View of the façade with Giotto's Bell Tower.

Detail of the left portal.

The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore is the cathedral church (Duomo) of Florence, Italy. The basilica is notable for its dome designed by Filippo Brunelleschi, its exterior facing of polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 474 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (506 × 640 pixels, file size: 280 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 474 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (506 × 640 pixels, file size: 280 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (960 × 1280 pixel, file size: 679 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Mosaic on the right portal of the Duomo Santa Maria del Fiore; Florence, Italy Own photo - photo taken by Georges Jansoone on 12 October 2005... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (960 × 1280 pixel, file size: 679 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Mosaic on the right portal of the Duomo Santa Maria del Fiore; Florence, Italy Own photo - photo taken by Georges Jansoone on 12 October 2005... For other uses, see Cathedral (disambiguation). ... The duomo of Milan. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... Look up basilica in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Sculpture of Brunelleschi looking at the dome in Florence Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – April 15, 1446) was one of the foremost architects of the Italian Renaissance. ... Polychrome is one of the terms used to describe the use of multiple colors in one entity. ... A panel is a thing that blocks one area from another. ...

History

The basilica was built on the site of a previous cathedral, Santa Reparata (locals of Florence continued to call the Cathedral by this former name for some time after reconstruction),^[1] and was inspired by the new cathedrals in Pisa and Siena. By the end of the 13th century, the nine-centuries-old church of Santa Reparata was crumbling with age, as attested in documents of that time such as the Nuova Cronica of Giovanni Villani (1276–1348).^[2] Furthermore, it had become too small in a period of rapid population expansion.^[2] Prosperous Florence also wanted to surpass in grandeur its Tuscan rivals, Pisa and Siena, with a yet more magnificent church, grander in size and more richly adorned. This cathedral was, as a result, the largest in Europe when completed, with room for 30,000 people. It is now only exceeded in size by Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City, Saint Paul's Cathedral in London, the Seville Cathedral, and the Milan Cathedral. Below the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore there are remains of a paleo-christian cult area and the building of Santa Reparata Ever since the barbaric ages there was an area in the north of Florence which was dedicated to the christian cult of the time and up to... For other uses, see Pisa (disambiguation). ... Piazza del Campo Siena is a city in Tuscany, Italy. ... Giovanni Villani (ca 1275-1348), the Florentine writer of the famous chronicles (the Cronica) is the greatest Italian chronicler of his own times and the cornerstone of the early medieval history of Florence. ... Interior view, with the nave of the Cattedra in the back St. ... St Pauls Cathedral is a cathedral on Ludgate Hill, in the City of London in London, and the seat of the Bishop of London. ... Cathedral from the Patio of Oranges Interior of the Cathedral Façade of the Cathedral The Cathedral of Seville, formally Catedral de Santa María de la Sede (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See) was begun in 1402, with construction continuing into the 16th century. ... , The Duomo di Milano from the Square. ...

The new church was designed by Arnolfo di Cambio in 1296 (although the design was altered several times and later reduced in size). Arnolfo di Cambio was also the famous architect of the church of Santa Croce and the Palazzo Vecchio. He designed three wide naves ending under the octagonal dome, with the middle nave covering the area of Santa Reparata. The first stone was laid on September 9, 1296 by Cardinal Valeriana, the first papal legate ever sent to Florence. The building of this vast project was to last 170 years, the collective efforts of several generations. The tabernacle over the high altar of St. ... Façade. ... Palazzo Vecchio The Palazzo Vecchio is the town hall of Florence, Italy. ... is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... March 30 - Edward I stormed Berwick-upon-Tweed, sacking the then Scottish border town with much bloodshed. ... A papal Legate, from the Decretals of Boniface VIII (1294 to 1303). ...

Giotto's belltower (campanile) in Florence

After Arnolfo died in 1302, work on the cathedral slowed for the following thirty years. The project obtained new impetus, when the relics of San Zanobius were discovered in 1330 in Santa Reparata. In 1331, the Arte della Lana (Guild of Wool Merchants) took over exclusive patronage for the construction of the cathedral and in 1334 appointed Giotto to oversee the work. Assisted by Andrea Pisano, Giotto continued along di Cambio's design. His major accomplishment was the building of the campanile. When Giotto died in 1337, Andrea Pisano continued the building until work was again halted due to the Black Plague in 1348. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2218x3327, 6373 KB) Giottos belltower (campanile) in Florence, Italy. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2218x3327, 6373 KB) Giottos belltower (campanile) in Florence, Italy. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... Saint Zenobius ( San Zenobio or San Zanobi) (337 – 417) is venerated as the first bishop of Florence. ... Giotto di Bondone (c. ... Andrea Pisano (c. ... A campanile (pronounced []) is, especially in Italy, a free-standing bell tower (Italian campana, bell), often adjacent to a church or cathedral. ... This article concerns the epidemic of the mid-14th century. ...

