Florian Zaniecki

Florian Witold Znaniecki (January 15, 1882 - March 23, 1958) was a philosopher and a sociologist. He taught and wrote in Poland and the United States. He was the 44th President of the American Sociological Association and the founder of academic sociology studies in Poland. His theoretical and methodological work contributed to the development of Sociology as a distinct academic discipline. photo from Polish Wiki assumed This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... photo from Polish Wiki assumed This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... January 15 is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ... March 23 is the 82nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (83rd in leap years). ... 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A philosopher is a person who thinks deeply regarding people, society, the world, and/or the universe. ... Sociology is the study of the social lives of humans, groups and societies. ... The American Sociological Association (ASA), founded in 1905, is a non-profit organization dedicated to advancing the discipline and profession of sociology by serving sociologists in their work and promoting their contributions. ... Social interactions and their consequences are the subject of sociology. ...

He gained international fame as the co-author with William I. Thomas of The Polish Peasant in Europe and America 1918-1920, considered the foundation of modern Empirical Sociology and Humanistic Sociology. William Isaac Thomas (b. ... // Rather than a naive belief that sociological practice should reflect humanist values, a Humanist Sociologist will actively study human values or more precisely systems of values. ...

His Presidential Address, "Basic Problems of Contemporary Sociology," was delivered on September 8, 1954 at the Association's Annual Meeting in Urbana, Illinois, and was later published in the American Sociological Review (ASR October 1954 Vol 19 No 5, pp 519-524). September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years). ... 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Urbana is the name of some places in the United States of America: Urbana, Illinois Urbana, Maryland Urbana, Missouri Urbana, New York Urbana, Ohio Urbana is the name of a place in Italy: Urbana, Italy In addition, there is also, with a slightly different spelling: Urbanna, Virginia Urbana may also... Official language(s) English Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Area  Ranked 25th  - Total 0 sq mi (149,998 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 390 miles (629 km)  - % water 4. ... The American Sociological Review is the flagship journal of the American Sociological Association (ASA). ...

Biography

Florian Znaniecki was born on January 15, 1882 in Świetniki, Poland. He studied in Geneva, Zurich and Paris and obtained his PhD at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. Znaniecki came to Chicago in the United States in 1914 and returned to the Second Polish Republic in 1920 to accept the first Polish chair in sociology at the University in Poznań. There he organised the Polish Sociological Institute (Polish Polski Instytut Socjologii) and began publishing The Polish Sociological Review (Polish Polski Przegląd Socjologiczny). Keeping in touch with American sociologists, he lectured at Columbia University in New York in 1931-1933 and during the summer of 1939. January 15 is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ... Geneva (pronunciation //; French: Genève //, German:   //, Italian: Ginevra) is the second most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich), and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French-speaking part of Switzerland). ... Location within Switzerland   Zürich[?] (German pronunciation IPA: ; usually spelled Zurich in English) is the largest city in Switzerland (population: 366,145 in 2004; population of urban area: 1,091,732) and capital of the canton of Zürich. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Region ÃŽle-de-France Department Paris (75) Subdivisions 20 arrondissements Mayor Bertrand Delanoë  (PS) (since 2001) City Statistics Land area¹ 86. ... PhD usually refers to the academic title Doctor of Philosophy PhD can also refer to the manga Phantasy Degree This is a disambiguation page — a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... Jagiellonian University (Polish: Uniwersytet JagielloÅ„ski, often shortened to UJ) is a university in Krakow, Poland. ... Wawel Hill. ... Nickname: The Windy City, The Second City, Chi Town, The City of Big Shoulders The 312 Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in Chicagoland and Illinois Coordinates: Country United States State Illinois County Cook Incorporated March 4, 1837 Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Area... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Second Polish Republic 1921-1939 The Second Polish Republic is an unofficial name applied to the Republic of Poland between World War I and World War II. When the borders of the state were fixed in 1921, it had an area of 388. ... Typical Western wooden chair A chair is a piece of furniture for sitting, consisting of a seat, a back, and sometimes arm rests, commonly for use by one person. ... The University of Poznan (Polish Uniwersytet im. ... Columbia University is a private university whose main campus lies in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of the Borough of Manhattan in New York City. ... Official language(s) None Capital Albany Largest city New York City Area  Ranked 27th  - Total 54,520 sq mi (141,205 km²)  - Width 285 miles (455 km)  - Length 330 miles (530 km)  - % water 13. ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ...

