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Encyclopedia > Flight 93 National Memorial
Flight 93 National Memorial
IUCN Category V (Protected Landscape/Seascape)
Location Somerset County, Pennsylvania, USA
Nearest city Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Coordinates 40°3′3″N 78°54′13″W / 40.05083, -78.90361
Area 2200 acres (1000 federal)
8.90 km²
Established September 24, 2002
Total visitation 125,000 (in 2005)
Governing body National Park Service

Flight 93 National Memorial protects the site of the crash of hijacked United Airlines Flight 93, whose passengers and crew perished in the September 11, 2001 attacks, in Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania, about 2 miles north of Shanksville, Pennsylvania and 60 miles southeast of Pittsburgh. A temporary memorial to the 40 victims of the hijacking was established soon after the crash, with a permanent memorial slated to be constructed and completed by 2011. The current design for the memorial is a modified version of the entry Crescent of Embrace by Paul and Milena Murdoch. The World Conservation Union or International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization dedicated to natural resource conservation. ... Image File history File links Red_pog. ... Image File history File links US_Locator_Blank. ... Somerset County is a county located in the state of Pennsylvania. ... Pittsburgh redirects here. ... is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... The National Park Service (NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. ... Hijackers inside flightdeck of TWA Flight 847 Aircraft hijacking (also known as skyjacking and aircraft piracy) is the take-over of an aircraft, by a person or group, usually armed. ... For other uses of Flight 93 and United 93, see Flight 93. ... A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11—pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly... Stonycreek Township is a township in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, United States. ... Main Street in Shanksville. ... City nickname: The Steel City Location in the state of Pennsylvania Founded 1758 Mayor Tom Murphy (Dem) Area  - Total  - Water 151. ...


The jetliner crashed west of Skyline Road, about 2.5 miles south of U.S. Route 30 (Lincoln Highway), 1.5 miles west of Indian Lake, and about 2 miles north of Shanksville. U.S. Route 30 is an east-west main route of the system of United States Numbered Highways. ... Lincoln Highway bridge in Tama, Iowa The Lincoln Highway was the first transcontinental highway in the United States. ... Indian Lake is a borough in Somerset County, Pennsylvania. ...

Contents

Temporary memorial

Temporary memorial
Temporary memorial
Temporary Flight 93 memorial
Temporary Flight 93 memorial
United 93 temporary memorial - Shanksville, PA


The site of the crash is closed to the public except for victims' family members. The temporary memorial is located on a hilltop 500 yards from the crash site. It consists of a 40-foot (to commemorate the 40 passengers) chain-link fence on which visitors can leave flags, hats, rosaries, and other items. Next to the fence are several memorials such as a bronze plaque of names, flags, and a large cross. There is also a guardrail on which visitors may leave messages. There is a small building with a guestbook. The building is staffed by Park Service volunteers, called ambassadors, who answer questions. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2272 × 1704 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2272 × 1704 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (3504 × 2336 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (3504 × 2336 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ...

Permanent memorial

Of the four aircraft hijacked on September 11, Flight 93 is the only one that did not reach its intended target, presumed to be the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C..[1] The passengers had learned about the attacks on the World Trade Center through cellular telephone calls to family. It is believed that at least flight attendants Cee Cee Lyles and Sandra Bradshaw and passengers Todd Beamer, Mark Bingham, Tom Burnett, Andrew Garcia, Jeremy Glick, and Richard Guadagno (and perhaps others) fought the hijackers. The plane crashed into the Pennsylvania field shortly after 10 a.m., killing all on board, but no one on the ground. The United States Capitol is the capitol building that serves as the location for the United States Congress, the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see World Trade Center (disambiguation). ... Information in this article or section has not been verified against sources and may not be reliable. ... CeeCee Lyles (1967 – September 11, 2001) was a flight attendant who died aboard United Airlines flight 93 in the September 11, 2001 attacks. ... Sandra Sandy W. Bradshaw (???? - September 11, 2001), flight attendant. ... Todd Morgan Beamer (November 24, 1968 – September 11, 2001) was a victim of the September 11, 2001 attacks. ... Mark Bingham Bingham played for the San Francisco Fog, a gay rugby team. ... Plaque beneath flag dedicated to Burnett Burnett Burnett Burnett memorial flag in Bloomington, MN Thomas Edward Burnett (May 29, 1963 – September 11, 2001), was the vice president and COO of a Pleasanton, California, medical devices company, Thoratec Corporation. ... Jeremy Glick may refer to: Jeremy Glick, an author and activist whose father, Barry H. Glick, perished in the September 11, 2001 attack. ... Richard Jerry Guadagno (September 26, 1962 - September 11, 2001) was a passenger aboard United Airlines Flight 93 when it was hijacked. ... Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area  Ranked 33rd  - Total 46,055 sq mi (119,283 km²)  - Width 280 miles (455 km)  - Length 160 miles (255 km)  - % water 2. ...