In 1349 work resumed on the cathedral under a series of architects, commencing with Francesco Talenti, who finished the campanile and enlarged the overall project to include the apse and the side chapels. In 1359 Talenti was succeeded by Giovanni di Lapo Ghini (1360–1369) who divided the center nave in four square bays. Other architects were Alberto Arnoldi, Giovanni d'Ambrogio, Neri di Fioravante and Orcagna. By 1375 the old church Santa Reparata was pulled down. The nave was finished by 1380, and by 1418 only the dome remained incomplete. Francesco Talenti (c. ... This article is about an architectural feature; for the astronomical term see apsis. ... Giovanni di Lapo Ghini was a 14th century Italian architect working in Florence, he was one of the architects who contributed to the completion of the basilica of Saint Maria of Fiore in the city. ... Andrea di Cione Arcangelo (c. ... Links to full descriptions of the elements of a Gothic floorplan are also found at the entry Cathedral diagram. ...

The exterior walls are faced in alternate vertical and horizontal bands of polychrome marble from Carrara (white), Prato (green), Siena (red), Lavenza and a few other places. These marble bands had to repeat the already existing bands on the walls of the earlier adjacent baptistery the Battistero di San Giovanni and Giotto's bell tower. There are two lateral doors, the Doors of the Canonici (south side) and the Door of the Mandorla (north side) with works of art of Nanni di Banco, Donatello, and Jacopo della Quercia. The six lateral windows, notable for their delicate tracery and ornaments, are separated by pilasters. Only the four windows, closest to the transept, admit light; The other two are merely ornamental. The clerestory windows are round, a common feature in Italian Gothic. The floor of the church was laid in marble tiles in the 16th century. Carrara is a city in the Massa Carrara province of Tuscany, Italy, famous for the white or blue-gray marble quarried there. ... Prato is a city in Tuscany, Italy, the capital of the Province of Prato. ... In Christian architecture the baptistery or baptistry (Latin baptisterium) is the separate centrally-planned structure surrounding the baptismal font. ... The Battistero di San Giovanni (Baptistery of St John) is believed to be the oldest building in Florence. ... Nanni dAntonio di Banco (c. ... Statue of Habacuc (popularly known as Zuccone) for the Giottos Bell Tower. ... Jacopo della Quercia (c. ... Cathedral ground plan. ... Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. ...

During its long history, this cathedral has been the seat of the Council of Florence (1439), heard the preachings of Girolamo Savonarola and witnessed the murder of Giuliano di Piero de' Medici on Easter Sunday, 26 April 1478 (with Lorenzo Il Magnifico barely escaping death). Girolamo Savonarola by Fra Bartolomeo, c. ... Portrait by Sandro Botticelli. ... This article is about the Christian festival. ... is the 116th day of the year (117th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events February 18 - George, Duke of Clarence, convicted of treason against his older brother Edward IV of England, is privately executed in the Tower of London. ... For other uses, see Lorenzo de Medici (disambiguation). ...

Brunelleschi, in the building of the dome, not only transformed the cathedral and the city of Florence, but also the role and status of the architect.

The Dome from the Bell Tower

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (859x521, 108 KB) Santa Maria del Fiore, view, Florence, Italy File from nl. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (859x521, 108 KB) Santa Maria del Fiore, view, Florence, Italy File from nl. ... Filippo Brunelleschi, 1377 - 1446, was the first great Florentine architect of the Italian Renaissance. ...

Dome

By the beginning of the 15th century, the drum of the church was built. However, the 42 meter wide space above the church's chancel still did not have the planned octagonal cupola, even though a brick model from 1367 already existed (as related in the "Life of Brunelleschi" by Antonio Manetti, ca. 1480). Cupola of St Peters Basilica, Rome In architecture, a cupola consists of a dome-shaped ornamental structure located on top of a larger roof or dome, often used as a lookout or to admit light and provide ventilation. ...