This summer ended the Polish stage of his career, since the German invasion on Poland and the start of World War II prevented his return to Poland. He then moved to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he taught until his retirement, deciding not to return to the totalitarian communist People's Republic of Poland. He died on March 23, 1958 in the town of Champaign, Illinois, USA. Combatants Poland Nazi Germany Soviet Union Slovakia Commanders Edward Rydz-Śmigły Fedor von Bock (Army Group North) Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group South) Mikhail Kovalov (Belorussian Front) Semyon Timoshenko (Ukrainian Front) Ferdinand Čatloš (Field Army Bernolak) Strength Poland: 39 divisions 16 brigades 4,300 guns 880 tanks 400 aircraft... Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead... The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, also known as UIUC and the U of I (the officially preferred abbreviation), is the flagship campus in the University of Illinois system. ... The concept of Totalitarianism is a typology or ideal-type used by some political scientists to encapsulate the characteristics of a number of twentieth century regimes that mobilized entire populations in support of the state or an ideology. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... The Peoples Republic of Poland or Polish Peoples Republic (Polish: Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) was the official name of Poland from 1952 to 1989, during its period of rule by the Communist party, officially called the Polish United Workers Party (Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, or PZPR). ... A view of Champaign from above ( see wider view). ...

Achievements

Florian Znaniecki characterized the world as caught within two contrary modes of reflection; these were idealism and realism. Znaniecki proposed a third way, which he labeled culturalism (Polish kulturalizm). Znaniecki's culturalism is one of the ideas that founded modern sociological views of antipositivism. Idealism is an approach to philosophical enquiry that asserts that everything we experience is of a mental nature. ... Realism is commonly defined as a concern for fact or reality and a rejection of the impractical and visionary. ... Antipositivism is the view in sociology that social sciences need to create and use different scientific methods than those used in the field of natural sciences. ...

His focus and subsequent impact lay mainly in the realms of sociology, philosophy, and secondarily psychology. According to the culturalist perspective, sociology should deal with the affects of culture, as sociology is a study of human meaning, and subsequently dualistic with a locus of empirical reality. Znaniecki responds to demands for objective reality as a focus, those that would use Descartesian arguments of fancy, and those with pre-postmodern malaise, thusly, "Therefore, whether we agree that the individual can contribute to the evolution of the objective world or not, whether we treat the objective realities or thoughts which the individual reaches as creations or mere reconstructions, as new objectively or new only for him, we must take the other, active side of the experiencing individual, the creative personality into account." Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning to cultivate), generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. ... Social interactions and their consequences are the subject of sociology. ... Empirical is an adjective often used in conjunction with science, both the natural and social sciences, which means an observation or experiment based upon experience that is capable of being verified or disproved. ... René Descartes René Descartes (IPA: , March 31, 1596 – February 11, 1650), also known as Cartesius, worked as a philosopher and mathematician. ... Fancy is a common name for domestic animals, especially purebred cats. ... Postmodernity (also called post-modernity or the postmodern condition) is a term used by philosophers, social scientists, art critics and social critics to refer to aspects of contemporary art, culture, economics and social conditions that are the result of the unique features of late 20th century and early 21st century...

In 1934 he formulated the principle of analytic induction, designed to identify univeral propositions and causal laws. He contrasted it with enumerative research, which provided mere correlations and could not account for exceptions in statistical relationships.(Taylor & Bogdan 1998) Analytic induction refers to a systematic examination of similarities between various social phenomena in order to develop concepts or ideas. ...

Znaniecki proposed that social phenomena (Polish czynności społeczne) should be treated as active or as potential subjects of one's actions (humanist principle, Polish współczynnik humanistyczny [1]). According to this principle, the individual's experiences and ideas are of utmost importance and the sociologist should study reality as a social actor (subjectively), not as an independent observer (objectively). As one of the first sociologists, he started analyzing personal documents like letters, autobiographies, diaries and similar items. Znaniecki's "social phenomena" is a larger term then Max Weber's social actions. Social phenomena include all behavior which influences or is influenced by organisms sufficiently alive to respond to one another. ... Humanist principle or humanistic coefficient is a conceptual object that can refer to a method of conducting social research. ... Vintage German letter balance for home use Look up letter in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Cover of An autobiography, from the Greek auton, self, bios, life and graphein, write, is a biography written by the subject or composed conjointly with a collaborative writer (styled as told to or with). The term dates from the late eighteenth century, but the form is much older. ... == c programming[[a--203. ... Maximilian Weber (IPA: ) (April 21, 1864 – June 14, 1920) was a German political economist and sociologist who is considered one of the founders of the modern study of sociology and public administration. ... -1...

