Eucalypt woodlands in Victoria.

The flora of Australia is a vast assemblage of plant species estimated to over 20,000 vascular and 14,000 non-vascular plants, 250,000 species of fungi and over 3,000 lichens. The flora has strong affinities with the flora of Gondwana, and below the family level has a highly endemic angiosperm flora whose diversity was shaped by the effects of continental drift and climate change since the Cretaceous. Prominent features of the Australian flora are adaptations to aridity and fire which include scleromorphy and serotiny. These adaptations are common in species from the large and well-known families Proteaceae (Banksia), Myrtaceae (Eucalyptus - gum trees), and Fabaceae (Acacia - wattle). Download high resolution version (1600x1072, 801 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1600x1072, 801 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Emblems: Pink heath (floral)Weedy Seadragon (Aquatic) helmeted honeyeater (bird) Leadbeaters possum (faunal) Motto: Peace and Prosperity Slogan or Nickname: Garden State, The Place To Be, On The Move Other Australian states and territories Capital Melbourne Government Const. ... Divisions Non-seed-bearing plants Equisetophyta Lycopodiophyta Psilotophyta Pteridophyta Superdivision Spermatophyta Pinophyta Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Gnetophyta Magnoliophyta The vascular plants are plants in the Kingdom Plantae (also called Viridiplantae) that have specialized tissues for conducting water. ... Divisions Simple nonvascular plants   Green algae Complex nonvascular plants   Bryophyta, mosses   Hepaticophyta, liverworts   Anthocerotophyta, hornworts Non-vascular plants is a name for a group of plants. ... Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota The Fungi (singular: fungus) are a large group of organisms ranked as a kingdom within the Domain Eukaryota. ... Lichenes from Ernst Haeckels Artforms of Nature, 1904 Crustose and foliose lichens on a wall A foliose lichen on basalt. ... Pangaea was formed by the merging of two continents, Laurasia and Gondwana East African and Kuungan Orogens 550 Ma reconstruction showing final stages of assembly The southern supercontinent Gondwana (originally Gondwanaland) included most of the landmasses which make up todays continents of the southern hemisphere, including Antarctica, South America... In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is 1) a rank or 2) a taxon in that rank. ... In biology and ecology endemic means exclusively native to a place or biota, in contrast to cosmopolitan or introduced. ... Continental drift, first proposed as a theory by Alfred Wegener in 1912, is the movement of the Earths continents relative to each other. ... The Cretaceous Period is one of the major divisions of the geologic timescale, reaching from the end of the Jurassic Period (i. ... Arid, largely treeless areas aside, most Australian bushland is sclerophyll forest. ... Serotiny is the behaviour of some plant species that retain their non-dormant seeds in a cone or woody fruit for up to several years, but release them after exposure to fire. ... Genera See text The Proteaceae are a large family of flowering plants, which includes 75-80 genera and 1500 species of evergreen trees, shrubs, and herbs. ... Diversity About 80 species; see List of Banksia species Synonyms Sirmuellera<br. ... Genera 130; see list The Myrtaceae or Myrtle family are a family of dicotyledon plants, placed within the order Myrtales. ... This article is about the plant genus. ... Subfamilies Faboideae Caesalpinioideae Mimosoideae References GRIN-CA 2002-09-01 The name Fabaceae belongs to either of two families, depending on viewpoint. ... Species About 1,300; see List of Acacia species Acacia tree in the Serengeti, Tanzania Acacia is a genus of shrubs and trees of Gondwanian origin belonging to the Subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, first described from Africa by Linnaeus in 1773. ...

The settlement of Australia by Indigenous Australians more than 40,000 years ago, and by Europeans from 1788, has had a significant impact on the flora. The use of fire-stick farming by the Aborigines led to significant changes in the distribution of plant species over time, and the large-scale modification or destruction of vegetation for agriculture and urban development since 1788 has altered the composition of most terrestrial ecosystems, leading to the extinction of 61 plant species and endangering over 1000 more. See also, List of Indigenous Australian group names Indigenous Australians are the first human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. ... The history of Australia from 1788-1850 covers the early colonies period of Australias history, from the first English settlement and penal colony at Port Jackson in 1788 to the establishment of other colonies and the spread of settlers. ... Fire-stick farming is a term coined by Australian archeologist Rhys Jones in 1969 to describe the practice of Indigenous Australians where fire was used regularly to burn vegetation to facilitate hunting and to change the composition of plant and animal species in an area. ...

Origins

The Tasmanian rainforest is considered a Gondwanan relic.

Main article: Natural history of Australia

Australia was part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana, which also included South America, Africa, India and Antarctica. Most of the modern Australian flora had its origin in Gondwana during the Cretaceous when Australia was covered in subtropical rainforest. Australian ferns and gymnosperm bear strong resemblance to their Gondwanan ancestors,^[1] and prominent members of the early Gondwanan angiosperm flora such as the Nothofagus, Myrtaceae and Proteaceae were also present in Australia.^[2] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 681 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Flora of Australia Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 681 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Flora of Australia Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used... The natural history of Australia has been shaped by the geological evolution of the Australian continent from Gondwana and the changes in global climate over geological time. ... Pangaea was formed by the merging of two continents, Laurasia and Gondwana East African and Kuungan Orogens 550 Ma reconstruction showing final stages of assembly The southern supercontinent Gondwana (originally Gondwanaland) included most of the landmasses which make up todays continents of the southern hemisphere, including Antarctica, South America... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa. ... The Cretaceous Period is one of the major divisions of the geologic timescale, reaching from the end of the Jurassic Period (i. ... Species Nothofagus alpina - Rauli Beech Nothofagus antarctica - Antarctic Beech Nothofagus betuloides - Magellanes Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii - Myrtle Beech Nothofagus dombeyi - Coigüe Beech Nothofagus fusca - Red Beech Nothofagus gunnii - Tanglefoot Beech Nothofagus menziesii - Silver Beech Nothofagus moorei - Negrohead Beech Nothofagus obliqua - Roble Beech Nothofagus pumilio - Lenga Beech Nothofagus solanderi - Black Beech... Genera 130; see list The Myrtaceae or Myrtle family are a family of dicotyledon plants, placed within the order Myrtales. ... Genera See text The Proteaceae are a large family of flowering plants, which includes 75-80 genera and 1500 species of evergreen trees, shrubs, and herbs. ...

Scrubland with Xanthorrhoea following bushfire.