In 1419, the Arte della Lana held a competition to design a dome and cupola for the cathedral. The two main competitors were Lorenzo Ghiberti (famous for his work on the "Gates of Paradise" doors at the Baptistery) and Filippo Brunelleschi with Brunelleschi winning and receiving the commission.^[3] The Arte della Lana was the wool guild of Florence during the Late Middle Ages and in the Renaissance. ... Lorenzo Ghiberti on Gates of Paradise, Baptistery, Florence, self portrait. ... Sculpture of Brunelleschi looking at the dome in Florence Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – April 15, 1446) was one of the foremost architects of the Italian Renaissance. ...

The building of a stone dome posed many technical problems. Though Brunelleschi drew his inspiration from the great dome of the Pantheon in Rome, the use of concrete had long since been forgotten.^{[citation needed]} He would have to build the dome out of bricks. To show what his dome was to look like, he constructed a wooden and brick model with the help of Donatello and Nanni di Banco (on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo). Brunelleschi won by a nose. His model served as a guide for the craftsmen, but was intentionally incomplete, as to ensure his control over the construction. Facade of the Pantheon For other uses, see Pantheon (disambiguation). ... Statue of Habacuc (popularly known as Zuccone) for the Giottos Bell Tower. ...

Section of the dome of Florence Cathedral.

Brunelleschi's solutions were ingenious and unprecedented: the distinctive octagonal design of the double-walled dome, resting on a drum and not on the roof itself, allowed for the entire dome to be built without the need for scaffolding from the ground.^[3] But, because the dome rested on a drum with no external butresses supporting it, there could be no lateral thrusts at the base of the dome. To ensure this, Brunelleschi used horizontal tension chains of wood and iron set at the base of the dome. Image File history File links Brunelleshi-and-Duomo-of-Florence. ... Image File history File links Brunelleshi-and-Duomo-of-Florence. ...

This enormous construction weighs 37,000 tons and contains over 4 million bricks. He made several models and drawings of details during the construction. Brunelleschi had to invent special hoisting machines and lewissons for hoisting large stones. These specially designed machines and brilliant masonry techniques were Brunelleschi's spectacular contribution to architecture. The ability to transcribe a circle on a cone face within the innermost double-shelled wall makes the self-sustaining "horizontal" arch construction possible, since geometrically, a circular plan is needed for such an erection. A tonne (also called metric ton) is a non-SI unit of mass, accepted for use with SI, defined as: 1 tonne = 103 kg (= 106 g). ...

Ghiberti, appointed coadjutator, mocked these plans and called them unfeasible. Brunelleschi, deeply offended, then pretended a sickness and left for Rome, leaving the project in the hands of Ghiberti. But Ghiberti soon had to admit that the whole project was beyond him. In 1423 Brunelleschi was back in charge and took over sole responsibility.

Work started on the dome in 1420 and was completed in 1436. The cathedral was consecrated by Pope Eugene IV on March 25, 1436 (the first day of the year according to the Florentine calendar). It was the first 'octagonal' dome in history (The Roman Pantheon, a circular dome, was built in 117–128 C.E. with support structures) to be built without a wooden supporting frame and was the largest dome built at the time (it is still the largest masonry dome in the world). It had been one of the most impressive projects of the Renaissance. Eugenius IV, né Gabriel Condulmer (1383 - February 23, 1447) was pope from March 3, 1431 to his death. ... is the 84th day of the year (85th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events April - Paris is recaptured by the French End of the Hussite Wars in Bohemia. ... Facade of the Pantheon For other uses, see Pantheon (disambiguation). ... This article is about the European Renaissance of the 14th-17th centuries. ...

Brunelleschi's ability to crown the dome with a lantern was questioned and he had to undergo another competition. He was declared the winner over his competitors Lorenzo Ghiberti and Antonio Ciaccheri. His design was for an octagonal lantern with eight radiating buttresses and eight high arched windows (now on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo). Construction of the lantern was begun a few months before his death in 1446. Then, for 15 years, little progress was possible, due to alterations by several architects. The lantern was finally completed by Brunelleschi's friend Michelozzo in 1461. The conical roof was crowned with a gilt copper ball and cross, containing holy relics, by Verrocchio in 1469. This brings the total height of the dome and lantern to 114.5 metres (375 ft). This copper ball was struck by lightning on 17 July 1600 and fell down. It was replaced by an even larger one two years later. A buttress (and mostly concealed, a flying buttress) supporting walls at the Palace of Westminster Three different types of buttress: diagonal, on the statues plinth; an ordinary buttress supporting a flying buttress, to the right of the statue; a small ordinary buttress to the right side of the picture... Palazzo Medici in Florence. ... Categories: Artist stubs | 1435 births | 1488 deaths | Italian painters | Italian sculptors ... is the 198th day of the year (199th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1600 was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...

