Florence Nightingale
Born	12 May 1820(1820-05-12) Florence Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Died	13 August 1910 (aged 90) Park Lane, London, England.
Profession	Nurse
Institutions	Selimiye Barracks, Scutari
Specialism	Hospital hygiene and sanitation
Known for	Pioneering modern nursing
Notable prizes	Royal Red Cross Order of Merit

Embley Park, now a school, was the family home of Florence Nightingale.

The grave of Florence Nightingale in the churchyard of St. Margaret's Church, East Wellow.

Florence Nightingale, OM, RRC (in her own pronunciation IPA: [ˈflɒɾəns ˈnaɪtɪŋgeɪl]; 12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910), who came to be known as "The Lady with the Lamp", was a pioneer of modern nursing, a writer and a noted statistician. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (416x640, 57 KB) Date 1920 (reproduction) Author Perry Pictures Permission No known restrictions on publication. ... is the 132nd day of the year (133rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Florence (or Firenze, Florentia and Fiorenza) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany, and of the province of Florence. ... The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was a state in central Italy which came into existence in 1569, replacing the Duchy of Florence, which had been created out of the old Republic of Florence in 1532, and which annexed the Republic of Siena in 1557. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Park Lane is a major road in Central London, England. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... This article is about the occupation. ... Selimiye Barracks, also known as Scutari Barracks is a Turkish army barracks located in the Ãœsküdar district on the Asian part of Istanbul, Turkey. ... Ãœsküdar (ancient Scutari) was a city in Bithynia in Anatolia. ... Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness. ... E. Coli bacteria under magnification Sanitation is the hygienic disposal or recycling of waste, as well as the policy and practice of protecting health through hygienic measures. ... The Royal Cross is a military decoration awarded in the United Kingdom for exceptional services in military nursing. ... The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Embley Park is in London This article is a substub, the first step on the way to becoming a full article. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (570 × 760 pixel, file size: 159 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Florence Nightingales grave in the churchyard of St Margarets Church, East Wellow. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (570 × 760 pixel, file size: 159 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Florence Nightingales grave in the churchyard of St Margarets Church, East Wellow. ... Wellow is a village in Hampshire, England that falls within the Test Valley district. ... The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. ... The Royal Cross is a military decoration awarded in the United Kingdom for exceptional services in military nursing. ... is the 132nd day of the year (133rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about the occupation. ... A writer is anyone who creates a written work, although the word more usually designates those who write creatively or professionally, or those who have written in many different forms. ... Statisticians are mathematicians who work with theoretical and applied statistics in the both the private and public sectors. ...

Biography

Early life

Florence Nightingale was born into a rich, upper-class well-connected English family at the Villa Colombaia, Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, and was named after the city of her birth.^[1] For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Florence (or Firenze, Florentia and Fiorenza) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany, and of the province of Florence. ... The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was a state in central Italy which came into existence in 1569, replacing the Duchy of Florence, which had been created out of the old Republic of Florence in 1532, and which annexed the Republic of Siena in 1557. ...

Her parents were William Edward Nightingale (1794–1875) and Frances Nightingale née Smith (1789–1880). William Nightingale was born William Edward Shore. His mother Mary née Evans was the niece of one Peter Nightingale, under the terms of whose will William Shore not only inherited his estate Lea Hurst in Derbyshire, but also assumed the name and arms of Nightingale. Fanny's father (Florence's maternal grandfather) was the abolitionist Will Smith. Derbyshire is a county in the East Midlands of England. ... William Smith (1756 – 1835), British politician and dissenter, M.P. for Norwich. ...

Inspired by what she took as a Christian divine calling, experienced first in 1837 at Embley Park and later throughout Florence's life, she committed herself to nursing (though discouraged by her parents). This demonstrated a passion on her part, and also a rebellion against the expected role for a woman of her status, which was to become a wife and mother. In those days, nursing was a career with a poor reputation, filled mostly by poorer women, "hangers-on" who followed the armies.^{[citation needed]} In fact, nurses were equally likely to function as cooks.^{[citation needed]} Nightingale announced her decision to enter nursing in 1845 bringing intense anger and distress to her family, particularly her mother. For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ... A vocation is an occupation, either professional or voluntary, that is seen to those who carry it out as offering more than simply financial reward. ... Embley Park is in London This article is a substub, the first step on the way to becoming a full article. ... A cook is a person that prepares food for consumption. ... Binomial name Luscinia megarhynchos (Brehm, 1831) This article is about the bird. ...