Gondwana began to break up 140 million years ago (MYA); 50 MYA during the Oligocene Australia separated from Antarctica, and was relatively isolated until the collision of the Indo-Australian Plate with Asia in the Miocene era 5.3 MYA. As Australia drifted, local and global climate change had a significant and lasting effect: a circumpolar oceanic current developed, atmospheric circulation increased as Australia moved away from Antarctica, precipitation fell, there was a slow warming of the continent and arid conditions started to develop.^[3] These conditions of geographic isolation and aridity led to the development of a more complex flora. From 25-10 MYA pollen records suggest the rapid radiation of species like Eucalyptus, Casuarina, Allocasuarina, Banksia and the pea-flowered legumes, and the development of open forest; grasslands started to develop from the Eocene. Collision with the Eurasian Plate also led to additional South-east Asian and cosmopolitan elements entering the flora like the Lepidium and Chenopodioideae.^[4] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (648x1024, 273 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Flora of Australia ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (648x1024, 273 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Flora of Australia ... The Oligocene epoch is a geologic period of time that extends from about 34 million to 23 million years before the present. ... The Indo-Australian plate is shown in dull orange on this map. ... The Miocene epoch is a period of time that extends from about 23 to 5. ... Continental drift, first proposed as a theory by Alfred Wegener in 1912, is the movement of the Earths continents relative to each other. ... Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400,000 years Climate change refers to the variation in the Earths global climate or in regional climates over time. ... This article is about the plant genus. ... Selected species Casuarina cunninghamiana Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarina glauca Casuarina is a genus of shrubs and trees in the Family Casuarinaceae, native to Australia and islands of the Pacific. ... Species List of Allocasuarina species Allocasuarina is a genus in the flowering plant family Casuarinaceae, found primarily in southern Australia. ... Diversity About 80 species; see List of Banksia species Synonyms Sirmuellera<br. ... Tribes Abreae Adesmieae Aeschynomeneae Amorpheae Bossiaeeae Brongniartieae Carmichaelieae Cicereae Crotalarieae Dalbergieae Desmodieae Dipterygeae Euchresteae Galegeae Genisteae Hedysareae Indigofereae Liparieae Loteae Millettieae Mirbelieae Phaseoleae Podalyrieae Psoraleeae Robinieae Sophoreae Swartzieae Thermopsideae Trifolieae Vicieae Faboideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. ... The Eocene epoch (55. ...  The Eurasian plate, shown in green The Eurasian Plate is a tectonic plate covering Eurasia (a landmass consisting of the continents Europe and Asia) except that it does not cover the Indian subcontinent, the Arabian subcontinent, and the area east of the Verkhoyansk Range in East Siberia. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... A cosmopolitan distribution is a term applied to a biological category of living things meaning that this category can be found anywhere around the world. ... Lepidium, commonly known as the peppergrasses or pepperworts, is a genus of plants in the mustard family Brassicaceae. ... Genera See text The Chenopodioideae is a subfamily of the of the Amaranthaceae, formerly treated as a distinct family, Chenopodiaceae. ...

The development of aridity and the old and nutrient poor soils of the continent led to some unique adaptations in the Australian flora and evolutionary radiation of genera – like Acacia and Eucalyptus – that adapted to those conditions. Hard leaves with a thick outer layer, a condition known as scleromorphy, and C4 and CAM carbon fixation which reduce water loss during photosynthesis are two common adaptations in Australian arid-adapted dicot and monocot species respectively. Rising aridity also increased the frequency of fires in Australia. Fire is thought to have played a role in the development and distribution of fire-adapted species from the Late Pleistocene. An increase in charcoal in sediment around 38,000 years ago coincides with dates for the inhabitation of Australia by the Indigenous Australians and suggests that man-made fires, from practices like fire-stick farming, have played an important role in the establishment and maintenance of sclerophyll forest, especially on the east coast of Australia.^[5] Adaptations to fire include lignotubers and epicormic buds in Eucalyptus and Banksia species that allow fast regeneration following fire. Some genera also exhibit serotiny, the release of seed only in response to heat and/or smoke. Xanthorrhoea grass trees and some species of orchids only flower after fire.^[6] Species About 1,300; see List of Acacia species Acacia tree in the Serengeti, Tanzania Acacia is a genus of shrubs and trees of Gondwanian origin belonging to the Subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, first described from Africa by Linnaeus in 1773. ... This article is about the plant genus. ... Water beads on the waxy cuticle of kale leaves (video). ... Arid, largely treeless areas aside, most Australian bushland is sclerophyll forest. ... Overview of C4 carbon fixation C4 carbon fixation is one of three methods, along with C3 and CAM photosynthesis, used by land plants to fix carbon dioxide (binding the gaseous molecules to dissolved compounds inside the plant) for sugar production through photosynthesis. ... Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) is a carbon fixation pathway in some photosynthetic plants. ... Late Pleistocene (also known as Upper Pleistocene or the Tarantian) is a stage of the Pleistocene Epoch. ... See also, List of Indigenous Australian group names Indigenous Australians are the first human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. ... Fire-stick farming is a term coined by Australian archeologist Rhys Jones in 1969 to describe the practice of Indigenous Australians where fire was used regularly to burn vegetation to facilitate hunting and to change the composition of plant and animal species in an area. ... A lignotuber is a starchy swelling on underground stems or roots. ... Serotiny is the behaviour of some plant species that retain their non-dormant seeds in a cone or woody fruit for up to several years, but release them after exposure to fire. ... Species see text Xanthorrhoea is a genus of flowering plants native to Australia and a member of family Xanthorrhoeaceae. ...

Vegetation types

Major vegetation groups in Australia as identified by the National Land and Water Resources Audit's Australian vegetation assessment in 2001.

Hummock grassland, the green hummocks are Triodia pungens and the blue-grey hummocks are Triodia basedowii.

Australia's terrestrial flora can be collected into characteristic vegetation groups. The most important determinant is rainfall, followed by temperature which affects water availability.^[7] Several schemes of varying complexity have been created, the most recent scheme developed by the Natural Heritage Trust divides Australia's terrestrial flora into 30 major vegetation groups, and 67 major subgroups.^[8] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (700x939, 222 KB) This work is copyrighted and unlicensed. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (700x939, 222 KB) This work is copyrighted and unlicensed. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1784x1195, 571 KB) [edit] Summary [edit] Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Flora of Australia ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1784x1195, 571 KB) [edit] Summary [edit] Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Flora of Australia ... Vegetation is a general term for the plant life of a region; it refers to the ground cover provided by plants, and is, by far, the most abundant biotic element of the biosphere. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

According to the scheme the most common vegetation types are those that are adapted to arid conditions where the area has not been significantly reduced by human activities such as land clearing for agriculture. The dominant vegetation type in Australia is the hummock grasslands that occur extensively in arid Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory. It accounts for 23% of the native vegetation, the predominant species of which are from the genus Triodia. Zygochloa also occurs in inland sandy areas like the Simpson Desert. Species See text Triodia is a large genus of tussock forming grass endemic to Australia, the are commonly known as spinifex, although they are not a part of the coastal genus Spinifex. ... Species Zygochloa paradoxa (R.Br. ... The Simpson Desert is a desert covering nearly 100,000 square kilometres in central Australia, occupying an area bounded on the west by the Finke River and the Mabel Range, the Adam Range to the north, the Georgina River and the Diamantina River to the east, and Lake Eyre to...