The commission for this bronze ball [atop the lantern] went to the sculptor Andrea del Verrocchio, in whose workshop there was at this time a young apprentice named Leonardo da Vinci. Fascinated by Filippo's [Brunelleschi's] machines, which Verrocchio used to hoist the ball, Leonardo made a series of sketches of them and, as a result, is often given credit for their invention.^[4]

The decorations of the drum gallery by Baccio d'Agnolo were never finished after being disapproved by no one less than Michelangelo. This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. ... For other uses, see Michelangelo (disambiguation). ...

A huge statue of Brunelleschi now sits outside the Palazzo dei Canonici in the Piazza del Duomo, looking thoughtfully up towards his greatest achievement, the dome that would forever dominate the panorama of Florence. Only 150 years later would this dome be surpassed by Michelangelo's dome of Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City. This article is about the famous building in Rome. ...

Side view with Brunelleschi's dome.

The building of the cathedral had started in 1296 with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and was completed in 1469 with the placing of Verrochio's copper ball atop the lantern. But the façade was still unfinished and would remain so until the nineteenth century. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2272 × 1704 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2272 × 1704 pixel, file size: 1. ...

Façade

The façade by Arnolfo di Cambio.

The original façade, designed by Arnolfo di Cambio and usually attributed to Giotto, was actually begun twenty years after Giotto's death. A mid-15th century pen-and-ink drawing of this so-called Giotto's façade is visible in the Codex Rustici, and in the drawing of Bernardino Poccetti in 1587, both on display in the Museum of the Opera del Duomo. This façade was the collective work of several artists, among them Andrea Orcagna and Taddeo Gaddi. This original façade was only completed in its lower portion and then left unfinished. It was dismantled in 1587-1588 by the Medici court architect Bernardo Buontalenti, ordered by Grand Duke Francesco I de' Medici, as it appeared totally outmoded in Renaissance times. Some of the original sculptures are on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo, behind the cathedral. Others are now in the Berlin Museum and in the Louvre. The competition for a new façade turned into a huge corruption scandal. The wooden model for the façade of Buontalenti is on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo. A few new designs have been proposed in later years but the models (of Giovanni Antonio Dosio, Giovanni de' Medici with Alessandro Pieroni and Giambologna) were not accepted. The façade was then left bare until the 19th century. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1704 × 2272 pixel, file size: 764 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) reconstruction of the old facade of Santa Maria del Fiore Duomo of Florence, Italy Firenze File historyClick on a date/time to view the file... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1704 × 2272 pixel, file size: 764 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) reconstruction of the old facade of Santa Maria del Fiore Duomo of Florence, Italy Firenze File historyClick on a date/time to view the file... Bernardino Poccetti, also known as Barbatelli, (born Florence 26 August, 1548-died 10 October, 1612), was a Florentine Mannerist painter. ... Andrea di Cione Arcangelo (c. ... The Angelic Announcement to the Shepherds (1328-30) Fresco in Cappella Baroncelli Santa Croce, Florence Taddeo Gaddi (c. ... Bernardo Buontalenti was an architect in the Italian Renaissance who designed the crypt of the Basilica di San Lorenzo for the Medici family. ... Francesco I of Tuscany. ... This article is about the museum. ...

Scene with angels on a bronze door.

Trompe l'oeil of Niccolò da Tolentino.

In 1864, a competition was held to design a new façade and was won by Emilio De Fabris (1808-1883) in 1871. Work was begun in 1876 and completed in 1887. This neo-gothic façade in white, green and red marble forms a harmonious entity with the cathedral, Giotto's belltower and the Baptistery, but some think it is excessively decorated. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (960x1280, 620 KB) Summary Door of middle portal (detail) of the Duomo Santa Maria del Fiore; Florence, Italy Own photo - photo made on 12 October 2005 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Santa Maria del Fiore Metadata... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (960x1280, 620 KB) Summary Door of middle portal (detail) of the Duomo Santa Maria del Fiore; Florence, Italy Own photo - photo made on 12 October 2005 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Santa Maria del Fiore Metadata... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (834x1224, 559 KB) Summary Fresco (transfered on canvas) of Niccolo da Tolentino by Andrea del Castagno; Duomo Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, Italy Own photo - photo made on 13 October 2005 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (834x1224, 559 KB) Summary Fresco (transfered on canvas) of Niccolo da Tolentino by Andrea del Castagno; Duomo Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, Italy Own photo - photo made on 13 October 2005 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file... [[: Le Image:Mural de Narbonne. ...