She cared for poor and indigent people. In December 1844, in response to a pauper's death in a workhouse infirmary in London that became a public scandal^{[citation needed]}, she became the leading advocate for improved medical care in the infirmaries and immediately engaged the support of Charles Villiers, then president of the Poor Law Board. This led to her active role in the reform of the Poor Laws, extending far beyond the provision of medical care. She was later instrumental in mentoring and then sending Agnes Elizabeth Jones and other Nightingale Probationers to Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary. Former workhouse at Nantwich, dating from 1780 A workhouse was a place where people who were unable to support themselves could go to live and work. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Charles Pelham Villiers (January 3, 1802–January 16, 1898) was a British politician and lawyer of the 19th century. ... The Poor Law Board was established in the United Kingdom in 1847 as a successor body to the triumvirate of Poor Law Commissioners overseeing the administration of the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act. ... The Poor Law was the system for the provision of social security in operation in England and the United Kingdom from the 16th century until the establishment of the Welfare State in the 20th century. ... Mentoring refers to a developmental relationship between a more experienced mentor and a less experienced partner referred to as a mentoree (sometimes vernacularized into mentee) or protégé. // Historical The roots of the practice are lost in antiquity. ... It has been suggested that Agnes Jones be merged into this article or section. ... For other uses, see Liverpool (disambiguation). ... Former workhouse at Nantwich, dating from 1780 A workhouse was a place where people who were unable to support themselves could go to live and work. ...

Nightingale was courted by politician and poet Richard Monckton Milnes, 1st Baron Houghton, but she rejected him, convinced that marriage would interfere with her ability to follow her calling to nursing. When in Rome in 1847, recovering from a mental breakdown precipitated by a continuing crisis of her relationship with Milnes, she met Sidney Herbert, a brilliant politician who had been Secretary at War (1845–1846), a position he would hold again during the Crimean War. Herbert was already married, but he and Nightingale were immediately attracted to each other and they became lifelong close friends. Herbert was instrumental in facilitating her pioneering work in Crimea and in the field of nursing, and she became a key advisor to him in his political career. In 1851 she rejected Milnes' marriage proposal against her mother's wishes. Richard Monckton Milnes Richard Monckton Milnes, 1st Baron Houghton (June 19, 1809 - August 11, 1885) was an English poet and politician. ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... Statue Of Sidney Herbert at Waterloo Place London Sidney Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Lea (16 September 1810 - 2 August 1861) was an English statesman. ... The Secretary at War was a position with some responsibility over the administration of the British military. ... Combatants Allies: Second French Empire British Empire Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Russian Empire Bulgarian volunteers Casualties 90,000 French 35,000 Turkish 17,500 British 2,194 Sardinian killed, wounded and died of disease ~134,000 killed, wounded and died of disease The Crimean War (1853–1856) was fought...

Nightingale also had strong and intimate relations with Benjamin Jowett, particularly about the time that she was considering leaving money in her will to establish a Chair in Applied Statistics at the University of Oxford.^[2] Benjamin Jowett (April 15, 1817 – October 1, 1893) was an English scholar and theologian, Master of Balliol College, Oxford. ... This article is about the field of statistics. ... The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University), located in the city of Oxford, England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ...

In 1850 she visited the Lutheran religious community at Kaiserswerth-am-Rhein where she observed Pastor Theodor Fliedner and the deaconesses working for the sick and the deprived. She regarded the experience as a turning point in her life, and issued her findings anonymously in 1851; The Institution of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, for the Practical Training of Deaconesses, etc. was her first published work.^[3] Kaiserswerth is one of the oldest parts of the City of Düsseldorf, it is in the north of the city, and next to the river Rhine. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

On 22 August 1853, Nightingale took a post of superintendent at the Institute for the Care of Sick Gentlewomen in Upper Harley Street, London, a position she held until October 1854. Her father had given her an annual income of £500 (roughly £25,000/US$50,000 in present terms), which allowed her to live comfortably and to pursue her career. James Joseph Sylvester is said to have been her mentor. is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1853 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... James Joseph Sylvester James Joseph Sylvester (September 3, 1814 - March 15, 1897) was an English mathematician and lawyer. ...

Crimean War

Florence Nightingale's most famous contribution came during the Crimean War, which became her central focus when reports began to filter back to Britain about the horrific conditions for the wounded. On 21 October 1854, she and a staff of 38 women volunteer nurses, trained by Nightingale and including her aunt Mai Smith,^[4] were sent (under the authorization of Sidney Herbert) to Turkey, about 545 km across the Black Sea from Balaklava in the Crimea, where the main British camp was based. Combatants Allies: Second French Empire British Empire Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Russian Empire Bulgarian volunteers Casualties 90,000 French 35,000 Turkish 17,500 British 2,194 Sardinian killed, wounded and died of disease ~134,000 killed, wounded and died of disease The Crimean War (1853–1856) was fought... is the 294th day of the year (295th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1854 (MDCCCLIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses, see Black Sea (disambiguation). ... Balaklava (Ukrainian: , Russian: , Crimean Tatar: ) is a town in the Crimea, Ukraine which has an official status of a district of the city of Sevastopol. ... Motto: ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ñ†Ð²ÐµÑ‚ание в единстве(Russian) Protsvetanie v edinstve(transliteration) Prosperity in unity Anthem: ÐÐ¸Ð²Ñ‹ и горы твои волшебны, Родина(Russian) Nivy i gory tvoi volshebny, Rodina(transliteration) Your fields and mounts are wonderful, Motherland Location of Crimea (red) with respect to Ukraine (light blue). ...