A further 39% of native vegetation is covered by a combination of:

• Eucalypt woodlands found at the transition between hummock grasslands and higher rainfall areas where conditions still limit tree growth; the woodland may have a grass or shrubby understory. The most common species is Eucalyptus camaldulensis which occurs along the majority of inland waterways and creeklines in Australia. The largest area is in Queensland.
• Acacia forests and woodlands that occur in semi-arid areas where tree growth is stunted. The dominant Acacia species varies with the location, and may include lancewood, bendee, mulga, gidgee and brigalow. The largest area is in Western Australia.
• Acacia shrublands in semi arid and arid regions. The most common are mulga shrublands; the largest area is in Western Australia.
• Tussock grasslands that occur in semi-arid and some temperate parts of Australia; they are comprised of a large variety of grasses from more than 10 genera. The largest area is in Queensland.
• Chenopod/samphire shrubs and forblands that are widespread in the near-estuarine, arid and semi-arid areas. Species in chenopod communities are drought and salt tolerant and include the Sclerolaena, Atriplex, Maireana, Chenopodium and Rhagodia genera while samphire representatives include Halosarcia, Salicornia, Sclerostegia and Sarcocornia. Both South and Western Australia have large areas with this vegetation type.

Other groups with restricted areas of less than 70,000 square kilometres include tropical or temperate rainforest and vine thickets, tall or open eucalypt forests, callitris and Casuarina forests, and woodlands and heath. The introduction to this article is too long. ... Binominal name Acacia aneura In botany, a Mulga (Acacia aneura) is a shrub or small tree native to arid outback Australia. ... Binomial name Acacia harpophylla F.Muell. ... A halophyte is a plant that naturally grows where it is affected by salinity in the root area or by salt spray, such as in saline semi-deserts, mangrove swamps, marshes and sloughs, and seashores. ... Species About 100-200 species, including: Atriplex alaskensis (Alaska Orach) Atriplex amnicola (River Saltbush) Atriplex californica Atriplex calotheca Atriplex canescens (Four Wing Saltbush) Atriplex confertifolia Atriplex coronata (Crownscale Saltbush) Atriplex glabriuscula Atriplex halimus Atriplex heterosperma Atriplex hortensis (Garden or Red Orache) Atriplex hymenelytra Atriplex laciniata (Frosted Orache) Atriplex lentiformis Atriplex... Species See text Chenopodium is a genus of about 150 species of flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae, known generically as the Goosefoots. ... Rhagodia is a genus of of shurbs native to Australia. ... Species See text Halosarcia is a genus of succulent, salt tolerant plant, the majority of Halosarcia species are endemic to Australia. ... Species See text. ... Species See text. ... Species Sect. ...

Vascular plants

Australia has over 20,000 described species of vascular plants, these include the angiosperms, seed-bearing non-angiosperms (like the conifers and cycads), and the spore-bearing ferns and fern allies.^[9] Of these about 11% are naturalised species; the remainder are native or endemic.^[10] The vascular plant flora has been extensively catalogued, the work being published in the ongoing Flora of Australia series. A list of vascular plant families represented in Australia using the Cronquist system is also available.^[11] Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also angiosperms or Magnoliophyta) are one of the major groups of modern plants, comprising those that produce seeds in specialized reproductive organs called flowers, where the ovulary or carpel is enclosed. ... The Flora of Australia Volume 1, second edition. ... A system of plant taxonomy, the Cronquist system is a scheme for the classification of flowering plants (or angiosperms). ...

At the higher taxonomic levels the Australian flora is similar to that of the rest of the world; most vascular plant families are represented within the native flora, with the exception of the cacti, birch and a few others, while 9 families occur only in Australia.^[12][13] Australia's vascular flora is estimated to be 85% endemic;^[14] this high level of vascular plant endemism is largely attributable to the radiation of some families like the Proteaceae, Myrtaceae, and Fabaceae. Wikipedia:Translation/Cactus Genera See Taxonomy of the Cactaceae The name cactus, plural cacti or cactuses, has been traditionally given to any member of the flowering plant family Cactaceae. ... Genera Alnus - Alder Betula - Birch Carpinus - Hornbeam Corylus - Hazel Ostrya - Hop-hornbeam Ostryopsis - Hazel-hornbeam Betulaceae, or the Birch Family, includes six genera of deciduous nut-bearing trees and shrubs, including the birches, alders, hazels, hornbeams and hop-hornbeams. ... Genera See text The Proteaceae are a large family of flowering plants, which includes 75-80 genera and 1500 species of evergreen trees, shrubs, and herbs. ... Genera 130; see list The Myrtaceae or Myrtle family are a family of dicotyledon plants, placed within the order Myrtales. ... Subfamilies Faboideae Caesalpinioideae Mimosoideae References GRIN-CA 2002-09-01 The name Fabaceae belongs to either of two families, depending on viewpoint. ...

Angiosperms

The native Australian flora contains many monocotyledons. The family with the most species is the Poaceae which includes a huge variety of species, from the tropical bamboo Bambusa arnhemica to the ubiquitous spinifex that thrives in arid Australia from the genera Triodia and Plectrachne. There are more than 800 described species of orchid in Australia.^[15] About one quarter of these are epiphytes; epiphytic orchids occur along the east coast and in Tasmania and do not occur in South or Western Australia. The terrestrial orchids occur across most of Australia, the majority of species being deciduous – their aboveground parts die back during the dry season and they re-sprout from a tuber when it rains. Orders Base Monocots: Acorus Alismatales Asparagales Dioscoreales Liliales Pandanales Family Petrosaviaceae Commelinids: Arecales Commelinales Poales Zingiberales Family Dasypogonaceae Monocotyledons or monocots are a group of flowering plants usually ranked as a class and once called the Monocotyledoneae. ... Subfamilies There are 7 subfamilies: Subfamily Arundinoideae Subfamily Bambusoideae Subfamily Centothecoideae Subfamily Chloridoideae Subfamily Panicoideae Subfamily Pooideae Subfamily Stipoideae The true grasses are monocotyledonous plants (Class Liliopsida) in the Family Poaceae, also known as Gramineae. ... Binomial name Bambusa arnhemica F.Muell. ... Species See text Triodia is a large genus of tussock forming grass endemic to Australia, the are commonly known as spinifex, although they are not a part of the coastal genus Spinifex. ... Subfamilies Apostasioideae Cypripedioideae Epidendroideae Orchidoideae Vanilloideae For genera, see list of Orchidaceae genera. ... Deciduous means temporary or tending to fall off (deriving from the Latin word decidere, to fall off). ...

Other families with well-known representatives include the alpine Tasmanian button grass, which form tussock-like mounds from the Cyperaceae; the genus Patersonia of temperate iris-like grasses from the Iridaceae; and, the kangaroo paws from the family Haemodoraceae. The Xanthorrhoea grass trees, the screw palms of the Pandanaceae and palms are large moncots present in Australia. There are about 57 native palms; 79% of these only occur in Australia.^[16] Livistonia is unusual amongst the palm genera in Australia; rather than tropical habitats, its members are found in inland gorges and open forest. Genera See text The Family Cyperaceae, or the Sedge family, is a taxon of monocot flowering plants that superficially resemble grasses or rushes. ... Species See text. ... Genera Many, see text Iridaceae is a family of plants in Order Asparagales, taking its name from the Irises. ... Species See text Anigozanthos is a small genus of Australian plants in the Bloodwort family Haemodoraceae. ... Genera See text Haemodoraceae, or the Bloodwort family, is a family of 75 herbs in 14 genera, belonging to the commelinids (order Commelinales). ... Species see text Xanthorrhoea is a genus of flowering plants native to Australia and a member of family Xanthorrhoeaceae. ... Genera See text Pandanaceae is a family of flowering plants native to the tropics of the Old World. ... Genera Many; see list of Arecaceae genera Arecaceae (sometimes known by the names Palmae or Palmaceae, although the latter name is taxonomically invalid. ...