The whole façade is dedicated to the Mother of Christ.

The three huge bronze doors date from 1899 to 1903. They are adorned with scenes from the life of the Madonna. The mosaics in the lunettes above the doors were designed by Niccolò Barabino. They represent (from left to right): Charity among the founders of Florentine philantropic institutions, Christ enthroned with Mary and John the Baptist, Florentine artisans, merchants and humanists paying homage to the Faith. The pediment above the central portal contains a half-relief by Tito Sarrocchi of Mary enthroned holding a flowered scepter In architecture, a lunette (diminutive of French lune, moon) is a half-moon shaped space, either masonry or void. ... A pediment is a classical architectural element consisting of a triangular section or gable found above the horizontal superstructure (entablature) which lies immediately upon the columns. ...

On top of the façade is a series of niches with the twelve Apostles with, in the middle, the Madonna with Child. Between the rose window and the tympanum, there is a gallery with busts of great Florentine artists. The rose window in Bristol Cathedral, Bristol, England, at the western end of the nave. ... The Romanesque tympanum of Vézelay Abbey, Burgundy, France, 1130s. ...

Interior

Detail of Last Judgement by Giorgio Vasari and Federico Zuccari.

Dante and the Divine Comedy.

Interior of the Duomo.

The cathedral is built as a basilica, with a nave and two aisles, forming a Roman cross. The nave and the aisles are divided by wide pointed arches with composite pilasters, dividing the nave into four square bays. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3519x2345, 5803 KB) Detail of the Last Judgement inside the Santa Maria Del Fiore, Florence, Italy. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3519x2345, 5803 KB) Detail of the Last Judgement inside the Santa Maria Del Fiore, Florence, Italy. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1018x825, 602 KB) Summary Dante and the Divine Comedy, by Domenico di Michelino Own photo - photo made on 13 October 2005 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Santa Maria del Fiore Metadata This file contains additional information... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1018x825, 602 KB) Summary Dante and the Divine Comedy, by Domenico di Michelino Own photo - photo made on 13 October 2005 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Santa Maria del Fiore Metadata This file contains additional information... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 440 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (470 × 640 pixels, file size: 284 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 440 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (470 × 640 pixels, file size: 284 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...

Its dimensions are enormous: length 153 metres (502 ft), width 38 metres (124 ft), width at the crossing 90 metres (295 ft). The height of the arches in the aisles is 23 metres (75 ft). The height from pavement to the opening of the lantern in the dome is also 90 metres (295 ft). Cathedral floor plan (crossing is shaded) A crossing, in ecclesiastical architecture, refers to the junction of the four arms of a cruciform (cross-shaped) church. ...

The Gothic interior is vast and gives an empty impression. The relative bareness of the church corresponds with the austerity of religious life, as preached by Girolamo Savonarola. The western facade of Reims Cathedral, France. ...

Many decorations in the church have been lost in the course of time, or have been transferred to the Museum Opera del Duomo, such as the magnificent cantorial pulpits (the singing galleries for the choristers) of Luca della Robbia and Donatello. A cantor is a musician working in a church with responsibilities for the singing in the church. ... Luca della Robbia (1400-1482) was a Florentine sculptor noted for his terracotta roundels. ...

As this cathedral was built with funds from the public, some important works of art in this church honour illustrious men and military leaders of Florence:

• Dante and the Divine Comedy by Domenico di Michelino (1465). This painting is especially interesting because it shows us, apart from scenes of the Divine Comedy, a view on Florence in 1465, a Florence such as Dante himself couldn't have seen in his time.
• Funerary Monument to Sir John Hawkwood by Paolo Uccello (1436). This almost monochrome fresco, transferred on canvas in the 19th c., is painted in terra verde, a color closest to the patina of bronze.
• Equestrian statue of Niccolò da Tolentino by Andrea del Castagno (1456). This fresco, transferred on canvas in the 19th c., in the same style as the previous one, is painted in a color resembling marble. However, it is more richly decorated and gives more the impression of movement. Both frescoes portray the condottieri as heroic figures riding triumphantly. Both painters had problems when applying in painting the new rules of perspective to foreshortening: they used two unifying points, one for the horse and one for the pedestal, instead a single unifying point.
• Busts of Giotto (by Benedetto da Maiano), Brunelleschi (by Buggiano - 1447), Marsilio Ficino, and Antonio Squarcialupi (a most famous organist). These busts all date from the 15th and the 16th century.