Nightingale arrived early in November 1854 at Selimiye Barracks in Scutari (modern-day Üsküdar in Istanbul). She and her nurses found wounded soldiers being badly cared for by overworked medical staff in the face of official indifference. Medicines were in short supply, hygiene was being neglected, and mass infections were common, many of them fatal. There was no equipment to process food for the patients. Selimiye Barracks, also known as Scutari Barracks is a Turkish army barracks located in the Ãœsküdar district on the Asian part of Istanbul, Turkey. ... Ãœsküdar (ancient Scutari) was a city in Bithynia in Anatolia. ... Ãœsküdar (ancient Scutari) was a city in Bithynia in Anatolia. ... Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural and financial center. ... For the chemical substances known as medicines, see medication. ... Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness. ... An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ...

Florence and her compatriots began by thoroughly cleaning the hospital and equipment and reorganizing patient care. However, during her time at Scutari, the death rate did not drop; on the contrary, it began to rise. The death count would be highest of all other hospitals in the region. During her first winter at Scutari, 4077 soldiers died there. Ten times more soldiers died from illnesses such as typhus, typhoid, cholera and dysentery than from battle wounds. Conditions at the temporary barracks hospital were so fatal to the patients because of overcrowding and the hospital's defective sewers and lack of ventilation. A sanitary commission had to be sent out by the British government to Scutari in March 1855, almost six months after Florence Nightingale had arrived, which flushed out the sewers and improved ventilation. Death rates were sharply reduced. For the unrelated disease caused by Salmonella typhi, see Typhoid fever. ... This is about the disease typhoid fever. ... Distribution of cholera Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious gastroenteritis caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. ... Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is frequent, small-volume, severe diarrhea that shows blood in the feces along with intestinal cramping and tenesmus (painful straining to pass stool). ... For the art of stitching, see Sewing. ...

Nightingale continued believing the death rates were due to poor nutrition and supplies and overworking of the soldiers. It was not until after she returned to Britain and began collecting evidence before the Royal Commission on the Health of the Army, that she came to believe that most of the soldiers at the hospital were killed by poor living conditions. This experience would influence her later career, when she advocated sanitary living conditions as of great importance. Consequently, she reduced deaths in the Army during peacetime and turned attention to the sanitary design of hospitals.

The Lady with the Lamp

During the Crimean campaign Florence Nightingale gained the nickname "The Lady with the Lamp", deriving from a phrase in a report in The Times:

She is a ‘ministering angel’ without any exaggeration in these hospitals, and as her slender form glides quietly along each corridor, every poor fellow's face softens with gratitude at the sight of her. When all the medical officers have retired for the night and silence and darkness have settled down upon those miles of prostrate sick, she may be observed alone, with a little lamp in her hand, making her solitary rounds.^[5]

The phrase was further popularised by Henry Longfellow's 1857 poem "Santa Filomena": Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27, 1807–March 24, 1882) was an American poet who wrote many poems that are still famous today, including The Song of Hiawatha and Evangeline. ...

Lo! in that hour of misery
A lady with a lamp I see
Pass through the glimmering gloom,
And flit from room to room.

Return home

Florence Nightingale returned to Britain a heroine on 7 August 1857, and, according to the BBC, was arguably the most famous Victorian after Queen Victoria herself. Nightingale moved from her family home in Middle Claydon, Buckinghamshire, to the Burlington Hotel in Piccadilly. However, she was stricken by a fever, probably due to a chronic form of Brucellosis ("Crimean fever") that she contracted during the Crimean war.^[6] She barred her mother and sister from her room and rarely left it. is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... Queen Victoria redirects here. ... Middle Claydon is a village in Buckinghamshire, England. ... Buckinghamshire (abbreviated Bucks) is one of the home counties in South East England. ... Piccadilly is a major London street, running from Hyde Park Corner in the west to Piccadilly Circus in the east. ...

