Rights. ...

Principal theories underlying these First Amendment principles include a robust national discourse about political and social ideas; individual self-realization; the search for "truth"; and speech as a "safety valve." These concepts are expounded in both the majority and dissenting opinions of the cases described below. There Justice Brennan noted that the "Principal function of free speech under our system of government is to invite dispute; it may indeed best serve its high purpose when it induces condition of unrest, creates dissatisfaction with conditions as they are, or even stirs people to anger." 491 US 397, 408 (1989)

Judicial and legislative history

The first federal Flag Protection Act was passed by Congress in 1968 in response to protest burnings of the flag at demonstrations against the Vietnam War.^[3] Over time, 48 of the 50 U.S. states also enacted similar flag protection laws as well. All of these statutes were overturned by the Supreme Court of the United States by a 5-4 vote in the case Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989) as unconstitutional restrictions of public expression. // Reacting to protests during the Vietnam War era, the 90th Congress enacted Public Law 90-381 (82 Stat. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the 1968 Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam People’s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000... Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Counties, Cities, and Towns Other countries Politics Portal      The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest judicial body in the... Holding A Texas statute that criminalized the desecration of the American flag violated the First Amendment. ... // The United States Reports, the official reporter of the Supreme Court of the United States Case citation is the system used in common law countries such as the United States, England and Wales, Ireland, Canada, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Australia and India to uniquely identify the location of past court... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

After the Johnson decision, Congress quickly passed a new Flag Protection Act, which was also struck down by the Supreme Court the following year by the same 5-4 majority in the case United States v. Eichman, 496 U.S. 310 (1990). The Court decided that expression through flag burning was constitutionally protected. United States vs. ... // The United States Reports, the official reporter of the Supreme Court of the United States Case citation is the system used in common law countries such as the United States, England and Wales, Ireland, Canada, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Australia and India to uniquely identify the location of past court... MCMXC redirects here; for the Enigma album, see MCMXC a. ...

The decisions were very controversial and have prompted Congress to consider the only remaining legal avenue to enact flag protection statutes—a constitutional amendment. Each Congress since the Johnson decision has considered creating a flag desecration amendment. Since 1995, beginning with the 104th Congress, the proposed amendment has been approved biennially by the two-thirds majority necessary in the U.S. House of Representatives, but it has consistently failed to achieve the same constitutionally-required super-majority vote in the U.S. Senate (during some sessions, the proposed amendment did not even come to a vote in the Senate before the expiration of Congress' term). Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... // Elections for the 104th United States Congress were held on November 8, 1994. ...

Starting in 1989, the legislatures of all 50 states have passed non-binding resolutions memorializing Congress to propose the flag-desecration amendment to the states for ratification, with Vermont being the most recent example in 2002^{[citation needed]}. Additionally, several local governments and civic organizations have sent non-binding petitions to Congress asking that this amendment be proposed for ratification. Some local governments also oppose the amendment, sending their own petitions to Congress. 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures State Courts Counties, Cities, and Towns Other countries Politics Portal      In the United States of America, a state legislature is a generic term referring to the... Capital Montpelier Largest city Burlington Area  Ranked {{{AreaRank}}}  - Total {{{TotalAreaUS}}} sq mi ({{{TotalArea}}} km²)  - Width 80 miles (130 km)  - Length 160 miles (260 km)  - % water 3. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ...

In both the Johnson and Eichman decisions, the statutes were struck down by a block composed of Justices William J. Brennan, Thurgood Marshall, Harry Blackmun, Antonin Scalia, and Anthony Kennedy. The dissenters in both cases were Chief Justice William Rehnquist , and Justices John Paul Stevens, Byron White and Sandra Day O'Connor. William J. Brennan, official portrait, 1976. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Justice Harry Blackmun Harry Andrew Blackmun (November 12, 1908 – March 4, 1999) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1970 to 1994. ... Antonin Gregory Scalia (born March 11, 1936[1]) is an American jurist and the second most senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. ... Anthony McLeod Kennedy (born July 23, 1936) has been an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court since 1988. ... William Hubbs Rehnquist (October 1, 1924 – September 3, 2005) was an American lawyer, jurist, and a political figure, who served as an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States and later as the Chief Justice of the United States. ... John Paul Stevens (born April 20, 1920) is an American jurist, and the senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. ... Byron Raymond White (June 8, 1916 – April 15, 2002) won fame both as a football running back and as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. ... Italic textInsert non-formatted text here Sandra Day OConnor (born March 26, 1930) is an American jurist who served as the first female Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1981 to 2006. ...

Congressional votes

During each term of Congress since 1995, the proposed amendment has passed the House of Representatives, but not the Senate—falling four votes short on two occasions in the upper body. As approved by the House of Representatives each time, the joint resolutions have called for ratification by state legislatures—of which a minimum of 38 state legislative approvals would be required (three-fourths of the 50 states) within a period of seven years following its proposal by both houses of Congress. As can be seen by the votes in the House of Representatives, support for the amendment appears to be slipping with only 286 "yea" votes during the 109th Congress in 2005 in contrast to the 312 "yea" votes a decade earlier during the 104th. United States Capitol (2002) // The One Hundred Ninth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, comprised of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. ...

The chronology of the Congress' action upon the flag-desecration amendment runs over a period of more than ten years:

In order to be added to the Constitution, it must likewise be approved by a two thirds vote of those present and voting in the 100-member Senate, as well as be ratified by at least three-fourths of the 50 state legislatures. Senators have until the end of 2006 to take action upon H.J. Res. 10 during the remainder of the 109th Congress.^[9] On March 7, 2006, Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist announced that he would bring the bill up for consideration in June 2006.^[10] On Monday, June 26, 2006, the Senate began debate on the proposed amendment. The following day, the amendment, sponsored by Senator Orrin Hatch, fell one vote short in the Senate, with 66 in support and 34 opposed. The Republican Nea votes were from Bob Bennett (UT), Lincoln Chafee (RI), and Mitch McConnell (KY). The vote on senator Richard Durbin's alternative amendment, which would have given Congress the power to ban flag desecration intended to intimidate or breach peace on federal land and protests at military funerals, was 36-64.^[11] Opponents pointed to the proximity of the vote to the November 7, 2006 Congressional Election, and claimed that the vote (and a recent vote on the Federal Marriage Amendment) was election year grandstanding. // Elections for the 104th United States Congress were held on November 8, 1994. ... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... December 12 is the 346th day (347th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 19 days remaining. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... Members of the 105th United States Congress: // States Alabama Senators Richard C. Shelby (R) Jefferson B. Sessions III (R) Representatives 1. ... June 12 is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... // Two sessions, roughly paralleling the calendar years 1999 and 2000: First Session: January 6, 1999 – November 22, 1999 Second Session: January 24, 2000 – December 15, 2000 January 7, 1999 – February 12, 1999: Impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton March 29, 1999 – Dow Jones Industrial Average ended above 10,000 for... June 24 is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 190 days remaining. ... Year 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar). ... 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A summer 2005 poll by the First Amendment Center found that 63% of Americans opposed amending the constitution to outlaw flag burning, up from 53% in 2004.^[12] The First Amendment Center works to preserve and protect First Amendment freedoms through information and education. ...

Arguments for the amendment

Proponents of the amendment argue that protecting the flag is necessary because of the uniquely important nature of the flag. They argue the flag is the most revered symbol of the United States, and thus burning it is a profoundly offensive gesture towards all its citizens. In his dissenting opinion in Texas v. Johnson, the late Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist wrote, William H. Rehnquist has served as the Chief Justice of the United States since 1986. ...

The American flag, then, throughout more than 200 years of our history, has come to be the visible symbol embodying our Nation. It does not represent the views of any particular political party, and it does not represent any particular political philosophy. The flag is not simply another "idea" or "point of view" competing for recognition in the marketplace of ideas. Millions and millions of Americans regard it with an almost mystical reverence regardless of what sort of social, political, or philosophical beliefs they may have. I cannot agree that the First Amendment invalidates the Act of Congress, and the laws of 48 of the 50 States, which make criminal the public burning of the flag.

Rehnquist also argued that flag burning is "no essential part of any exposition of ideas" but rather "the equivalent of an inarticulate grunt or roar that, it seems fair to say, is most likely to be indulged in not to express any particular idea, but to antagonize others."

Quoting the famous lines, "Shoot if you must, this old grey head, but spare your country's flag," from the Civil War poem, "Barbara Frietchie," he said the flag was "the visible symbol embodying our Nation."

Arguments against the amendment

Opponents of the flag desecration proposal, including civil liberties groups and first amendment defenders, point out the rarity of flag desecration in the United States, and assert that the proposed amendment is the epitome of "a solution in search of a problem". They also say that an amendment making such activity illegal would undermine the very principles for which the flag stands; jailing protesters of dissenting opinion—such as those who burn national flags—is common under authoritarian regimes, such as North Korea or Iran. Another argument stems from the fact that groups such as the American Legion and the Boy Scouts of America regularly burn flags as a way to dispose of them in a respectful manner in keeping with the United States Flag Code. According to this argument, the amendment would single out people who committed the same acts with different intentions - thus, the amendment would regulate free thought, in contradiction to the First Amendment. Additionally, the question arises of what exactly constitutes a "flag". "Do the small, paper flags attached to toothpicks count as one of the sacred items", for example, would be a common question. One could also wonder if, for example, kicking out a chalk flag drawing by walking on it is a form of desecration. It is further pointed out by some opponents that as flag desecration is done as a means of protest, it is, therefore, an attention getting act. Thus calling attention to it by prosecuting and jailing those responsible (and turning them into martyrs and political prisoners in the eyes of their supporters), would serve only to make flag desecration a more attractive means of protest, and would, therefore, increase, rather than decrease the incidence of it. Wikisource has original text related to this article: United States Flag Code The United States Flag Code establishes advisory rules for display and care of the American Flag. ... It has been suggested that the section intro from the article Civil flag be merged into this article or section. ...

In light of this argument, the framing of this Amendment as dealing with flag burning is misleading. As the Supreme Court has never declared it unconstitutional to ban the burning of flags, it is not clear that a Constitutional Amendment would be necessary to effect such a ban. Indeed, most localities have ordinances restricting the burning of any material, flags included. In Texas v. Johnson, the Supreme Court did not find that it is unconstitutional to ban the burning of flags, but that it is unconstitutional to ban the expression of particular political views through the burning of flags. Thus, this Amendment is aimed not at banning the burning of flags, but at banning the expression of particular political views through the burning of flags.

Furthermore, it must be understood that while this is presented as preventing flag burning, the term "desecration" refers to a much broader range of activities, and in fact can be applied to anything that is determined to be "disrespectful", including not only affirmative acts, but failures to act. Previous arrests under flag-desecration laws have been made for symbolic desecration such as failure to salute the flag, refusal to pledge allegiance to the flag, and speaking contemptuously of the flag. Some Jehovah’s Witnesses, Muslims, and others feel that the pledge and salute elevate the flag above the status of God. Amending the Constitution in order to make flag desecration laws possible might also result in the imprisonment of members of these religious groups. Additionally, many American citizens fear one day being forced to salute the flag and being legally coerced into saying the pledge of allegiance if this amendment is enacted.

In the majority opinion in Texas v. Johnson, Justice William J. Brennan wrote: "We do not consecrate the flag by punishing its desecration, for in doing so we dilute the freedom that this cherished emblem represents." William J. Brennan, official portrait, 1976. ...

Potential interpretations of the amendment

In 2005, the First Amendment Center published a report titled "Implementing a Flag-Desecration Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: An end to the controversy ... or a new beginning?".^[13] The report pointed out that the effect of the proposed amendment would likely be challenged on collateral matters in ways that will require the courts, and ultimately the U.S. Supreme Court, to parse the exact meaning of ambiguous terms contained therein. The focus of the report was on the meanings that would be assigned to the phrases, "physical desecration" and "flag of the United States". The First Amendment Center works to preserve and protect First Amendment freedoms through information and education. ...

The phrase "physical desecration" might be open to various interpretations concerning the uncertainty of the context of descration. For example, uncertainty exists over whether the term includes the wearing of the flag as clothing, receiving a tattoo of the flag, or flying a flag upside-down. It is uncertain what can be interpreted as "physical desecration", as it may or may not require that the flag actually be physically damaged, or even merely made to appear damaged. It is also unclear whether "virtual flag desecration" (which could be defined as an artistic depiction of flag desecration, a computerized simulation of flag desecration, or burning any object which has a flag on it) would be subject to the amendment. There is also a question over whether the perpetrator of such an act is required to have a specific intent to "desecrate" in order to be prosecuted. The Report of the 108th Congress, in proposing this amendment, stated: The virtual is a concept applied in many fields with somewhat differing connotations, and also denotations. ... Look up Specific intent on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Specific intent to bring about a result. ...

"...'desecrate' means deface, damage, or otherwise physically mistreat in a way that the actor knows will seriously offend one or more persons likely to observe or discover his action..."

This seems to suggest that the amendment will apply only to acts where the actor intends offense.

Since the amendment would allow prohibition against only "the flag of the United States," it could be construed as only applying to flags that are the property of the United States government, as opposed to private property. This language could also be interpreted as being limited to flags that meet the exact specifications for the United States flag laid out in federal law. It is unclear what effect the amendment would have with respect to former flags of the United States, such as the 48-star flag that preceded the admission of Alaska and Hawaii, or the original 13-star Betsy Ross flag, or how far from the traditional definition of a flag a symbol could deviate (for example, having orange stripes instead of red) before falling out of the ambit of the amendment's protection. Official language(s) none Capital Juneau Largest city Anchorage Area  Ranked 1st  - Total 663,267 sq mi (1,717,855 km²)  - Width 808 miles (1,300 km)  - Length 1,479 miles (2,380 km)  - % water 13. ... Official language(s) English, Hawaiian Capital Honolulu Largest city Honolulu Area  Ranked 43rd  - Total 10,931 sq mi (29,311 km²)  - Width n/a miles (n/a km)  - Length 1,522 miles (2,450 km)  - % water 41. ... Download high resolution version (1520x800, 14 KB)The Betsy Ross 13-star United States flag (1776) File links The following pages link to this file: Flag of the United States Thirteen Colonies User:Jacobolus Categories: Historical flag images ...

The First Amendment Center concluded that the Supreme Court was likely to interpret this language narrowly, resulting in decisions that would not satisfy either proponents or opponents of the proposed amendment. Other possible interpretive issues were not addressed by the First Amendment Center report.

First, no scope is stated in the amendment. The Supreme Court has previously held that Congress may prohibit foreign acts that have an effect in the United States, in Hartford Fire Insurance Co. v. California, 509 U.S. 764 (1993), and certainly the desecration of the flag on foreign soil would likely have the intended effect of offending United States citizens. However, the general rule is that a law does not apply outside the United States unless the language of the law expressly provides for such an application. It is therefore unclear whether Congress would be able to prescribe punishments for those who burn the flag of the United States in a foreign country. Holding --- Court membership Case opinions Laws applied --- Hartford Fire Insurance Co. ... // The United States Reports, the official reporter of the Supreme Court of the United States Case citation is the system used in common law countries such as the United States, England and Wales, Ireland, Canada, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Australia and India to uniquely identify the location of past court... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ...

Second, the amendment would empower Congress to act, but not the states. Congress might interpret the amendment as giving it the power to ratify state laws to this effect, as it does for interstate compacts. The Court may find that the amendment has a preemptive effect, acting as a bar to anyone other than Congress itself passing such regulations. If so, then cases involving flag desecration would likely be restricted to the U.S. federal courts, as are cases involving criminal violations of copyright law. These are the only criminal courts over which Congress has jurisdiction to permit federal crimes to be heard. An interstate compact is an agreement between two or more U.S. states. ... In the legal system of the United States, preemption generally refers to the displacing effect that federal law will have on a conflicting or inconsistent state law. ... The United States federal courts are the system of courts organized under the Constitution and laws of the federal government of the United States. ...

All of these questions would necessarily await the interpretative role of the courts, and such a process would likely require several years for the resolution of each issue.

References

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External links

• Text of the proposed Amendment from the Library of Congress
• Committee Report on the Flag Protection Constitutional Amendment
• A History of Flag-Burning Laws. A history of U.S. laws banning flag burning and other forms of flag desecration, from 1897 to the proposed Flag Desecration Amendment.
• On Language: Desecration. Column in the New York Times (July 31, 2005) by William Safire on the use of the word desecration in the proposed amendment.
• Flag-Burning: a Detriment to the Oceanian Way, a satire by Alexander S. Peak
• Cracking the Flag-Burning Amendment
• A Brief History of Flag Burning
• Flag-burning from your armchair, a flag-burning parody.
• SourceWatch article on Citizens Flag Alliance