Above the main door is the colossal clock face with fresco portraits of four Prophets or Evangelists by Paolo Uccello (1443). This one-handed liturgical clock shows the 24 hours of the hora italica (Italian time), a period of time ending with sunset at 24 hours. This timetable was used till the 18th century. This is one of the few clocks from that time that still exist and are in working order. DANTE is also a digital audio network. ... Dante shown holding a copy of the Divine Comedy, next to the entrance to Hell, the seven terraces of Mount Purgatory and the city of Florence, with the spheres of Heaven above, in Michelinos fresco. ... Michelinos fresco Dante and his Work in the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore. ... Paolo Uccello (born Paolo di Dono, 1397 – December 10, 1475) was an Italian painter who was notable for his pioneering work on visual perspective in art. ... Niccolò da Tolentino portrayed in the Battle of San Romano by Paolo Uccello. ... Our Lady of the Assumption with Sts Miniato and Julian (1450) Panel, 150 x 158 cm Staatliche Museen, Berlin Andrea del Castagno (c. ... Condottieri (singular condottiere (in English) or condottiero (in Italian)) were mercenary leaders employed by Italian city-states from the late Middle Ages until the mid-sixteenth century. ... Marsilio Ficino (Latin name: Marsilius Ficinus; Figline Valdarno, October 19, 1433 - Careggi, October 1, 1499) was one of the most influential humanist philosophers of the early Italian Renaissance, an astrologer, a reviver of Neoplatonism who was in touch with every major academic thinker and writer of his day, and the... Antonio Squarcialupi (March 27, 1416 – July 6, 1480) was an Italian organist and composer. ...

The church is particularly notable for its 44 stained glass windows, the largest undertaking of this kind in Italy in the 14th and 15th century. The windows in the aisles and in the transept depict saints from the Old and the New Testament, while the circular windows in the drum of the dome or above the entrance depict Christ and Mary. They are the work of the greatest Florentine artists of their times, such as Donatello, Lorenzo Ghiberti, Paolo Uccello and Andrea del Castagno. Strictly speaking, stained glass is glass that has been painted with silver stain and then fired. ...

Christ crowning Mary as Queen, the stained-glass circular window above the clock, with a rich range of coloring, was designed by Gaddo Gaddi in the early 14th century. Gaddo Gaddi (c, 1239-c. ...

Donatello designed the stained-glass window (Coronation of the Virgin) in the drum of the dome (the only one that can be seen from the nave).

Tomb of Antonio d'Orso by Tino da Camaino.

The beautiful funeral monument of Antonio d'Orso (1323), bishop of Florence, was made by Tino da Camaino, the most important funeral sculptor of his time. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1280x960, 557 KB) Summary Tomb of Antonio dOrso, bishop of Florence, by Tino da Camaino (1323); Duomo Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, Italy Own photo - photo made on 13 October 2005 Licensing File links The following pages link to this... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1280x960, 557 KB) Summary Tomb of Antonio dOrso, bishop of Florence, by Tino da Camaino (1323); Duomo Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, Italy Own photo - photo made on 13 October 2005 Licensing File links The following pages link to this... Tomb of Antonio dOrso, in Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence. ...

The monumental crucifix, behind the Bishop's Chair at the high altar, is by Benedetto da Maiano (1495-1497). The choir enclosure is the work of the famous Bartolommeo Bandinelli. The ten-paneled bronze doors of the sacristy were made by Luca della Robbia, who has also two glazed terracotta works inside the sacristy: Angel with Candlestick and Resurrection of Christ. Pulpit of Santa Croce in Florence St. ... Bartolommeo (or Baccio) Bandinelli, actually Bartolommeo Brandini (October 17, 1488 - February 7, 1560), was a prominent Renaissance Florentine sculptor and painter. ... Terra cotta is a hard semifired waterproof ceramic clay used in pottery and building construction. ...

In the back of the middle of the three apses is the altar of Saint Zanobius, first bishop of Florence. Its silver shrine, a masterpiece of Ghiberti, contains the urn with his relics. The central compartment shows us one his miracles, the reviving of a dead child. Above this shrine is the painting Last Supper by the lesser-known Giovanni Balducci. There was also a glass-paste mosaic panel The Bust of Saint Zanobius by the 16th century miniaturist Monte di Giovanni, but it is now on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo. Saint Zenobius ( San Zenobio or San Zanobi) (337 – 417) is venerated as the first bishop of Florence. ... Giovanni Balducci, called Il Cosci, (ca. ...