The dicots are the most diverse group of angiosperms. Australia's best known species come from three large and very diverse dicot families: the Fabaceae, the Myrtaceae and the Proteaceae. The Myrtaceae is represented by a variety of woody species; gum trees from the genera Eucalyptus, Corymbia and Angophora, Lillipillies (Syzygium), the water-loving Melaleuca and Bottlebrush and the shrubby Darwinia and Leptospermum, commonly known as teatrees, and Geraldton wax. The Proteaceae are also woody, well-known genera include Banksia, Dryandra, Grevillea, Hakea, the waratah and Australia's only commercial native food crop, the macadamia. Australia also has representatives of all three legume subfamalies. Caesalpinioideae is notably represented by Cassia trees. The Faboideae or pea-flowered legumes are common and many are well-known for their flowers, including the golden peas, Glycine species and the Sturt's desert pea. The Mimosoideae is best known for the huge genus Acacia which includes Australia's floral emblem the golden wattle. Orders See text. ... Subfamilies Faboideae Caesalpinioideae Mimosoideae References GRIN-CA 2002-09-01 The name Fabaceae belongs to either of two families, depending on viewpoint. ... Genera 130; see list The Myrtaceae or Myrtle family are a family of dicotyledon plants, placed within the order Myrtales. ... Genera See text The Proteaceae are a large family of flowering plants, which includes 75-80 genera and 1500 species of evergreen trees, shrubs, and herbs. ... This article is about the plant genus. ... Species See text. ... Species See text. ... Species About 500; see text Syzygium is a genus of flowering plants, belonging to the myrtle family Myrtaceae. ... Species 236; see List of Melaleuca species Melaleuca is a genus of plants in the myrtle family Myrtaceae. ... Species About 34 species including:   Callistemon brachyandrus   Callistemon citrinus   Callistemon formosus   Callistemon linearifolius   Callistemon linearis   Callistemon pachyphyllus   Callistemon pallidus   Callistemon phoeniceus   Callistemon pinifolius   Callistemon pityoides   Callistemon rigidus   Callistemon rugulosus   Callistemon salignus   Callistemon speciosus   Callistemon subulatus   Callistemon viminalis   Callistemon viridiflorus Bottlebrush (Callistemon) is a genus with 34 species of shrubs in... Species See text. ... A tea tree any plant of the genus Leptospermum (family Myrtaceae). ... Binomial name Chamelaucium uncinatum The Geraldton wax is a flowering plant originally found in Western Australia. ... Diversity About 80 species; see List of Banksia species Synonyms Sirmuellera<br. ... Species Vernicia anxius Vernicia cordata Vernicia fordii - tung tree Vernicia montana Vernicia pseudomargarettiae The genus Vernicia, commonly referred to as Candlenut, is a taxon of shrubs or trees. ... Species See text Grevillea is a diverse genus of evergreen flowering plants in the protea family (Proteaceae). ... Species See text Hakea (Hakea) is a genus of about 110 species of shrubs and small trees in the Proteaceae, native to Australia, with the highest species diversity in Western Australia. ... Species See text Waratah (Telopea) is a genus of five species of large shrubs or small trees in the Proteaceae, native to southeastern Australia, from New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. ... Species Macadamia claudiensis Macadamia grandis Macadamia hildebrandii Macadamia integrifolia Macadamia jansenii Macadamia ternifolia Macadamia tetraphylla Macadamia whelanii Macadamia is a genus of eight species of flowering plants in the family Proteaceae, with a disjunct distribution native to eastern Australia (seven species) and Indonesia (Sulawesi; one species, ). Macadamia integrifolia flowers They... Tribes Cassieae Caesalpinieae Cercideae Detarieae Caesalpinioideae is a botanical name at the rank of subfamily, placed in the large family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. ... Species see Text Cassia is a genus of Fabaceae (subfamily Caesalpinioideae). ... Tribes Abreae Adesmieae Aeschynomeneae Amorpheae Bossiaeeae Brongniartieae Carmichaelieae Cicereae Crotalarieae Dalbergieae Desmodieae Dipterygeae Euchresteae Galegeae Genisteae Hedysareae Indigofereae Liparieae Loteae Millettieae Mirbelieae Phaseoleae Podalyrieae Psoraleeae Robinieae Sophoreae Swartzieae Thermopsideae Trifolieae Vicieae Faboideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. ... Genera Daviesia Erichsenia Viminaria Sphaerolobium Gompholobium Isotropis Jacksonia Leptosema Latrobea Euchilopsis Phyllota Otion Aotus Urodon Stonesiella Almaleea Eutaxia Dillwynia Pultenaea Mirbelia Chorizema Oxylobium Podolobium Callistachys Gastrolobium Nemcia Brachysema Jansonia The mirbelieae, commonly known as the bush, golden or egg-and-bacon peas are a legume tribe endemic to Australia. ... Species See text Glycine Willd. ... Binomial name Swainsona formosa (G. Don) Joy Thomps. ... Infrafamilies Acacieae Ingeae Mimoseae Mimozygantheae Parkieae The Mimosoideae is a subfamily of the Family Fabaceae characterized by flowers with small petals and numerous prominent stamens. ... Species About 1,300; see List of Acacia species Acacia tree in the Serengeti, Tanzania Acacia is a genus of shrubs and trees of Gondwanian origin belonging to the Subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, first described from Africa by Linnaeus in 1773. ... Binomial name Acacia pycnantha Banks Golden Wattle, Acacia pycnantha, is Australias floral emblem. ...