Wreath-laying ceremony near the site of the crash of Flight 93 on the first anniversary of its hijacking.

On March 7, 2002, Congressman John Murtha (PA-12) introduced a bill in the United States House of Representatives to establish a National Memorial to be developed by a commission, and ultimately administered by the National Park Service. On April 16, 2002, Senator Arlen Specter (PA) introduced a version of the "Flight 93 National Memorial Act" in the Senate. On September 10, 2002 the bill passed both houses of Congress. The final bill specifically excluded the four hijackers from the passengers to be memorialized. When signed by President George W. Bush on September 24, 2002, it became Public Law No. 107-226, and the site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. President and Mrs. ... President and Mrs. ... is the 66th day of the year (67th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... John Patrick “Jack” Murtha, Jr. ... Type Bicameral Speaker of the House of Representatives House Majority Leader Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Steny Hoyer, (D) since January 4, 2007 House Minority Leader John Boehner, (R) since January 4, 2007 Members 435 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party... In the United States, National Memorial is a designation for a protected area that is commemorative of an historic person or episode. ... The National Park Service (NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. ... Arlen J. Specter (born February 12, 1930) is a United States Senator from Pennsylvania. ... Type Upper House President of the Senate Richard B. Cheney, R since January 20, 2001 President pro tempore Robert C. Byrd, D since January 4, 2007 Members 100 Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party Last elections November 7, 2006 Meeting place Senate Chamber United States Capitol Washington, DC United States... is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... A typical plaque showing entry on the National Register of Historic Places. ...


By Sept. 2005, the commission was required to send to the Secretary of the Interior and Congress recommendations for the planning, design, construction, and long-term management of a permanent memorial. The proposed boundaries of the National Memorial extend from Lambertsville Road to U.S. Highway 30. It will be about 2,200 acres, of which about 1,200 will be privately held, but protected through partnership agreements. The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior, concerned with such matters as national parks and The Secretary is a member of the Presidents Cabinet. ... United States Highway 30 is an east-west United States highway that traverses the United States. ...


Design competition

Initial design selection

Benches memorializing the passengers and crew of Flight 93.
Benches memorializing the passengers and crew of Flight 93.

The commission decided to select the final design for the memorial through a multi-stage design competition funded by grants from the Heinz Foundations and the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation. The competition began on September 11, 2004. More than 1,000 entries were submitted. In February 2005, five finalists were selected for further development and consideration. The 15-member final jury included family members, design and art professionals, and community and national leaders. After three days of review and debate, they announced the winner on September 7, 2005: Crescent of Embrace by a design team led by Paul and Milena Murdoch of Los Angeles. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2272 × 1704 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2272 × 1704 pixel, file size: 1. ... Look up bench in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Charitable foundations founded by members of the Pittsburgh-based Heinz Foods dynasty. ... John S. and James L. Knight Foundation The John S. and James L. Knight Foundation was established in 1950 as a private foundation independent of the Knight brothers newspaper enterprises. ... is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...


The design featured a "Tower of Voices," containing 40 wind chimes — one for each passenger and crew member who died. Two stands of red maple trees would line a walkway following the natural bowl shape of the land. Forty groves of red and sugar maples and eastern white oak trees were to be planted behind the crescent. A black slate wall would mark the edge of the crash site, where the victims are buried. Binomial name Acer rubrum L. Red Maple (Acer rubrum) is also known as Swamp Maple or Soft Maple. ... Binomial name Acer saccharum Marshall The Sugar Maple Acer saccharum is a prominent tree in the hardwood forests of eastern North America. ... Binomial name Quercus alba L. The White oak (Quercus alba) is one of the most magnificent of oaks. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Slate (disambiguation). ...


Controversy

Orientation of the cresent.

This design drew criticism because its name contained the word "crescent. The crescent is the symbol of the Ottoman Empire, which was the last major Muslim world power, and the alleged terrorists who hijacked the aircraft were Muslim and conducted the attacks in the name of Islam. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Ottoman redirects here. ... In the context of international relations and diplomacy, power (sometimes clarified as international power, national power, or state power) is the ability of one state to influence or control other states. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ...


Jury member Tom Burnett Sr., whose son (Tom Burnett) died in the crash, said he made an impassioned speech to his fellow jurors about what he felt the crescent represented. "I explained this goes back centuries as an old-time Islamic symbol," Burnett said. "I told them we'd be a laughing stock if we did this." [1] Representative Tom Tancredo of Colorado has opposed the design's shape "because of the crescent's prominent use as a symbol in Islam." Plaque beneath flag dedicated to Burnett Burnett Burnett Burnett memorial flag in Bloomington, MN Thomas Edward Burnett (May 29, 1963 – September 11, 2001), was the vice president and COO of a Pleasanton, California, medical devices company, Thoratec Corporation. ... Thomas Gerard Tancredo (born December 20, 1945) is an American politician and member of the Republican Party. ...