Many decorations date from the 16th century, under patronage from the Grand Dukes, such as the pavement in colored marble, attributed to Baccio d'Agnolo and Francesco da Sangallo (1520-26). Some pieces of marble from the facade were used, topside down, in the flooring (as was shown by the restoration of the floor after the 1966 flooding).

The last Judgment under the dome.

At first, it was suggested that the interior of the 45 metre (147 ft) wide dome should be covered with a mosaic decoration to make the most of the available light coming through the circular windows of the drum and through the lantern. Brunelleschi has proposed the vault to glimmer with resplendent gold, but his death in 1446 put an end to this project, and the walls of the dome were whitewashed. Grand Duke Cosimo I de' Medici decided to have the dome painted with a representation of The Last Judgment. This enormous work, 3,600 metres² (38 750 ft²) of painted surface, was started in 1568 by Giorgio Vasari and Federico Zuccari and would last till 1579. The upper portion, near the lantern, representing The 24 Elders of Apoc. 4 was finished by Vasari before his death in 1574. Federico Zuccari and a number of collaborators, such as Domenico Cresti, finished the other portions: (from top to bottom) Choirs of Angels; Christ, Mary and Saints; Virtues, Gifts of the Holy Spirit and Beatitudes; and at the bottom of the cuppola: Capital Sins and Hell. These frescoes are considered Zuccari's greatest work. But the quality of the work is uneven because of the input of different artists and the different techniques. Vasari had used true fresco, while Zuccari had painted in secco. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2856x2142, 2973 KB) Image from the inside of the Duomo of Santa Maria del Fiore (Florence) taken by D. Gayo on August 2005. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2856x2142, 2973 KB) Image from the inside of the Duomo of Santa Maria del Fiore (Florence) taken by D. Gayo on August 2005. ... Cosimo I de Medici in Armour by Agnolo Bronzino Cosimo I de Medici (June 12, 1519 – April 21, 1574) was the first Grand Duke of Tuscany, ruling from 1537 to 1574, during the waning days of the Renaissance. ... Giorgio Vasari (30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian painter and architect, who is today famous for his biographies of Italian artists, considered the ideological foundation of art-historical writing. ... Federico Zuccari. ... Galileo portrait by Passignano Domenico Passignano (born Cresti or Crespi) (Florence 1559 - 1636) was an Italian painter of a late-Renaissance or Contra-Maniera style that emerged in FLorence towards the end of the 16th century. ... For other uses, see Fresco (disambiguation). ... the technique of painting in watercolors on dry plaster. ...

Crypt

Tomb of Filippo Brunelleschi.

The cathedral underwent difficult excavations between 1965 and 1974. The subterranean vaults were used for the burial of Florentine bishops throughout the centuries. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1280x960, 368 KB) Summary Tomb of Flippo brunelleschi underneath the Duomo Santa Maria del Fiore; Florence, Italy Own photo - photo made on 12 October 2005 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Santa Maria del Fiore Metadata This... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1280x960, 368 KB) Summary Tomb of Flippo brunelleschi underneath the Duomo Santa Maria del Fiore; Florence, Italy Own photo - photo made on 12 October 2005 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Santa Maria del Fiore Metadata This...

Recently the archeological history of this huge area was reconstructed: remains of Roman houses, an early Christian pavement, ruins of the former cathedral of Santa Reparata and successive enlargements of this church. Close to the entrance, in the part of the crypt open to the public, is the tomb of Brunelleschi. That the architect was permitted such a prestigious burial place is proof of the high esteem he was given by the Florentines.

Footnotes

References

• Bartlett, Kenneth R. (1992). The Civilization of the Italian Renaissance. Toronto: D.C. Heath and Company. ISBN 0-669-20900-7 (Paperback).
• King, Ross (2000). Brunelleschi's Dome. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-200015-9. 
• Jepson, Tim (2001). The National Geographic Traveler, Florence & Tuscany. National Geographic Society. ISBN 90-215-9720-9. 
• Henry A. Millon (ed.) (1994). Italian Renaissance Architecture: from Brunelleschi to Michelangelo. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27921-7. 
• Montrésor, Carlo (2000). The Opera del Duomo, Museum in Florence. Mandragora. 
• Wirtz, Rolf C.. Kunst & Architektur, Florenz. Köneman, 2005. ISBN 3-8331-1576-9. 
• Marica S. Tacconi, Cathedral and Civic Ritual in Late Medieval and Renaissance Florence: The Service Books of Santa Maria del Fiore. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 13 978-0-521-81704-2

It has been suggested that Penguin Modern Poets, Penguin Great Ideas be merged into this article or section. ... This article is about the organization. ... Thames & Hudson (also Thames and Hudson and sometimes T&H for brevity) are a publisher, especially of art and illustrated books, founded in 1949 by Walter and Eva Neurath. ... Species Mandragora autumnalis Mandragora officinarum Mandragora turcomanica Mandragora caulescens Mandrake is the common name for members of the plant genus Mandragora belonging to the nightshades family (Solanaceae). ...

External links

• L'Opera del Duomo, Firenze
• The Cathedral. The Florence Art Guide (2004). Retrieved on July 14, 2006.
• Horner, Susan; Horner, Joanna (December 27, 2005). Chapter III: The Cathedral - Exterior. Walks in Florence. Retrieved on July 14, 2006.
• Duomo. Minosh Photography. Retrieved on July 14, 2006.
• Rick Edmondson's Unfinished Buildings

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Duomo Santa Maria del Fiore

• Florence Cathedral is at coordinates 43°46′24″N 11°15′22″E / 43.773232, 11.255992 (Florence Cathedral)Coordinates: 43°46′24″N 11°15′22″E / 43.773232, 11.255992 (Florence Cathedral)

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (362nd in leap years). ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...

v • d • e Florence landmarks
	Bargello | Battistero | Boboli Gardens | David | Brancacci Chapel | Giotto's Bell Tower | Palazzo Pitti | Palazzo Strozzi | Palazzo Vecchio | Ponte Vecchio | San Lorenzo | San Marco | San Miniato | Santa Croce | Santa Maria del Fiore | Santa Maria Novella | Santo Spirito | Uffizi

This article is about the city in Italy. ... Taj Mahal Big Ben Saint Basils Cathedral Azadi Square in Tehran For other senses of this word, see landmark (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (700x921, 196 KB) Summary it: Stemma del Comune di Firenze (Provincia di Firenze). ... the Bargello For the type of embroidery, please visit Bargello (needlework) The Bargello palace was built in 1255 to house first the Capitano del Populo and later, in 1261, the Podestà, the highest magistrate of the Florence City Council, Italy. ... The Battistero of San Giovanni. ... The Boboli Gardens is a famous park in Florence, Italy that is home to a small but distinguished collection of sculptures. ... The Statue of David, sculpted from 1501 to 1504, is a masterpiece of Renaissance sculpture and one of Michelangelos two greatest works of sculpture, along with the Pietà. It is the statue of the young Israelite king David alone that almost certainly holds the title of the most recognizable... The Tribute Money, fresco by Masaccio in the Brancacci Chapel. ... Giotto’s bell tower (campanile) stands on the Cathedral square (Piazza del Duomo) in Florence, Italy. ... Early, tinted 20th-century photograph of the Palazzo Pitti, then still known as La Residenza Reale following the residency of King Emmanuel II between 1865–71, when Florence was the capital of Italy. ... The Strozzi Palace in Florence, Italy, was begun by Benedetto deMaiano, for Filippo Strozzi an unfortunate rival of Medici. ... Palazzo Vecchio The Palazzo Vecchio is the town hall of Florence, Italy. ... Ponte Vecchio Ponte Vecchio at night View of the Ponte Vecchio from above The Ponte Vecchio (IPA pronunciation: ) (Italian for Old Bridge)[1] is a Medieval bridge over the Arno River, in Florence, Italy, noted for having shops (mainly jewellers) built along it. ... Exterior from the Piazza San Lorenzo. ... The façade and the bell tower of San Marco in Florence. ... San Miniato al Monte and the Bishops Palace The Basilica di San Miniato al Monte (Basilica of St Minias on the Mountain) stands atop one of the highest points in Florence, and has been described as the finest Romanesque structure in Tuscany and one of the most beautiful churches... The Basilica di Santa Croce (Basilica of the Holy Cross) is the principal Franciscan church in Florence, Italy, and a minor basilica of the Roman Catholic Church. ... The narrow courtyard between the Uffizis two wings creates the effect of a short, idealized street. ...