In response to an invitation from Queen Victoria – and despite the limitations of confinement to her room – Nightingale played the central role in the establishment of the Royal Commission on the Health of the Army, of which Sidney Herbert became chairman. As a woman, Nightingale could not be appointed to the Royal Commission, but she wrote the Commission's 1,000-plus page report that included detailed statistical reports, and she was instrumental in the implementation of its recommendations. The report of the Royal Commission led to a major overhaul of army military care, and to the establishment of an Army Medical School and of a comprehensive system of army medical records. In states that are Commonwealth Realms a Royal Commission is a major government public inquiry into an issue. ... Medical records refer to records, either in paper or electronic form, of the results of medical tests, diagnoses and treatments for individuals. ...

Later career

While she was still in Turkey, on 29 November 1855, a public meeting to give recognition to Florence Nightingale for her work in the war led to the establishment of the Nightingale Fund for the training of nurses. There was an outpouring of generous donations. Sidney Herbert served as honorary secretary of the fund, and the Duke of Cambridge was chairman. Nightingale was also considered a pioneer in the concept of medical tourism as well based on her letters from 1856 in which she would write of spas in Turkey detailing the health conditions, physical descriptions, dietary information, and other vitally important details of patients whom she directed there (which was significantly less expensive than Switzerland). She was obviously directing patients of meagre means to affordable treatment. is the 333rd day of the year (334th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1855 (MDCCCLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Prince George, 2nd Duke of Cambridge Prince George, Duke of Cambridge (26 March 1819 – 17 March 1904), was a member of the British Royal Family, a male-line grandson of King George III. The Duke was an army officer and served as commander-in-chief of the British Army from... Medical tourism (also called medical travel or health tourism) is a term initially coined by travel agencies and the mass media to describe the rapidly-growing practice of traveling to another country to obtain health care. ...

By 1859 Nightingale had £45,000 at her disposal from the Nightingale Fund to set up the Nightingale Training School at St. Thomas' Hospital on 9 July 1860. (It is now called the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery and is part of King's College London.) The first trained Nightingale nurses began work on 16 May 1865 at the Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary. She also campaigned and raised funds for the Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital in Aylesbury, near her family home. Saint Thomas’ Hospital. ... is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... The Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery is a school within Kings College London. ... For other uses, see Kings College. ... is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... The Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital was founded in 1832 in response to the cholera epidemic that swept across England at that time. ... This page is about Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire, England. ...

Nightingale wrote Notes on Nursing, which was published in 1860, a slim 136 page book that served as the cornerstone of the curriculum at the Nightingale School and other nursing schools established. Notes on Nursing also sold well to the general reading public and is considered a classic introduction to nursing. Nightingale would spend the rest of her life promoting the establishment and development of the nursing profession and organizing it into its modern form. Notes on Nursing Notes on Nursing: What it is and What it is Not was a book published by Florence Nightingale in the year 1860. ...

Nightingale's work served as an inspiration for nurses in the American Civil War. The Union government approached her for advice in organizing field medicine. Although her ideas met official resistance, they inspired the volunteer body of United States Sanitary Commission. Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... Animated map of secession, Civil War and re-admission:  States of the Union  Territories of the Union (including occupied territory)  States of the Confederacy  Territories claimed by Confederacy During the American Civil War, the Union was a name used to refer to the twenty-three states of the United States... The United States Sanitary Commission was an official agency of the United States government, created by legislation signed by President of the United States Abraham Lincoln on June 18, 1861, to coordinate the volunteer efforts of women who wanted to contribute to the war effort of the Union states during...

In 1869, Nightingale and Elizabeth Blackwell opened the Women's Medical College. Blackwell was commemorated on a U.S. postage stamp. ...

In the 1870s, Nightingale mentored Linda Richards, "America's first trained nurse", and enabled her to return to the USA with adequate training and knowledge to establish quality nursing schools. Linda Richards went on to become a great nursing pioneer in the USA and Japan. Linda Richards is a famous nursing pioneer and has the honour of being officially Americas first trained nurse. ...

By 1882, Nightingale nurses had a growing and influential presence in the embryonic nursing profession. Some had become matrons at several leading hospitals, including, in London, St Mary's Hospital, Westminster Hospital, St Marylebone Workhouse Infirmary and the Hospital for Incurables at Putney; and throughout Britain, e.g. Royal Victoria Hospital, Netley; Edinburgh Royal Infirmary; Cumberland Infirmary; Liverpool Royal Infirmary as well as at Sydney Hospital, in New South Wales, Australia. St Marys Hospital QEQM building (above) and old section (below) (Photographs by username Hegster) Although there must be many hospitals named St Marys Hospital, the most famous is probably located in Paddington, West London, England. ... The Royal Hospital for Neuro-disability, in Putney in southwest London, is an independent medical charity, which undertakes research and provides specialist services to meet the needs of people with complex neurological disabilities resulting from damage to the brain or other parts of the nervous system. ... Putney is a district of south-west London in the London Borough of Wandsworth. ... The Royal Victoria Hospital at 687 Pine Avenue West in Montreal, Quebec, Canada was established in 1893, through the financial contributions of two Scottish immigrants, Donald Smith and George Stephen. ... This article is about the UK village. ... This article needs cleanup. ... NSW redirects here. ...