Mike Rosen of the Rocky Mountain News wrote: "On the anniversaries of 9/11, it's not hard to visualize al-Qaeda celebrating the crescent of maple trees, turning red in the fall, "embracing" the Flight 93 crash site. To them, it would be a memorial to their fallen martyrs. Why invite that? Just come up with a different design that eliminates the double meaning and the dispute." [2] The Rocky Mountain News is a daily morning tabloid-format newspaper published in Denver, Colorado. ...


The design's crescent is also oriented toward Mecca. One blogger conceded that it may have been a coincidence, but said, "But what a coincidence! Memorials are symbols above all and it may be inappropriate to commemorate Flight 93 with a Red Crescent facing Mecca." [3] This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ...


The architect asserts that this is coincidental and that there was no intent to refer to Muslim symbols. Several victims' families agreed, including the family of Ed Felt. Edward P. Felt Edward Porter Felt (November 9, 1959 – September 11, 2001) was a victim of the September 11, 2001 attacks. ...


The Council on American-Islamic Relations has denounced criticism as Islamophobic. [4] The Council for an American Islamic Republic(CAIR) is an Islamic advocacy group in North America, funded by American Muslims and also in significant part by sources with connections to Arab Middle Eastern governments. ... This box:      Islamophobia is a criticized[1][2] though increasingly accepted[3][4] term that refers to prejudice or discrimination against Islam or Muslims. ...


Others critized the design as too non-representational. "We don't need giant statues of the guys ramming the drink cart into the door. But pedantic though such a monument might be, future generations would infer the plot. All you get from a Crescent of Embrace is a sorrowful sigh of all-encompassing grief and absolution, as if the lives of all who died on that spot were equal in tragedy. They were not," wrote James Lileks, a journalist and architectural commentator. [5] James Lileks (born 1958 in Fargo, North Dakota) is an American journalist, columnist, and blogger living in Minneapolis, Minnesota. ...


Design modifications

In response to criticism, the designer has agreed to modify the plan. The architect believes that the central elements can be maintained to satisfy criticism. "It's a disappointment there is a misinterpretation and a simplistic distortion of this, but if that is a public concern, then that is something we will look to resolve in a way that keeps the essential qualities," Murdoch, 48, said in a telephone interview to the Associated Press. [6] The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ...


The redesigned memorial has the plain shape of a circle (as opposed to a crescent) bisected by the flight's trajectory. "The circle enhances the earlier design by putting more emphasis on the crash site, officials said in the newsletter. A break in the trees will symbolize the path the plane took as it crashed." [7] There is criticism that the redesign does not address any of the issues with the original design. [8]


Construction

The cost of the permanent memorial is estimated at $57 million, and will be covered by $30 million in private donations, plus federal and state funds.[2] The permanent memorial is planned to be dedicated on September 11, 2011.[2] As of April 2007, only $11 million had been raised, falling short of the fundraising goal.[3] is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2011 (MMXI) will be a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...


See also

Rendering of Pentagon Memorial. ... The International Freedom Center (IFC) was a proposed museum to be located adjacent to the site of Ground Zero at the former Twin Towers in New York City, US. It was selected in 2004 to comprise a cultural space near to the memorial for victims of the September 11, 2001... This article is about the World Trade Center complex in New York City; see this article for the many other buildings around the world that have also been called world trade centers. The twin towers, photographed from the west The World Trade Center in New York City was a complex... Reflecting Absence is the winning proposal for the World Trade Center site memorial. ... Manhattan from Jersey City on the 2002 memorial of the September 11 attacks. ... The 9/11 Memorial in Arizona is a state memorial to the events and aftermath of September 11, 2001 located at the Wesley Bolin Memorial Plaza near the State Capitol in Phoenix, Arizona. ... Nickname: Location in Maricopa County and the state of Arizona Coordinates: , Country State County Maricopa Incorporated February 25, 1881 Government  - Type Council-Manager  - Mayor Phil Gordon (D) Area  - City  515. ... Mall of America (also MOA, MoA, or the Megamall) is a shopping mall located in the Twin Cities suburb of Bloomington, Minnesota. ... U.S. Route 219 is a spur of U.S. Route 19. ... U.S. Route 219 is a spur of U.S. Route 19. ...

References

  1. ^ "Al-Jazeera offers accounts of 9/11 planning", CNN, September 12, 2002. 
  2. ^ a b Smith, Sonia. "Monuments in the making Across the nation, tributes big, small are under way", The Dallas Morning News, September 11, 2006. 
  3. ^ Lovering, Daniel. "Flight 93 Fundraising Short of Goal", AP / The Washington Post, April 28, 2007. 

Other references

  • Public Law No. 107-226 Flight 93 * Michelle Malkin: Flight 93 Memorial: Seeing is Believing
  • Michelle Malkin: Flight 93 Memorial: Design will be Altered

External links



 

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