A cross-section of an orange, with the flavedo labelled

The flavedo (also known as the exocarp or, in culinary applications, zest) is the outer part of the rind of citrus fruit, which bears oil glands and pigments. Orange blossoms and oranges on tree For other uses of orange, see orange (disambiguation) Oranges are the fruits of an orange tree, one of the most common citrus fruits. ... In botany, a rind is the thick outer skin of various structures such as fruit. ... Species & major hybrids Species Citrus maxima - Pomelo Citrus medica - Citron Citrus reticulata - Mandarin & Tangerine Major hybrids Citrus x aurantifolia - Lime Citrus x aurantium - Bitter Orange Citrus x bergamia - Bergamot Citrus x hystrix - Kaffir Lime Citrus x ichangensis - Ichang Lemon Citrus x limon - Lemon Citrus x limonia - Rangpur Citrus x paradisi... Natural Ultramarine pigment in powdered form. ...

Composition

Flavedo is mostly composed of cellulosic material but also contains other components, such essential oils, paraffin waxes, steroids and triterpenoids, fatty acids, pigments (carotenoids, chlorophylls, flavonoids), bitter principles (limonin), and enzymes. Cellulose as polymer of β-D-glucose Cellulose in 3D Cellulose (C6H10O5)n is a polysaccharide of beta-glucose. ... An essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aromatic compounds from plants. ... Paraffin is a common name for a group of high molecular weight alkane hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2, where n is greater than about 20. ... This article is about the chemical family of steroids. ... Terpenes are a class of hydrocarbons, produced by many plants, particularly conifers. ... In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated. ... Natural Ultramarine pigment in powdered form. ... The orange ring surrounding Grand Prismatic Spring is due to carotenoid molecules, produced by huge mats of algae and bacteria. ... Chlorophyll gives leaves their green color Space-filling model of the chlorophyll molecule Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. ... Molecular structure of flavone The term flavonoid refers to a class of plant secondary metabolites based around a phenylbenzopyrone structure. ... Limonin is a limonoid, and a bitter, white, crystalline substance found in orange and lemon seeds. ... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ...

Constitution in citrus fruits

In citrus fruits, the flavedo constitutes the peripheral surface of the pericarp. It is composed by several cell layers that become progressively thicker in the internal part; the epidermic layer is covered with wax and contains few stomata, which in many cases are closed when the fruit is ripe. Species Elaeis guineensis Elaeis oleifera The oil palms (Elaeis) coomprise two species of the Arecaceae, or palm family. ... Stoma of a leaf under a microscope. ...

When ripe, the flavedo cells contain carotenoids (mostly xanthophyll) inside chromoplastids which, in a previous state, contained chlorophyll. The orange ring surrounding Grand Prismatic Spring is due to carotenoid molecules, produced by huge mats of algae and bacteria. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Chlorophyll gives leaves their green color Space-filling model of the chlorophyll molecule Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. ...

The internal region of the flavedo is rich in multicellular bodies with spherical or pyriform shapes, which are full of essential oils.

References

• Citrus fruits - contains diagram, although the page itself appears to have been poorly translated from another language