In 1883, Nightingale was awarded the Royal Red Cross by Queen Victoria. In 1907, she became the first woman to be awarded the Order of Merit. In 1908, she was given the Honorary Freedom of the City of London. The Royal Cross is a military decoration awarded in the United Kingdom for exceptional services in military nursing. ... The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. ... Motto: Domine dirige nos Latin: Lord, guide us Shown within Greater London Sovereign state Constituent country Region Greater London Status City and Ceremonial County Admin HQ Guildhall Government  - Leadership see text  - Mayor David Lewis  - MP Mark Field  - London Assembly John Biggs Area  - Total 1. ...

By 1896, Florence Nightingale was bedridden. She may have had what is now known as chronic fatigue syndrome. Her birthday is now celebrated as the International CFS Awareness Day. During her bedridden years, she also did pioneering work in the field of hospital planning, and her work propagated quickly across England and the world. Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is one of several names given to a poorly understood, highly debilitating disorder of uncertain cause/causes, which is thought to affect approximately 4 per 1,000 adults[1] in the United States and other countries, and a smaller fraction of children. ...

Nightingale was a Christian universalist.^[7] On 7 February 1837 – not long before her 17th birthday – something happened that would change her life: "God spoke to me", she wrote, "and called me to His service."^{[citation needed]} Origen, a 3rd century proponent of universal reconciliation In Christian theology, universal reconciliation or universal salvation, is the doctrine or belief that all will eventually find salvation and reconciliation with God. ... is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

Death

On 13 August 1910, at the age of 90, she died in her room at 10 South Street, Park Lane.^[8] The offer of burial in Westminster Abbey was declined by her relatives, and she is buried in the graveyard at St. Margaret Church in East Wellow, Hampshire.^[9][10] is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ... Wellow is a village in Hampshire, England that falls within the Test Valley district. ...

Contributions

Statistics

"Diagram of the causes of mortality in the army in the East" by Florence Nightingale.

Florence Nightingale had exhibited a gift for mathematics from an early age and excelled in the subject under the tutorship of her father. She had a special interest in statistics, a field in which her father, a pioneer in the nascent field of epidemiology, was an expert. She made extensive use of statistical analysis in the compilation, analysis and presentation of statistics on medical care and public health. Image File history File linksMetadata Nightingale-mortality. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Nightingale-mortality. ... For other meanings of mathematics or uses of math and maths, see Mathematics (disambiguation) and Math (disambiguation). ... redirect: http://dictionary. ... Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine. ... Statistics is the science and practice of developing knowledge through the use of empirical data expressed in quantitative form. ... Public health is the study and practice of addressing threats to the health of a community. ...

Nightingale was a pioneer in the visual presentation of information. Among other things she used the pie chart, which had first been developed by William Playfair in 1801. After the Crimean War, Nightingale used the polar area chart, equivalent to a modern circular histogram or rose diagram, to illustrate seasonal sources of patient mortality in the military field hospital she managed. Nightingale called a compilation of such diagrams a "coxcomb", but later that term has frequently been used for the individual diagrams. She made extensive use of coxcombs to present reports on the nature and magnitude of the conditions of medical care in the Crimean War to Members of Parliament and civil servants who would have been unlikely to read or understand traditional statistical reports. Pie chart of populations of English-speaking people A pie chart is a circular chart divided into sectors, illustrating relative magnitudes or frequencies or percents. ... William Playfair (September 22, 1759 - February 11, 1823) a Scottish engineer and political economist, was an important inventor of statistical graphics. ... Type Bicameral Houses House of Commons House of Lords Speaker of the House of Commons Michael Martin MP Speaker of the House of Lords Hélène Hayman, PC Members 1377 (646 Commons, 731 Peers) Political groups Labour Party Conservative Party Liberal Democrats Scottish National Party Plaid Cymru Democratic Unionist...

In her later life Nightingale made a comprehensive statistical study of sanitation in Indian rural life and was the leading figure in the introduction of improved medical care and public health service in India. E. Coli bacteria under magnification Sanitation is the hygienic disposal or recycling of waste, as well as the policy and practice of protecting health through hygienic measures. ...