Many plant families that occur in Australia are known for their floral displays that follow seasonal rains. The Asteraceae is well represented by its subfamily Gnaphalieae, which included the paper or everlasting daisies; this group has its greatest diversity in Australia. Other families with flowering shrubs include the Rutaceae, with the fragrant Boronia and Eriostemon, the Myoporaceae with the Eremophila, and members of the Ericaceae with Victoria's Floral Emblem Epacris impressa. Diversity About 1500 genera and 23,000 species Type Genus Aster L. Subfamilies Barnadesioideae Cichorioideae Tribe Arctotidae Tribe Cardueae Tribe Eremothamneae Tribe Lactuceae Tribe Liabeae Tribe Mutisieae Tribe Tarchonantheae Tribe Vernonieae Asteroideae Tribe Anthemideae Tribe Astereae Tribe Calenduleae Tribe Eupatorieae Tribe Gnaphalieae Tribe Helenieae Tribe Heliantheae Tribe Inuleae Tribe Plucheae... Genera Alatoseta Amphiglossa Anaxeton Anderbergia Anisochaeta Anisothrix Antithrixia Arrowsmithia Artemisiopsis Athrixia Atrichantha Bryomorphe Callilepis Calotesta Comborhiza Denekia Disparago Dolicothrix Edmondia Elytropappus Facelis Galeomma Gamochaeta Gnaphalium Helichrysopsis Helichrysum Hydroidea Ifloga Lachnospermum Langebergia Lasiopogon Lepidostephium Leysera Macowania Metalasia Nestlera Oedera Oreoleysera Oxylaena Pentatrichia Petalacte Phaenocoma Philyrophyllum Planea Plecostachys Printzia Pseudognaphalium Pterothrix Relhania... Genera About 160 genera; selected important genera: Amyris - West Indian Sandalwood Choisya - Mexican orange Citrus - Citrus Dictamnus - Burning-bush Fortunella - Kumquat Melicope - Corkwood, Alani Murraya - Curry tree Phellodendron - Cork-trees Poncirus - Trifoliate orange Ptelea - Hoptree Ruta - Rue Skimmia - Skimmia Tetradium (Euodia) - Euodias Zanthoxylum - Toothache trees Rutaceae is a family of... Alternative meanings: Boronia (plant) Boronia is a suburb of Australia, in the state of Victoria. ... Eriostemon is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the the family Rutaceae. ... Myoporaceae is a family of plants which includes the following genera: Calamphoreus Diocirea Eremophila (plant), also known as Emu Bush Glycocystis Myoporum, also known as Boobiala ... Eremophila, or Emu Bush, is a genus of plants of the family Myoporaceae. ... Genera See text The plant Family Ericaceae (Heath Family) or ericaceous plants are mostly lime-hating or calcifuge plants that thrive in acid soils. ... A typical pink heath in flower Pink heath (Epacris impressa or the common heath) is the official state flower of Victoria. ...

Amongst the most ancient species of flowering hardwood trees are the Casuarinaceae, including beach, swamp and river oaks, and Fagaceae represented in Australia by three species of Nothofagus. Trees of the Rosales are notably representented by the Moraceae whose species include the Moreton Bay Fig and the Port Jackson Fig, and the Urticaceae whose members include several tree sized stinging nettles; Dendrocnide moroides is the most virulent. There are also numerous sandalwood species including the quandongs and native cherry, Exocarpus cupressiformis. The bottle tree of the Malvaceae is one of 30 tree species from the Brachychiton. There are about 75 native mistletoes that parasitise Australian tree species, including two terrestrial parasitic trees, one of which is the spectacular Western Australian Christmas tree. Genera Allocasuarina Casuarina Gymnostoma Casuarinaceae is a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants placed in the order Fagales, consisting of 3 or 4 genera and approximately 70 species of trees and shrubs native to the Old World tropics (Indo-Malaysia), Australia, and the Pacific islands. ... Genera Castanea - Chestnuts Castanopsis Chrysolepis - Golden chinkapin Colombobalanus Cyclobalanopsis Fagus - Beeches Formanodendron Lithocarpus - Stone oaks Nothofagus - Southern beeches Quercus - Oaks Trigonobalanus The family Fagaceae, or beech family, is characterized by alternate leaves with pinnate venation, flowers in the form of catkins, and fruit in the form of nuts, one to... Species Nothofagus alpina - Rauli Beech Nothofagus antarctica - Antarctic Beech Nothofagus betuloides - Magellanes Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii - Myrtle Beech Nothofagus dombeyi - Coigüe Beech Nothofagus fusca - Red Beech Nothofagus gunnii - Tanglefoot Beech Nothofagus menziesii - Silver Beech Nothofagus moorei - Negrohead Beech Nothofagus obliqua - Roble Beech Nothofagus pumilio - Lenga Beech Nothofagus solanderi - Black Beech... Families Barbeyaceae Cannabaceae (hemp family) Dirachmaceae Elaeagnaceae Moraceae (mulberry family) Rosaceae (rose family) Rhamnaceae (buckthorn family) Ulmaceae (elm family) Urticaceae (nettle family) For the Philippine municipality, see Rosales, Pangasinan. ... Genera Antiaris Artocarpus - Breadfruit, Jackfruit Brosimum Broussonetia - Paper Mulberry Castilloa Cecropia Chlorophora Dorstenia Ficus - Fig, Banyan Maclura - Osage-orange Morus - Mulberry Musanga Pseudolmedia Streblus Treculia The flowering plant family Moraceae (Mulberry family) comprises some 40 genera and over 1000 species of plants widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less common... Binomial name Ficus macrophylla Desf. ... Binomial name Ficus rubiginosa Desf. ... Genera See text Urticaceae, or the nettle family, is a family of flowering plants in the order Rosales. ... Binomial name Dendrocnide moroides (Wedd. ... Genera Acanthosyris Amphorogyne Antholobus Arjona Austroamericium Buckleya Cervantesia Choretrum Cladomyza Colpoon Comandra Daenikera Dendromyza Dendrotrophe Dufrenoya Elaphanthera Exocarpos Geocaulon Jodina Kunkeliella Leptomeria Mida Myoschilos Nanodea Nestronia Okoubaka Omphacomeria Osyridocarpos Osyris Phacellaria Pyrularia Quinchamalium Rhoiacarpos Santalum Scleropyrum Spirogardnera Thesidium Thesium Ref: Delta 2003-07-09 Santalaceae is a widely distributed family... Binomial name Santalum acuminatum A.DC. Quandong (alternative spelling Quongdong, also called wild peach or desert peach) is the name given to three kinds of Australian wild bush plants, of which two belong to the sandalwood genus (Santalum): Desert quandong, sweet quandong, or native peach (Santalum acuminatum). ... Binomial name Exocarpos cupressiformis Labill. ... Binomial name Brachychiton rupestris The bottle tree (Brachychiton rupestris) of the family Sterculiaceae is native of Tropical Australia. ... Subfamilies Bombacoideae Brownlowioideae Byttnerioideae Dombeyoideae Grewioideae Helicteroideae Malvoideae Sterculioideae Tilioideae Malvaceae is family of flowering plants containing Malva, the mallow genus, and its relatives. ... Species See text Brachychiton (Kurrajong, Bottletree) is a genus of 31 species of trees and large shrubs, native to Australia (the centre of diversity, with 30 species), and New Guinea (one species). ... See: Mistletoe Genera Actinanthella Aetanthus Agelanthus Alepis Amyema Amylotheca Atkinsonia Bakerella Baratranthus Benthamina Berhautia Cecarria Cladocolea Cyne Dactyliophora Decaisnina Dendropemon Dendropthoe Desmaria Diplatia Distrianthes Elytranthe Emelianthe Englerina Erianthemum Gaiadendron Globimetula Helicanthes Helixanthera Ileostylus Ixocactus Kingella Lampas Lepeostegeres Lepidaria Ligaria Loranthus Loxanthera Lysiana Macrosolen Moquiniella Muellerina Notanthera Nuytsia Oliverella Oncella Oncocalyx... About 4,100 species in approximately 19 families of flowering plants are either partly or completely parasitic on other plants [1]. Parasitic plants have a modified root, the haustorium, that penetrates the host plant and connects to the xylem or phloem or both. ... Binomial name Nuytsia floribunda (Labill. ...

Australia's salt marshes and wetlands are covered by a large variety of salt and drought tolerant species from the Amaranthaceae which include the saltbushes (Atriplex) and bluebushes (Maireana and Chenopodium). Many of these plants have succulent leaves; other native succulents are from the genera Carpobrotus,Calandrinia and Portulaca. Succulent stems are present in many of the Euphorbiaceae in Australia, though the best known members are the non-succulent looking fragrant Wedding bushes of the genus Ricinocarpos. Carnivorous plants which favour damp habitats are represented by four families including the sundews, bladderworts, pitcher-plants from the Cephalotaceae, which are endemic to Western Australia, and the Nepenthaceae. Type Genus Amaranthus L. Subfamilies Amaranthoideae Chenopodioideae Gomphrenoideae Salicornioideae Salsoloideae The flowering plant family Amaranthaceae, the Amaranth family, contains about 160 genera and 2,400 species. ... Species About 100-200 species, including: Atriplex alaskensis (Alaska Orach) Atriplex amnicola (River Saltbush) Atriplex californica Atriplex calotheca Atriplex canescens (Four Wing Saltbush) Atriplex confertifolia Atriplex coronata (Crownscale Saltbush) Atriplex glabriuscula Atriplex halimus Atriplex heterosperma Atriplex hortensis (Garden or Red Orache) Atriplex hymenelytra Atriplex laciniata (Frosted Orache) Atriplex lentiformis Atriplex... Species See text Chenopodium is a genus of about 150 species of flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae, known generically as the Goosefoots. ... Species C. edulis and others There is about 30 species in this genus, having a disperse distibution worldwide. ... Species 150+, See text. ... Species about 100, see text Portulaca is the type genus of the Purslane family Portulacaceae, comprising about 100-200 species (probably much fewer) found in the tropics and subtropics. ... Genera See text Ref: Euphorbiaceae in The Families of Flowering Plants, as of 2002-07-13 The Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) is a large family of flowering plants with 280 genera and around 6000 species. ... Species see text Ricinocarpos is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae. ... A pitcher plant in flower, growing on a road cut in Palau A carnivorous plant is a plant that derives some or most of its nutrients (but not energy) by trapping and consuming animals, especially insects. ... Genus Aldrovanda Dionaea Drosera Drosophyllum The Droseraceae are a family of carnivorous plants, commonly known as the sundew family. ... Genera Genlisea Pinguicula Utricularia Lentibulariaceae is a family of carnivorous plants containing three genera: Genlisea, the corkscrew plants, Pinguicula, the butterworts, and Utricularia, the bladderworts. ... Binomial name Cephalotus follicularis Labill. ... Emblems: Floral - Kangaroo Paw (Anigozanthos manglesii); Mammal - Numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus); Bird - Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) Motto: none Slogan or Nickname: Wildflower State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Const. ... Genera Nepenthes Anurosperma Families of Flowering Plants as of 2002-10-20 Nepenthaceae is a family of pitcher plants. ...

Aquatic moncots and dicots both occur in Australian waters. Australia has about 51,000 square kilometres of seagrass meadows and the most diverse group seagrass species in the world. There are 22 species found in temperate waters and 15 in tropical waters out of a known 70 species worldwide.^[17] Aquatic dicots include the mangroves; in Australia there are 39 mangrove species that cover 11,500 square kilometres and comprise the third largest area of mangroves in the world.^[18] Other native marine dicots here include water lillies and water milfoils. Halophila johnsonii (Johnsons seagrass) in the coast of Florida Seagrass (or sea-grass in British English) are flowering plants from four plant families (Posidoniaceae, Zosteraceae, Hydrocharitaceae and Cymodoceaceae) that grow in the marine saline environment. ... Above and below water view at the edge of the mangal Mangroves are woody trees or shrubs that grow in mangrove habitats or mangal (Hogarth, 1999). ... genera see text Nymphaeaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. ... Species See text Myriophyllum (water milfoil) is a genus of about 45 species of freshwater aquatic plants, with a cosmopolitan distribution. ...

Non-angiosperms

Seed bearing non-angiosperms present in Australia include the cycads and conifers. There are 69 species of cycad from 4 genera and 3 families – they are all endemic and their distribution is confined to forests of eastern and northern Australia, with a few in south-western Western Australia and central Australia. Native pines are distributed through 3 families, 14 genera and 43 species, of which 39 are endemic. Most species are present in wetter mountainous areas consistent with their Gondwanan origins, including the genera Athrotaxis, Actinostrobus, Microcachrys, Microstrobos, Diselma and the Tasmanian Huon pine, sole member of the genus Lagarostrobos. Callitris is a notable exception; species from this genus are found mainly in drier open woodlands.^[19] The most recently discovered species of conifer is the living fossil Wollemi pine, which was first described in 1994. Families Cycadaceae cycas family Stangeriaceae stangeria family Zamiaceae zamia family Cycads are an ancient group of seed plants which are characterized by a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk. ... Orders & Families Cordaitales &#8224; Pinales   Pinaceae - Pine family   Araucariaceae - Araucaria family   Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family   Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family   Cupressaceae - Cypress family   Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family   Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales &#8224; Voltziales &#8224; The conifers, division Pinophyta, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. ... Species See text. ... Species See text Actinostrobus is a genus of coniferous trees in the Cupressaceae (cypress family). ... Binomial name Microcachrys tetragona (Hook. ... Type Species Microstrobos niphophilus J.Garden & L.A.S.Johnson Species Microstrobos fitzgeraldi - dwarf mountain pine Microstrobos niphophilus - Tasman dwarf pine Microstrobos is a genus of plant belonging to the podocarp family (Podocarpaceae). ... Binomial name Diselma archeri Hook. ... Binomial name Lagarostrobos franklinii (Hook. ... Species Sect. ... Living fossil is a term for any living species (or clade) of organism which closely resembles species otherwise only known from fossils and has no close living relatives. ... Binomial name Wollemia nobilis W.G.Jones, K.D.Hill & J.M.Allen Wollemia nobilis is a remarkable coniferous tree that was discovered in 1994 in a remote series of narrow, steep-sided sandstone gorges in a mild temperate-zone rainforest wilderness area of the Wollemi National Park in New...

Spore bearing vascular plants include the ferns and fern allies. True ferns are found over most of the country and are most abundant in tropical and subtropical areas with high rainfall. Australia has a native flora of 30 families, 103 genera and 390 species of ferns, with another 10 species being naturalised. The fern allies are represented by 44 native species of psilophytes, horsetails and lycophytes.^[19] Ferns prefer a cool and damp environment since water is required for reproduction, the majority of Australian species are found in bushland and rainforest, there are aquatic, epiphytic (Platycerium, Huperzia and Asplenium), and terrestrial species including large tree ferns from the genera Cyathea and Dicksonia. Classes Marattiopsida Osmundopsida Gleicheniopsida Pteridopsida A fern is any one of a group of about 20,000 species of plants classified in the phylum or division Pteridophyta, also known as Filicophyta. ... Fern ally is a general term covering a somewhat diverse group of vascular plants that are not flowering plants and not true ferns. ... Families Psilotaceae Tmesipteridaceae Psilotophyta (the whisk ferns; also sometimes as Psilophyta) is a division (i. ... Species The horsetails are vascular plants, comprising 15 species of plants in the genus Equisetum. ... Classes Lycopodiopsida - clubmosses Selaginellopsida - spikemosses Isoetopsida - quillworts The Division Lycopodiophyta (sometimes called Lycophyta) is a tracheophyte subdivision of the Kingdom Plantae. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Species - Appalachian firmoss - Shining firmoss - Rock firmoss - Northern firmoss Firmosses are plants of the Lycophyte genus Huperzia. ... Species See text. ... Species See text Cyathea is a genus of tree ferns, the type genus of the fern order Cyatheales. ... Species See text Dicksonia is a genus of tree ferns in the order Cyatheales. ...

Non-vascular plants

The algae are a large and diverse group of photosynthetic organisms. Many studies of algae include the cyanobacteria, in addition to micro and macro eukaryotic types that inhabit both fresh and saltwater. Currently, about 10,000 to 12,000 species of algae are known for Australia.^[20] The algal flora of Australia is unevenly documented: northern Australia remains largely uncollected for seaweeds and marine phytoplankton, descriptions of freshwater algae are patchy, and the collection of terrestrial algae has been almost completely neglected.^[21] A seaweed (Laurencia) up close: the branches are multicellular and only about 1 mm thick. ... Orders The taxonomy of the Cyanobacteria is currently under revision. ... Kingdoms Animalia - Animals Fungi Plantae - Plants Protista A eukaryote (IPA: ) is an organism with a complex cell or cells, in which the genetic material is organized into a membrane-bound nucleus or nuclei. ...

The bryophytes – mosses, liverworts and hornworts – are primitive, usually terrestrial, plants that inhabit the tropics, cool-temperate regions and montane areas; there are some specialised members that are adapted to semi-arid and arid Australia. There are slightly fewer that 1,000 recognised species of moss in Australia. The five largest genera are the Fissidens, Bryum, Campylopus, Macromitrium and Andreaea.^[22] There are also over 800 species of liver- and horn-worts in 148 genera in Australia.^[23] Bryophyte is a botanical term which refers to any member of the following divisions of the Plantae kingdom: Bryophyta (mosses) Anthocerophyta (hornworts) Hepatophyta (liverworts) Despite the similarity in name, a bryophyte does not exclusively imply a species of the division bryophyta. ... Subclasses Sphagnidae Andreaeidae Tetraphidae Polytrichidae Archidiidae Buxbaumiidae Bryidae Mosses are small, soft plants that are typically 1-10 cm tall, occasionally more. ... Orders Haplomitriales Sphaerocarpales Marchantiales Metzgeriales Monocleales Jungermanniales Takakiales Liverworts are non-vascular plants, also called hepatics (scientific name Hepaticophyta). ... Families & Genera Anthocerotaceae Anthoceros Folioceros Leiosporoceros Phaeoceros Sphaerosporoceros Dendrocerotaceae Dendroceros Megaceros Notoceros Notothyladaceae Notothylas Hornworts are a group of bryophytes, or non-vascular plants, comprising the division Anthocerotophyta. ... Species Andreaea rupestris Andreaea blyttii Andreaea crassinervia Andreaea nivalis Andreaea obovata Andreaea rothii Andreaea is a genus of peat mosses. ...

Fungi

Main article: Fungi of Australia

The fungal flora of Australia is not well characterised; Australia is estimated to have about 250,000 fungal species of which roughly 5% have been described. Knowledge of distribution, substrates and habitats is poor for most species, with the exception of common plant pathogens.^[24] Compared with many other nations and continents, the knowledge of the fungal flora of Australia is meagre. ...

Lichens

Lichens are a composite organisms comprising, in most cases, an Ascomycete fungus and a unicellular green alga, their classification is based on the type of fungi. The lichen flora of Australia and its island territories, including Christmas Island, Heard Island, Macquarie Island and Norfolk Island, currently comprises 3,238 species and infra-specific taxa in 422 genera, 34% of which are considered to be endemic.^[25] Lichenes from Ernst Haeckels Artforms of Nature, 1904 Crustose and foliose lichens on a wall A foliose lichen on basalt. ... Wikinews has news related to: Volcanic activity expands McDonald Island off Australia Orthographic projection centred over the Heard Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands (HIMI) are uninhabited, barren islands located in the Southern Ocean at , about two-thirds of the way from Madagascar to Antarctica. ... Orthographic projection over Macquarie Island Macquarie Island lies in the Southern Ocean, about half-way between Australia and Antarctica. ...

Utilisation and conservation

Main article: Conservation in Australia

The Australia flora was well utilised by the Indigenous inhabitants of Australia. They used hundreds of species for food, medicine, shelter, tools and weapons. For example, the starchy roots of Clematis microphylla were used in western Victoria to make a dough that was baked, and the leaves of the plant were used as a poultice applied to skin irritations and blisters.^[26] Economic exploitation of the flora by settlers since 1788 has not been extensive; forestry has been the most extensive use of the flora. Forestry species include a number of eucalypts used for paper and timber, huon pine, hoop pine, cypress pine, Australian Blackwood, and sandalwood from Santalum spicatum and S. lanceolatum are also timber producing species. A significant area used by the pastoral industry is based on native pasture species including Mitchell grass, saltbush, bluebush, wallaby grass, spear grass, tussock grasses and kangaroo grass. Conservation in Australia is an issue of state and federal policy. ... See also, List of Indigenous Australian group names Indigenous Australians are the first human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. ... Binomial name Clematis microphylla DC Clematis microphylla is one of 8 Clematis species native to Australia. ... Binomial name Lagarostrobos franklinii (Hook. ... Binomial name Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex D.Don Araucaria cunninghamii is a species of Araucaria known as Moreton Bay Pine, or Hoop Pine (confusing names, as it is not a pine). ... Binomial name Callitris columellaris F.Muell. ... Binomial name Acacia melanoxylon F.Muell. ... Binomial name Santalum spicatum A.DC. Western Australian sandalwood, Santalum spicatum, often just called sandalwood, is a tree native to semi-arid areas of southern and western Australia (see this map). ... Astrebla is a small genus of xerophytic grasses endemic to Australia. ... Species About 100-200 species, including: Atriplex alaskensis (Alaska Orach) Atriplex amnicola (River Saltbush) Atriplex californica Atriplex calotheca Atriplex canescens (Four Wing Saltbush) Atriplex confertifolia Atriplex coronata (Crownscale Saltbush) Atriplex glabriuscula Atriplex halimus Atriplex heterosperma Atriplex hortensis (Garden or Red Orache) Atriplex hymenelytra Atriplex laciniata (Frosted Orache) Atriplex lentiformis Atriplex... Binomial name Maireana sedifolia (F.Muell. ... Austrodanthonia is a genus of 28 grass species found in Australia, New Guinea and New Zealand. ... Species Stipa arundinacea Stipa avenacea - black oat grass Stipa brachytricha - Korean feather grass Stipa calamagrostis - Spear Grass Stipa canadensis Stipa capillata Stipa comata Stipa gigantea - giant feather grass, golden oats Stipa joannis Stipa mollis Stipa pennata - feather grass Stipa pulchra - purple stipa Stipa spartea - porcupine grass Stipa splendens Stipa tenacissima... POA may refer to: Power of attorney, legal authorization to act on someone elses behalf Portable Object Adapter, part of the CORBA specification Salgado Filho International Airport, IATA airport code Porto Alegre, the city this airport is located Pacific Ocean Areas, area of the Pacific theater of operations assigned... Binomial name Themeda triandra (Forsk. ...

Until recently the macadamia nut was the only species grown widely for food, and commercial cultivation was started in Hawaii rather than in Australia.^[27] Increasing interest in bushfoods, in part due to the popular television series Bush Tucker Man narrated by Les Hiddins, has led to some species being investigated for wider use. Species identified to have prospects for commercial cultivation include: Acacia victoriae for edible wattleseed; Davidson's Plum, wild lime, finger lime, quandong, riberry, Kakadu plum, muntries, bush tomato, Illawarra plum for fruit; Tetragonia tetragonioides as a green vegetable; and, lemon aspen, lemon myrtle, native mountain pepper as seasonings. A few Australian native plants are used by the pharameceutical industry, such as two scopolamine and hyoscyamine producing Duboisia species and Solanum aviculare and S. laciniatum for the steroid solasodine. Essential oils from Melaleuca, Callitris, Prostanthera, Eucalyptus and Eremophila are also used medicinally. Due to the wide variety of flowers and foliage, Australian plant species are also popular for floriculture internationally. Species Macadamia claudiensis Macadamia grandis Macadamia hildebrandii Macadamia integrifolia Macadamia jansenii Macadamia ternifolia Macadamia tetraphylla Macadamia whelanii Macadamia is a genus of eight species of flowering plants in the family Proteaceae, with a disjunct distribution native to eastern Australia (seven species) and Indonesia (Sulawesi; one species, ). Macadamia integrifolia flowers They... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The word Bushfood refers to any Australian native food, although it sometimes is used with the specific connotation of food found in the Outback while living on the land. It is also called bushtucker. ... Les Hiddins aka The Bush Tucker Man is a retired Australian Army Major, who had a hit TV series in Australia. ... Binomial name Acacia victoriae Benth. ... Davidsonia is a genus containing three rainforest tree species, that are commonly known as the Davidson or Davidsons Plum. ... Binomial name Citrus glauca (Lindl. ... Binomial name Citrus australasica F. Muell. ... Binomial name Santalum acuminatum A.DC. Quandong (alternative spelling Quongdong, also called wild peach or desert peach) is the name given to three kinds of Australian wild bush plants (or bushtucker), of which two belong to the sandalwood genus (Santalum): Desert quandong, sweet quandong, or native peach (Santalum acuminatum). ... Binomial name Syzygium luehmannii (F.Muell. ... Binomial name Terminalia ferdinandiana Exell Terminalia ferdinandiana, also called the Gubinge, billygoat or Kakadu plum or Murunga, is a flowering plant in the family Combretaceae, native to Australia, widespread throughout the tropical woodlands from northwestern Australia to eastern Arnhem Land. ... Binomial name Kunzea pomifera Muntries (Kunzea pomifera) are also known as emu apples, native cranberries, munthari, muntaberry or monterry [1] . Muntries are low-growing plants found along the southern coast of Australia. ... Binomial name Solanum centrale J.M.Black Australian desert raisin (Solanum centrale) is a plant native to the more arid parts of Australia. ... Binomial name Podocarpus elatus R.Br. ... Binomial name Acronychia acidula F. Muell. ... Scientific name: Backhousia Citriodora. ... Species (not a complete list) Tasmannia is a genus of woody, evergreen flowering plants of the family Winteraceae. ... Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). ... Hyoscyamine is a chemical compound, a tropane alkaloid it is the levo-isomer to atropine. ... Binomial name - The Australian Corkwood Tree, native to Australia also known as Duboisia is a small shrub with a thick corky bark. ... Species 236; see List of Melaleuca species Melaleuca is a genus of plants in the myrtle family Myrtaceae. ... Species Sect. ... Prostanthera, or Mint bush, is a genus of plants of the family Lamiaceae. ... Species The bird genus Eremophila comprises the two horned larks: the Shore Lark, Eremophila alpestris, known in North America as the Horned Lark, and Temmincks Lark, or Temmincks Horned Lark, Eremophila bilopha. ...

Modification of the Australian environment by Indigenous Australians and following European settlement has impacted on the extent and the distribution of the flora. The changes since 1788 have been rapid and significant: displacement of Indigenous Australians disrupted fire régimes that had been in place for thousands of years; forestry practices have modified the structure of native forests; wetlands have been filled in; and broad scale land-clearing for crops, grazing and urban development has reduced native vegetation cover and led to landscape salinisation, increased sediment, nutrient and salt loads in rivers and streams, loss of habitat and a decline in biodiversity.^[28] The intentional and unintnetional release of invasive plant and animal species into delicate ecosystems is a major threat to floral biodiversity; 20 introduced species have been declared weeds of national significance.^[29] Since European settlement of Australia, 61 plant species are known to have become extinct; a further 1,239 species are presently considered threatened.^[30] Invasive species are a threat to the native biodiversity of Australia and are an ongoing cost to Australian agriculture. ...

Protected areas have been created in every state and territory to protect and preserve the country's unique ecosystems. These protected areas include national parks and other reserves, as well as 64 wetlands registered under the Ramsar Convention and 16 World Heritage Sites. As of 2002, 10.8% (774,619.51 km²) of the total land area of Australia is within protected areas.^[31] Protected marine zones have been created in many areas to preserve marine biodiversity; as of 2002, these areas cover about 7% (646,000 km²) of Australia's marine jurisdiction.^[32] The Australian Government's Threatened Species Scientific Committee has identified 15 biodiversity hotspots in Australian and 85 characteristic ecosystems, as classified by the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia, cover the continent; some effort is being made to ensure each is represented within a protected area under Australia's Biodiversity Action Plan.^[33][34] The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands, i. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region that is both a significant reservoir of biodiversity and is threatened with destruction. ... Diademed Sifaka, an endangered primate of Madagascar Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) is a an internationally recognized programme addressing threatened species or habitats, which is designed to protect and restore biological systems. ...

See also

• List of extinct Australian plants
• List of threatened Australian plants
• Flora of the Australian Capital Territory

This list of recently extinct Australian plants lists plants known to have been made extinct since the commencement of European settlement of Australia in 1788. ... The list of endangered Australian plants includes all plant species listed as critically endangered or endangered in Australia under the EPBC Act. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

References

Notes

The Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants (ASGAP) is a federation of seven state-based member societies for people interested in Australias native flora. ... The Department of the Environment and Heritage (DEH) is a department of the Australian federal government. ...

General references

External links

• National Vegetation Information System
• Flora of Australia Online
  • Flora of Australia Online - Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands
  • Flora of Australia Online - Oceanic Islands excluding Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands
• Australia's Virtual Herbarium
• What's its name? A searchable database for the Australian Plant Name Index
• Census of Freshwater Algae in Australia
• Australian Marine Algal Name Index
• Australian National Botanic Gardens Fungi Web Site
• Prehistoric Life - Plant Fossils of Australia Museum Victoria