According to Znaniecki, sociology should analyze social relations, which are composed of values. Their basic element is that of human beings. He recognized four types of social relations:

• social acts (Polish czyny społeczne) - the most simple, like greeting or pleading, each composed of elements like: people, tools, subjects, methods, results
• social relations (Polish stosunki społeczne)- need at least two people and a platform, like privilige or obligation
• social group (Polish grupy społeczne)- any group which some people recognize as a separate entity
• social personalities (Polish osobowości społeczne)- which are created under influence of social movements

Znaniecki also defined four types of character and personality: It has been suggested that Personality psychology be merged into this article or section. ...

• the humorous man (Polish człowiek zabawy)- develops among those who have much time, treats work as fun
• the working man (Polish człowiek pracy)- develops among the working class social class, treats work as a life necessity
• the well-behaved man (Polish człowiek dobrze wychowany)- develops among the intelligentsia social class
• the deviant man (Polish człowiek zboczeniec (dewiant))- easily distinguishable from the others, not always in a negative perspective (he can be a genius or a criminal)

The Polish Peasant in Europe and America 1918-1920 is considered to be a classic study of immigrants and their families based on personal documents, and is the foundation of modern empirical sociology and humanist sociology. The term working class is used to denote a social class. ... Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures. ... The notion of an intellectual elite as a distinguished social stratum can be traced far back in history. ... Immigration is the act of moving to or settling in another country or region, temporarily or permanently. ...

Bibliography

In English: The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

• The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (with William I. Thomas, 5 vols., 19l8-1920).
• "The Principle of Relativity and Philosophical Absolutism," The Philosophical Review, vol. 24, no. 2 (March 1915), pp. 150-164.
• Cultural Reality (Chicago 1919),
• The Laws of Social Psychology (Warsaw-Kraków-Poznań 1926),
• The Method of Sociology (New York 1934),
• Social Actions (New York 1936),
• The Social Role of the Man of Knowledge (New York 1940),
• Cultural Sciences. Their Origin Development (Urbana 1952),
• Modern Nationalities (Urbana 1952),
• Social Relations and Social Roles (San Francisco 1965),
• On Humanistic Sociology (selection of works under redaction of R. Bierstedt, Chicago i London 1969),
• "The Subject Matter and Tasks of the Science of Knowledge" (translated by Christopher Kasparek; first published in Polish, 1923), in Polish Contributions to the Science of Science, edited by Bohdan Walentynowicz, Dordrecht, D. Reidel, 1982, pp. 1-81.
• The Social Role of the University Student (Poznań 1994).

In Polish: Christopher Kasparek (born 1945) is a writer and a translator from Polish into English. ...

• Zagadnienie wartości w filozofii (Warsaw 1910),
• Humanizm i poznanie (Warsaw 1912),
• Upadek cywilizacji zachodniej. Szkic z pogranicza filozofii kultury i socjologii (Poznań 1921),
• Wstęp do socjologii (Poznań 1922),
• Socjologia wychowania (vol. I Warsaw 1928, vol. II Warsaw 1930),
• Miasto w świadomości jego obywateli (Poznań 1932),
• Ludzie teraźniejsi a cywilizacja przyszłości (Lwów-Warsaw 1934),

See also

• Stanisław Ossowski
• History of philosophy in Poland
• Humanistic Sociology

Stanislaw Ossowski was one of the most important Polish sociologists. ... The history of philosophy in Poland parallels the evolution of philosophy in Europe generally. ... // Rather than a naive belief that sociological practice should reflect humanist values, a Humanist Sociologist will actively study human values or more precisely systems of values. ...

External links

• Polish Philosophy Page: Florian Znaniecki
• Short bio from American Sociological Association
• Florian Znaniecki Society

Publications online

• Cultural Reality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1919).
• The Laws of Social Psychology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1925).
• "Group Crises Produced by Voluntary Undertakings" In K. Young (ed) Social Attitudes. New York: Henry Holt (1931): 265-290.
• "The Analysis of Social Processes." Publications of the American Sociological Society: Papers and Proceedings, Twenty-seventh Annual Meeting. XXVII (1932): 37-43.
• "William I. Thomas as a Collaborator." Sociology and Social Research 32 (1948): 765-767.