In 1859 Nightingale was elected the first female member of the Royal Statistical Society and she later became an honorary member of the American Statistical Association. The Royal Statistical Society is a learned society for statistics and a professional body for statisticians in the UK. Founded in 1834 as the Statistical Society of London, it became the Royal Statistical Society in 1887. ... The American Statistical Association (ASA) is a scientific and educational society in the United States with the stated mission to promote excellence in the application of statistical science across the wealth of human endeavor. ...

Literature and the women's movement

While better known for her contributions in the nursing and mathematical fields, Nightingale is also an important link in the study of English feminism. During 1850 and 1852, she was struggling with her self-definition and the expectations of an upper-class marriage from her family. As she sorted out her thoughts, she wrote Suggestions for Thought to Searchers after Religious Truth. The three-volume book has never been printed in its entirety, but a section, called Cassandra, was published by Ray Strachey in 1928. Strachey included it in The Cause, a history of the women's movement. Apparently, the writing served the original purpose of sorting out thoughts; Nightingale left soon after to train at the Institute for deaconesses at Kaiserwerth. Feminists redirects here. ...

Cassandra protests the over-feminization of women into near helplessness, such as Nightingale saw in her mother and older sister's lethargic lifestyle, despite their education. She rejected their life of thoughtless comfort for the world of social service. The work also reflects her fear of her ideas being ineffective, as were Cassandra's. Cassandra is a virgin-priestess of Apollo who receives a divinely-inspired prophecy, but her prophetic warnings go unheeded. Elaine Showalter called Nightingale's writing "a major text of English feminism, a link between Wollstonecraft and Woolf."^[11] For other uses, see Apollo (disambiguation). ... Elaine Showalter (1941- ) is an American literary critic, feminist, and writer on cultural and social issues. ...

Theology

Suggestions for Thought is also Nightingale's great work of theology, her own theodicee, where she develops her radical heterodox ideas. She was not only a militant feminist but also a radical liberation theologist long before the concept was coined.^[12] This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Liberation theology is a school of theology within the Catholic Church that focuses on Jesus Christ as not only the Redeemer but also the Liberator of the oppressed. ...

Legacy and memory

A young Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale Project Gutenberg eText 13103: Great Britain and Her Queen, by Anne E. Keeling http://www. ... Florence Nightingale Project Gutenberg eText 13103: Great Britain and Her Queen, by Anne E. Keeling http://www. ...

Nursing

Florence Nightingale's lasting contribution has been her role in founding the modern nursing profession. She set an example of compassion, commitment to patient care, and diligent and thoughtful hospital administration.

The work of the Nightingale School of Nursing continues today. The Nightingale building in the School of Nursing and Midwifery at the University of Southampton is named after her. International Nurses Day is celebrated on her birthday each year. The Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery is a school within Kings College London. ... The University of Southampton is a university situated in the city of Southampton, on the south coast of Great Britain. ... International Nurses Day (IND) is celebrated around the world every May 12. ...

The Florence Nightingale Declaration Campaign,^[13] established by nursing leaders throughout the world through the Nightingale Initiative for Global Health (NIGH), aims to build a global grassroots movement to achieve two United Nations Resolutions for adoption by the UN General Assembly of 2008 which will declare: The International Year of the Nurse–2010 (the centennial of Nightingale's death); The UN Decade for a Healthy World–2011 to 2020 (the bicentennial of Nightingale's birth). NIGH also works to rekindle awareness about the important issues highlighted by Florence Nightingale, such as preventive medicine and holistic health. So far, The Florence Nightingale Declaration has been signed by over 18,500 signatories from 86 countries.

During the Vietnam War, Nightingale inspired many US Army nurses, sparking a renewal of interest in her life and work. Her admirers include Country Joe of Country Joe and the Fish, who has assembled an extensive website in her honour.^[14] Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam People’s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000... The United States Army is the largest and oldest branch of the armed forces of the United States. ... Country Joe McDonald Country Joe McDonald (born Joseph McDonald, on January 1, 1942 in El Monte, California) was the leader and lead singer of the 1960s rock & roll group Country Joe and the Fish. ... Country Joe and the Fish, from the cover of Feel Like Im Fixin to Die Country Joe and the Fish was a rock music/folk music band known for musical protests against the Vietnam War, from 1965 to 1970. ...

Three hospitals in Istanbul are named after Nightingale: F. N. Hastanesi in Şişli (the biggest private hospital in Turkey), Metropolitan F.N. Hastanesi in Gayrettepe, and Avrupa F.N. Hastanesi in Mecidiyeköy, all belonging to the Turkish Cardiology Foundation.^[15] ÅžiÅŸli is a cosmopolitan district of Ä°stanbul, Turkey where many of Istanbuls Armenians live (In the Kurtulus area). ...

The Agostino Gemelli Medical Center^[16] in Rome, the first university-based hospital in Italy and one of its most respected medical centres, honoured Nightingale's contribution to the nursing profession by giving the name "Bedside Florence" to a wireless computer system it developed to assist nursing.^[17]

There are many foundations named after Florence Nightingale. Most are nursing foundations, but there is also Nightingale Research Foundation in Canada, dedicated to the study and treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome which Nightingale is believed to have had. The Nightingale Research foundation was founded by Byron M. Hyde in 1984. ...

There is a psychological effect known as the "Florence Nightingale Effect", whereby nurses and doctors fall in love with their patients. The Florence Nightingale Effect is a psychological complex where people who are entrusted with the care and wellbeing of vulnerable patients begin to form a romantic attraction and often erotic attraction towards their charges. ...

A bronze plaque, attached to the plinth of the Crimean Memorial in the Haydarpaşa Cemetery, Istanbul and unveiled on Empire Day, 1954 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of her nursing service in that region, bears the inscription:^[18] HaydarpaÅŸa Cemetery, also known as Haidar Pasha Cemetery, Istanbul (Turkish: ), located in the HaydarpaÅŸa neighborhood of Ãœsküdar district in the Asian part of Istanbul, Turkey, is a burial ground established initially for British military personnel, who took part in the Crimean War (1854-1856). ... Commonwealth Day is the annual celebration of the Commonwealth of Nations on the second Monday in March every year, which is marked by a multi-faith service in Westminster Abbey attended by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Head of the Commonwealth, the Commonwealth Secretary-General and the Commonwealth High Commissioners... Year 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar). ...

"To Florence Nightingale, whose work near this Cemetery a century ago relieved much human suffering and laid the foundations for the nursing profession."

Museums

There is a Florence Nightingale Museum in London and another museum devoted to her at her sister's family home, Claydon House, now a property of the National Trust. The Florence Nightingale Museum is located at St Thomas Hospital, which faces the Palace of Westminster across the River Thames in central London. ... Claydon House Claydon House is a country house in the Aylesbury Vale, Buckinghamshire, England, close to the village of Middle Claydon. ... The standard of the National Trust The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, usually known as The National Trust, is a British preservation organization. ...

The northmost tower of the Selimiye Barracks building is today a museum, and in several of its rooms, relics and reproductions relevant to Florence Nightingale and her nurses are on exhibition.^[19]

When she first arrived in Turkey, Nightingale would travel on horseback to make inspections. She then transferred to a mule cart and was reported to have escaped serious injury when the cart was toppled in an accident. Following this episode, she used a solid Russian-built carriage, with a waterproof hood and curtains. The carriage was returned to England after the war and subsequently given to the Nightingale training school for nurses, which she founded at St Thomas's Hospital. The carriage was damaged when the hospital was bombed in the Blitz. It was later restored and transferred to the Army Museum in Aldershot. ‹ The template below (Citations missing) is being considered for deletion. ... For other uses, see Aldershot (disambiguation). ...

Florence Nightingale's voice was saved for posterity in a phonograph recording from 1890 preserved in the British Library Sound Archive. Tonearm redirects here. ... The British Library Sound Archive in London, England is one of the largest collections of recorded sound in the world, including music, spoken word and ambient recordings. ...

Other

Several churches in the Anglican Communion commemorate Nightingale with a feast day on their liturgical calendars. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America commemorates her as a renewer of society with Clara Maass on 13 August. Main article: Anglicanism The Anglican Communion is a world-wide affiliation of Anglican Churches. ... The liturgical year, also known as the Christian year, consists of the cycle of liturgical seasons in some Christian churches which determines when Feasts, Memorials, Commemorations, and Solemnities are to be observed and which portions of Scripture are to be read. ... The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) is a mainline Protestant denomination headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. ... Clara Maass. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Beginning in 1968, the U.S. Air Force operated a fleet of 20 C-9A "Nightingale" aeromedical evacuation aircraft, based on the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 platform. [1] The last of these planes was retired from service in 2005. [2] USAF redirects here. ... A C-9 Skytrain II offloading on the ramp at Naval Air Station Brunswick. ... A Beech KingAir of the Australian Royal Flying Doctor Service. ... Flying machine redirects here. ... The McDonnell Douglas DC-9 (initially known as the Douglas DC-9) is a twin-engine, single-aisle jet airliner. ...

The Dutch airline KLM has named one of their MD-11 airliners in her memory.^[20] KLM can also refer to KLM (Human Computer Interaction) KLM Royal Dutch Airlines (Dutch: Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij, literally Royal Aviation Company; usual English: Royal Dutch Airlines) is an airline subsidiary of Air France-KLM based in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. ... Varig MD-11 The McDonnell Douglas MD-11 is a Widebody Trijet powered by three engines. ...

Nightingale Corona, on the surface of Venus is named after her. Nightingale Corona is a corona found on the planet Venus. ... For other uses, see Venus (disambiguation). ...

In the TV series Star Trek Voyager the character Ensign Harry Kim names an alien medical vessel after her. The starship Voyager (NCC-74656), an Intrepid-class starship. ...

MC Smith, dedicated nurse historian, credits Nightingale with making the profession "...appealing to the masses."

The medical helicopter in Hampton Roads, Virginia is named in her honor. Hampton Roads, Virginia 1858 Hampton Roads is the name of both a body of water and the land areas which surround it in southeastern Virginia in the United States. ...

See also

• Registered Nurse
• Licensed practical nurse
• Nursing
• Nursing process
• History of feminism
• Crimean War Memorial

A registered nurse (RN), is a health care professional responsible for implementing the practice of nursing through the use of the nursing process (in concert with other health care professionals). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is about the practice in general. ... // The nursing process is a process by which nurses deliver care to patients. ... The History of Feminism is the history of Feminist movements. ... The Crimean War Memorial is located at the junction of Lower Regent Street and Pall Mall in London. ...

Works

• Cassandra (1851)
• Notes on Nursing: What Nursing Is, What Nursing is Not (1860)
• Suggestions for Thought (to Searchers after Religious Truth)
• Mysticism and Eastern Religions
• Florence Nightingale's Theology
• Florence Nightingale's Spiritual Journey
• The Family, a critical essay in Fraser's Magazine (1870)
• Una and Her Paupers, Memorials of Agnes Elizabeth Jones with an introduction by Florence Nightingale. Diggory Press ISBN 978-1905363223
• Letters from Egypt: A Journey on the Nile 1849-1850 (1987) ISBN 1-55584-204-6

It has been suggested that Agnes Jones be merged into this article or section. ...

Sources

• Baly, Monica E. and H. C. G. Matthew, "Nightingale, Florence (1820–1910)"; Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press (2004); online edn, May 2005 accessed 28 Oct 2006
• McDonald, Lynn ed., Collected Works of Florence Nightingale. Wilfrid Laurier University Press
• Pugh, Martin; The march of the women: A revisionist analysis of the campaign for women's suffrage 1866-1914, Oxford (2000), at 55.
• Sokoloff, Nancy Boyd.; Three Victorian women who changed their world, Macmillan, London (1982)
• Webb, Val; The Making of a Radical Theologician, Chalice Press (2002)
• Woodham Smith, Cecil; Florence Nightingale, Penguin (1951), rev. 1955

References

Location of the city of Naples (red dot) within Italy. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 280th day of the year (281st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The British Medical Journal (BMJ) is a medical journal published weekly in the United Kingdom by the British Medical Association (BMA). ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 202nd day of the year (203rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Further reading

• Richards, Linda (2006). America's First Trained Nurse: My Life as a Nurse in America, Great Britain and Japan 1872-1911. Diggory Press. ISBN 9781846850684. 
• Strachey, Lytton (1918). Eminent Victorians. 
• FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE -- In Tribute to the Century of Women by Daisaku Ikeda

Linda Richards is a famous nursing pioneer and has the honour of being officially Americas first trained nurse. ... Giles Lytton Strachey (March 1, 1880–January 21, 1932) was a British writer and critic. ... Eminent Victorians is a book by Lytton Strachey, the oldest member of the Bloomsbury Group first published in 1918 and consisting of biographies of four leading figures from the Victorian era. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Florence Nightingale

• Florence Nightingale Declaration Campaign for Global Health established by the Nightingale Initiative for Global Health (NIGH)
• Works by Florence Nightingale at Project Gutenberg
• O'Connor, John J. & Robertson, Edmund F., "Florence Nightingale", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive 
• Animated Hero Classics: Florence Nightingale (1993) at the Internet Movie Database
• A rare 1890 recording of Nightingale's voice
• 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica article
• Florence Nightingale at American Statistical Association: Statisticians in History
• Florence Nightingale Museum
• BBC news item: New photo of 'Lady of the Lamp'
• Correspondence between Nightingale and Benjamin Jowett
• Gay Great - Florence Nightingale
• University of Guelph: Collected Works of Florence Nightingale project

Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to digitize, archive and distribute cultural works. ... The MacTutor history of mathematics archive is a website hosted by University of St Andrews in Scotland. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about movies, actors, television shows, production crew personnel, and video games. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... This article is about the occupation. ... Statisticians are mathematicians who work with theoretical and applied statistics in the both the private and public sectors. ... is the 132nd day of the year (133rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Florence (or Firenze, Florentia and Fiorenza) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany, and of the province of Florence. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ...