NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Flunitrazepam

Flunitrazepam (IPA: [ˌfluːnaɪˈtræzəpæm]; is marketed by Roche under the trade name Rohypnol. It is a powerful hypnotic drug that is a benzodiazepine derivative. It has powerful hypnotic, sedative, anxiolytic, and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. The drug is sometimes used as a date rape drug (commonly referred to in street slang as a "roofie"). Flunitrazepam is commonly prescribed for the treatment of insomnia. Insomnia can be described as a difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakening, early awakenings or a combination of both. Flunitrazepam is a long acting benzodiazepine and is sometimes used in patients who have difficulty in maintaining sleep. Intermediate half life benzodiazepines are also useful for patients with difficulty in maintaining sleep eg loprazolam, lormetazepam, temazepam and may be preferable to long half life benzodiazepines which typically cause next day sedation and impairments. Hypnotics should only be used on a short term basis or in those with chronic insomnia on an occasional basis.^[1] In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body 1. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the â€œInternational Phonetic Alphabetâ€. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Roche is French for boulder. The word is (part of) several names: // Business & companies Hoffmann-La Roche, also known as Roche, is a Swiss pharmaceutical company that owns the patent on TamifluÂ®. Places in France Roche or Roches is the name or part of the name of several communes in... Hypnotic drugs are a class of drugs that induce sleep, used in the treatment of severe insomnia. ... Alprazolam 2mg tablets The benzodiazepines (pronounced , or benzos for short) are a class of psychoactive drugs considered as minor tranquilizers with varying hypnotic, sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and amnesic properties, which are brought on by slowing down the central nervous system. ... Hypnotic drugs are a class of drugs that induce sleep, used in the treatment of severe insomnia. ... A sedative is a substance that depresses the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in calmness, relaxation, reduction of anxiety, sleepiness, and slowed breathing, as well as slurred speech, staggering gait, poor judgment, and slow, uncertain reflexes. ... An anxiolytic is a drug prescribed for the treatment of symptoms of anxiety. ... In medicine, a muscle relaxant is a drug that causes skeletal muscle contraction to cease. ... Date rape drug refers to any drug which can be used to assist in the commission of a sexual assault. ... Slang is the use of highly informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speakers dialect or language. ... Loprazolam is a medicine of the Benzodiazepine family. ... Lormetazepam (NoctamidÂ®, ErgocalmÂ®, LorametÂ®, also known as methyllorazepam, is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Temazepam (marketed under brand names RestorilÂ®, NormisonÂ®, TenoxÂ® and TemazeÂ®), which is a benzodiazepine derivative, is a powerful hypnotic drug. ...

History

Flunitrazepam was first synthesized in the early 1970s by Roche and was used in hospitals when deep sedation was needed. It first entered the commercial market in Europe in 1975, and in the 1980s it began to be available in other countries. It first appeared in the U.S. in the early 1990s. It originally came in 1 mg, 2 mg, and 5 mg doses, but due to its potency and potential for abuse the higher doses were soon taken off the market. It is now only available in 1 mg. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd. ...

Pharmacology

Flunitrazepam is classed as a nitrobenzodiazepine. Other nitrobenzodiazepines include nitrazepam and clonazepam.^[2] Flunitrazepam is lipophilic and is metabolised hepatically via oxidative pathways. The main pharmacological effects of flunitrazepam are the enhancement of GABA at the GABA_A receptor.^[3] Like other benzodiazepines, flunitrazepam's pharmacological effects include sedation, muscle relaxation, reduction in anxiety, and prevention of convulsions. However, flunitrazepam's effects are approximately 7 to 10 times more potent than diazepam. The effects of flunitrazepam appear approximately 15 to 20 minutes after oral administration, and last for approximately four to six hours. Some residual effects can persist up to 12 hours or more after administration. While 80% of flunitrazepam that is taken orally is absorbed, bioavailability in suppository form is closer to 50%.^[4] Nitrazepam (marketed under the trade names MogadonÂ®, NitredonÂ®, NilandronÂ®) is a powerful hypnotic drug, which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Clonazepam (marketed by Roche under the trade-names Klonopin in the United States and Rivotril in Europe, South America, Canada, India, and Australia) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Alprazolam 2mg tablets The benzodiazepines (pronounced , or benzos for short) are a class of psychoactive drugs considered as minor tranquilizers with varying hypnotic, sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and amnesic properties, which are brought on by slowing down the central nervous system. ... Diazepam (IPA: ), first marketed as Valium by Hoffmann-La Roche, is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ...

Flunitrazepam and other benzodiazepines may influence neurosteroid metabolism with alterations in the levels of progesterone which in turn may adversely influence the functions of the brain and reproductive system. The pharmacological actions of benzodiazepines at the GABAa receptor are similar to those of neurosteroids. Neuroactive steroids are positive allosteric modulators of the GABAa receptor, enhancing GABA function. Many benzodiazepines (diazepam, medazepam, estazolam, flunitrazepam and nitrazepam) potently inhibit the enzymes involved in the metabolism of neurosteroids. Long-term administration of benzodiazepines may influence the concentrations of endogenous neurosteroids, and thereby would modulate the emotional state. Factors which effects benzodiazepines ability to alter neurosteroid levels depend on the molecular make up of the individual benzodiazepine molecule. Presence of a substituent at N1 position of the diazepine ring and/or the chloro or nitro group at position 7 of the benzene ring contribute to potent inhibition of the isoenzymes, and in turn a bromo group at position 7 (for bromazepam) and additional substituents (3-hydroxy group for oxazepam and tetrahydroxazole ring for cloxazolam and oxazolam) decrease the inhibitory potency of benzodiazepines on neurosteroids.^[5] Benzodiazepine tablets The benzodiazepines are a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, amnestic and muscle relaxant properties. ... Apart from exerting effects on the genome via intracellular steroid receptors, neuroactive steroids (or neurosteroids) rapidly alter neuronal excitability through interaction with neurotransmitter-gated ion channels. ... Progesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis of humans and other species. ... For other uses, see Brain (disambiguation). ... The reproductive system is the ensembles and interactions of organs and/or substances within an organism that strictly pertain to reproduction. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon is drug, and logos is science) is the study of how chemical substances interfere with living systems. ... Apart from exerting effects on the genome via intracellular steroid receptors, neuroactive steroids (or neurosteroids) rapidly alter neuronal excitability through interaction with neurotransmitter-gated ion channels. ... Neuroactive is a synthpop/EBM group from Finland. ... In biochemistry, an enzyme or other protein is allosteric if its activity or efficiency changes in response to the binding of an effector molecule at a so-called allosteric site. ... Gaba may refer to: GabÃ¢ or gabaa (Philippines), the concept of negative karma of the Cebuano people GABA, the gamma-amino-butyric acid neurotransmitter GABA receptor, in biology, receptors with GABA as their endogenous ligand Gaba 1 to 1, an English conversational school in Japan Marianne Gaba, a US model... Diazepam (IPA: ), first marketed as Valium by Hoffmann-La Roche, is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Medazepam is a drug of the Benzodiazepine family. ... Estazolam (ProSomÂ®) is a benzodiazepine commonly prescribed for short-term treatment of insomnia. ... Nitrazepam (marketed under the trade names MogadonÂ®, NitredonÂ®, NilandronÂ®) is a powerful hypnotic drug, which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Neuraminidase ribbon diagram An enzyme (in Greek en = in and zyme = blend) is a protein, or protein complex, that catalyzes a chemical reaction and also controls the 3D orientation of the catalyzed substrates. ... A few of the metabolic pathways in a cell. ... Look up Endogenous in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For benzine, see petroleum ether. ... General Name, Symbol, Number bromine, Br, 35 Series halogens Group, Period, Block 17 (VIIA), 4, p Density, Hardness 3119 kg/m3 (300 K), NA Appearance Gas: red-brown solid: metallic luster Atomic properties Atomic weight 79. ... Oxazepam (marketed under brand names Alepam, Murelax, Oxascand, Serax, Serepax, Seresta, Sobril) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Cloxazolam (marketed under brand name Sepazon) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Oxazolam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential is commonly abbreviated to Impulses are transmitted from neuron to neuron by the release of a chemical transmitter across synaptic clefts from the synaptic vesicles along the axon to the postsynaptic receptors of another neuron. ...

Flunitrazepam produces a decrease in delta activity. The effect of benzodiazepine drugs on delta however may not be mediated via benzodiazepine receptors. Delta activity is an indicator of depth of sleep within non-REM sleep. Delta activity is thought to reflect sleep quality with lower levels of delta sleep reflecting poorer quality of sleep. Thus flunitrazepam and other benzodiazepines cause a deterioration in sleep quality. Cyproheptadine may be superior to benzodiazepines in the treatment of insomnia as it enhances sleep quality based on EEG studies.^[6] Cyproheptadine (usually as cyproheptadine hydrochloride, trade name Periactin) is an antihistaminic and antiserotonergic agent. ... EEG can mean: Electroencephalography - the method and science of recording and interpreting traces of brain electrical activity as recorded from the skull surface or the device used to record such traces Emperor Entertainment Group - A Hong Kong entertainment company. ...

Dependence

Flunitrazepam is a preferred benzodiazepine in chronic users of benzodiazepines with a chronic and massive drug usage.^[7] Long-term use of flunitrazepam can result in psychological and physical dependence and the appearance of withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued. Abrupt withdrawal may lead to a severe benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome characterised by seizures, psychosis, severe insomnia and severe anxiety. Withdrawal refers to the characteristic signs and symptoms that appear when a drug that causes a physical dependency is regularly used for a long time and then suddenly discontinued or decreased in dosage. ... Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, caused by withdrawal or dosage reduction of benzodiazepines, is the symptoms which appear when a patient who has taken the drug for a period of time stops taking the drug. ...

Regular use of flunitrazepam may lead to a hypnotic drug dependence. Withdrawal symptoms typically appear when flunitrazepam dosage is reduced or the drug is discontinued. Withdrawal symptoms including rebound insomnia worse than baseline insomnia typically occur after discontinuation of flunitrazepam even after short term single nightly dose therapy.^[8] Drug addiction, or dependency is the compulsive use of drugs, to the point where the user has no effective choice but to continue use. ... Withdrawal refers to the characteristic signs and symptoms that appear when a drug that causes a physical dependency is regularly used for a long time and then suddenly discontinued or decreased in dosage. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...

Medical uses

â€œFDAâ€ redirects here. ... Retail selling Street selling is the bottom of the chain and can be accomplished through purchasing from prostitutes, through cloaked retail stores or refuse houses for users in the act located in red-light districts which often also deal in paraphernalia, dealers marketing merriment at night clubs and other events... Colonoscopy is the minimally invasive endoscopic examination of the large colon and the distal part of the small bowel with a CCD camera or a fiber optic camera on a flexible tube passed through the anus. ... The Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons, abbreviated SUSDP, is a document used in the regulation of drugs and poisons in Australia. ... // Company Overview Alpharma is a producer of specialty antibiotics, animal health feed additives for poultry and livestock, and vaccines for farmed fish. ... The Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons, abbreviated SUSDP, is a document used in the regulation of drugs and poisons in Australia. ... The United States Customs Service (now the United States Customs and Border Protection Service or CBP) was the portion of the US Federal Government dedicated to keeping illegal products outside of US borders. ... Search and seizure is a legal procedure used in many common law whereby police or other authorities and their agents, who suspect that a crime has been committed, do a search of a persons property and confiscate any relevant evidence to the crime. ... Deportation is the expelling of someone from a country. ... Nitrazepam (marketed under the trade names MogadonÂ®, NitredonÂ®, NilandronÂ®) is a powerful hypnotic drug, which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Zopiclone (trade names: Imovaneâ„¢ and Zimovaneâ„¢) is a novel hypnotic agent used in the treatment of insomnia. ... These lollipops were found to contain heroin when inspected by the US DEA The illegal drug trade is a worldwide black market consisting of production, distribution, packaging and sale of illegal psychoactive substances. ...

Side effects

Flunitrazepam is considered to be one of the most addictive of the benzodiazepines, along with clonazepam, lorazepam, alprazolam, and particularily, temazepam, nitrazepam, and nimetazepam. Its use causes several notable side effects, including: Clonazepam (marketed by Roche under the trade-names Klonopin in the United States and Rivotril in Europe, South America, Canada, India, and Australia) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine tranquilizer with short to medium duration of action. ... Alprazolam, also known under the trade-names Xanax and Niravam, is a short-acting drug in the benzodiazepine class used to treat severe anxiety disorders and as an adjunctive treatment for anxiety associated with depression. ... Temazepam (marketed under brand names RestorilÂ®, NormisonÂ®, TenoxÂ® and TemazeÂ®), which is a benzodiazepine derivative, is a powerful hypnotic drug. ... Nitrazepam (marketed under the trade names MogadonÂ®, NitredonÂ®, NilandronÂ®) is a powerful hypnotic drug, which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Nimetazepam (marketed under brand name EriminÂ®) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ...

Flunitrazepam impairs cognitive and psychomotor functions, affecting reaction time and driving skill. The use of this drug in combination with alcohol potentiates these side effects, and can lead to toxicity and death. Somnolence (or drowsiness) is a state of near-sleep, a strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods. ... // Pre-syncope is a sensation of feeling faint. ... Anterograde amnesia is a form of amnesia, or memory loss, where new events are not transferred to long-term memory. ... Look up Confusion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Confusion can have the following meanings: Unclarity or puzzlement, e. ... For the Physics term GUT, please refer to Grand unification theory The gastrointestinal or digestive tract, also referred to as the GI tract or the alimentary canal or the gut, is the system of organs within multicellular animals which takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and... In medicine, hypoventilation exists when ventilation is inadequate to perform gas exchange. ... Cognitive The scientific study of how people obtain, retrieve, store and manipulate information. ... // Toxic and Intoxicated redirect here â€“ toxic has other uses, which can be found at Toxicity (disambiguation); for the state of being intoxicated by alcohol see Drunkenness. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

A hangover like effect occurs with flunitrazepam with impairment of mental arithmetic abilities. After disconinuation of flunitrazepam a rebound effect may occur about 4 days after stopping flunitrazepam.^[18] (See benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome) Rebound effect is the tendency of a medication to effect a return of the symptom being treated when the medication is discontinued or when it is no longer effective. ... Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, caused by withdrawal or dosage reduction of benzodiazepines, is the symptoms which appear when a patient who has taken the drug for a period of time stops taking the drug. ...

Flunitrazepam has a long half life of 18 - 26 hours and an active metabolite which has a half life of 36-200 which means flunitrazepam effects after nighttime administration persist throughout the next day.^[19] Residual 'hangover' effects after nighttime administration of flunitrazepam such as sleepiness, impaired psychomotor and cognitive may persist into the next day which may impair the ability of users to drive safely and increase risks of falls and hip fractures.^[20]

Special precautions

Benzodiazepines such as flunitrazepam are lipophilic and rapidly penetrate membranes and therefore rapidly crosses over into the placenta with significant uptake of the drug. Use of benzodiazepines including flunitrazepam in late pregnancy, especially high doses, may result in floppy infant syndrome.^[21]

Interactions

Benzodiazepines including flunitrazepam may inhibit the glucuronidation of morphine leading to increased levels of and prolongation of the effects of morphine.^[22] Example of glucuronidation Glucuronidation of alcohols and acids Glucuronidation is a major inactivating pathway for a huge variety of exogenous and endogenous molecules, including drugs, polluants, bilirubin, androgens, estrogens, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, fatty acid derivatives, retinoids and bile acids. ... Morphine (INN) (IPA: ) is a highly potent opiate analgesic drug and is the principal active agent in opium and the prototypical opiate. ...

Abuse potential

Despite the fact that flunitrazepam is a Schedule IV controlled substance, it is not commercially available in the United States. Currently the DEA is recommending that Rohypnol be reclassified to Schedule I. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Drug-facilitated sexual assault

Flunitrazepam is known to induce anterograde amnesia in sufficient doses; individuals are unable to remember certain events that they experienced while under the influence of the drug. This effect is particularly dangerous when flunitrazepam is used to aid in the commission of sexual assault; victims may not be able to clearly recall the assault, the assailant, or the events surrounding the assault. Anterograde amnesia is a form of amnesia, or memory loss, where new events are not transferred to long-term memory. ... Sexual assault is any physical contact of a sexual nature without voluntary consent. ...

It is difficult to estimate just how many flunitrazepam-facilitated rapes have occurred in the past. Very often, biological samples are taken from the victim at a time when the effects of the drug have already passed and only residual amounts remain in the body fluids. These residual amounts are difficult, and sometimes impossible, to detect using standard screening assays available in the United States. If flunitrazepam exposure is to be detected at all, urine samples need to be collected within 72 hours and subjected to sensitive analytical tests. The problem is compounded by the onset of amnesia after ingestion of the drug, which causes the victim to be uncertain about the facts surrounding the rape. This uncertainty may lead to critical delays or even reluctance to report the rape and provide appropriate biological samples for testing. If a person suspects that he or she is the victim of a flunitrazepam-facilitated rape, he or she should get laboratory testing for flunitrazepam as soon as possible. In recent news it has been discovered that scientists can now detect flunitrazepam and related compounds in urine at least up to 5 days after administration of a single dose of Rohypnol and up to a month in hair.^[23]

It must be noted that an inability to remember events, including sexual encounters, is not conclusive evidence of having consumed a drugged drink: Drunkenness itself causes blackouts, sleepiness, and a reduction in inhibitions. Only a timely screening for flunitrazepam can demonstrate its use. It has been shown that alcohol alone is the substance used in the vast majority of cases of date-rape. A recent study conducted by doctors in the U.K. found that none of the subjects reporting spiked drinks had any traces of flunitrazepam or other medications popularly believed to be associated with rape such as GHB. The study claims that binge drinking was to blame.^[24] The Drunkenness of Noah by Giovanni Bellini Drunkenness, is the state of being intoxicated by consumption of alcohol to a degree that mental and physical facilities are noticeably impaired. ... Social Inhibition is what keeps humans from involving in potentially objectionable actions and/or expressions in a social setting. ... Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (4-hydroxybutanoic acid, C4H8O3) is both a drug and a naturally occurring compound found in the mammalian brain, where it might function as a neurotransmitter. ... Drinking too much alcohol may qualify as binge drinking if it leads to at least two days of inebriation and the drinker neglects usual responsibilities The British Medical Association states that there is no consensus on the definition of binge drinking. ...

Drug-facilitated robbery

In the United Kingdom, the use of flunitrazepam and other "date rape" drugs has been connected to stealing from sedated victims. One expert quoted in a British tabloid estimated that up to 2,000 individuals are robbed each year after being spiked with powerful sedatives,^[25] making drug-assisted robbery a more common problem than drug-assisted rape.

Criminals sometimes use flunitrazepam before committing robbery as it has a calming and anti-emotive effect. This allows the criminal to perform the robbery without becoming anxious. Flunitrazepam is also known to induce anterograde amnesia making police interrogations more difficult.^[26]^[27]^[28] Anterograde amnesia is a form of amnesia, or memory loss, where new events are not transferred to long-term memory. ...

In a notable flunitrazepam related case, Selina Hakki was found guilty in December 2004 of using flunitrazepam to drug wealthy men and rob them of their clothes and accessories in the UK. Selina Hakki (born 1967) was the first woman in the UK to be convicted of using the rape drug Rohypnol on men. ...

Recreational drug

Although flunitrazepam has become widely known in USA for its use as a date-rape drug, it is used more frequently as a recreational drug. It is used by high school and college students, rave party attendees, and heroin and cocaine users (who call a dose of flunitrazepam a "roofie") for recreational purposes, including: Recreational drug use is the use of psychoactive drugs for recreational rather than medical or spiritual purposes, although the distinction is not always clear. ... For other uses, see Heroin (disambiguation). ... Cocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. ...

Flunitrazepam is usually consumed orally, and is often combined with alcohol. It is also occasionally insufflated (i.e. tablets are crushed into powder and snorted). In some European countries, there was an alcohol solution of flunitrazepam (Darkene), taken by injection, with very strong effects. Kurt Donald Cobain (February 20, 1967 â€“ c. ... For other uses, see Heroin (disambiguation). ... Alcoholic beverages. ...

Benzodiazepines, including diazepam, temazepam, nitrazepam and flunitrazepam account for the largest volume of forged drug prescriptions in Sweden, a total of 52% of drug forgeries being for benzodiazepines, suggesting benzodiazepines are a major prescription drug class of abuse. Temazepam and flunitrazepam accounted for the vast majority of forged prescriptions.^[29] Diazepam (IPA: ), first marketed as Valium by Hoffmann-La Roche, is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Temazepam (marketed under brand names RestorilÂ®, NormisonÂ®, TenoxÂ® and TemazeÂ®), which is a benzodiazepine derivative, is a powerful hypnotic drug. ... Nitrazepam (marketed under the trade names MogadonÂ®, NitredonÂ®, NilandronÂ®) is a powerful hypnotic drug, which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Temazepam (marketed under brand names RestorilÂ®, NormisonÂ®, TenoxÂ® and TemazeÂ®), which is a benzodiazepine derivative, is a powerful hypnotic drug. ...

Flunitrazepam and other sedative hypnotic drugs are detected frequently in cases of people suspected of driving under the influence of drugs. Other benzodiazepines and zolpidem and zopiclone are also found in high numbers of suspected drugged drivers. Many drivers have blood levels far exceeding the therapeutic dose range suggesting a high degree of abuse potential for benzodiazepines and zolpidem and zopiclone.^[30] Zolpidem is a prescription short-acting nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic that potentiates gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter, by binding to gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors. ... Zopiclone (trade names: Imovaneâ„¢ and Zimovaneâ„¢) is a novel hypnotic agent used in the treatment of insomnia. ... Zolpidem is a prescription short-acting nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic that potentiates gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter, by binding to gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors. ... Zopiclone (trade names: Imovaneâ„¢ and Zimovaneâ„¢) is a novel hypnotic agent used in the treatment of insomnia. ...

Overdose

Flunitrazepam is a drug which is very frequently involved in drug intoxication, including overdose.^[31] Overdose of flunitrazepam may result in excessive sedation, impairment of balance and speech. This may progress in severe overdoses to respiratory depression or coma and possibly death. The risk of overdose is increased if flunitrazepam is taken in combination with alcohol, opiates or other CNS depressants. Flunitrazepam overdose responds to the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil. Flumazenil (flumazepil, AnexateÂ®, LanexatÂ®, MaziconÂ®, RomaziconÂ®) is a benzodiazepine antagonist, used as an antidote in the treatment of benzodiazepine overdose. ...

Benzodiazepines were implicated in 39% of suicides by drug poisoning in Sweden, with temazepam, nitrazepam and flunitrazepam accounting for 90% of benzodiazepine implicated suicides, in the elderly over a period of 2 decades. In three quarters of cases death was due to drowning, typically in the bath. Benzodiazepines were the predominant drug class used in suicides in this review of Swedish death certificates with 72% of benzodiazepine overdoses showing that benzodiazepines were the sole drug used in deaths by overdose. Benzodiazepines and in particular temazepam, nitrazepam and flunitrazepam should therefore be prescribed with caution in the elderly.^[32] In an Australian study of drug related deaths it was reported that flunitrazepam is much more dangerous in overdose than other benzodiazepines. It was also found that in about a third of overdose cases involving benzodiazepines, benzodiazepines were the sole cause of death.^[33] Anna Augusta Kershaw (1841-1931) death certificate Death Certificate is also an album by Ice Cube A death certificate is a document issued by a government official such as a registrar of vital statistics that declares the date, location and cause of a persons death. ...

In a retrospective study of deaths, when benzodiazepines were implicated in the deaths, the benzodiazepines flunitrazepam, temazepam and nitrazepam were the most common benzodiazepines involved. Benzodiazepines were a factor in all deaths caused by drug addiction in the study. Temazepam, nitrazepam and flunitrazepam were significantly more commonly implicated in suicide related deaths than natural deaths. In four of the cases benzodiazepines alone were the only cause of death. It was concluded that flunitrazepam and temazepam were significantly more toxic than other benzodiazepines.^[34] Temazepam (marketed under brand names RestorilÂ®, NormisonÂ®, TenoxÂ® and TemazeÂ®), which is a benzodiazepine derivative, is a powerful hypnotic drug. ... Nitrazepam (marketed under the trade names MogadonÂ®, NitredonÂ®, NilandronÂ®) is a powerful hypnotic drug, which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ...

Legal status

Flunitrazepam is currently a Schedule III drug under the international Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971;^[35] in the United States, it is on Schedule IV Convention on Psychotropic Substances Opened for signature February 21, 1971 in Vienna Entered into force August 16, 1976 Conditions for entry into force 40 ratifications Parties 175 The Convention on Psychotropic Substances is a United Nations treaty designed to control psychoactive drugs such as amphetamines, barbiturates, and psychedelics. ... Convention on Psychotropic Substances Opened for signature February 21, 1971 in Vienna Entered into force August 16, 1976 Conditions for entry into force 40 ratifications Parties 175 The Convention on Psychotropic Substances is a United Nations treaty designed to control psychoactive drugs such as amphetamines, barbiturates, and psychedelics. ... The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) was enacted into law by the Congress of the United States as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970. ...

According to FDA Associate Director for Domestic and International Drug Control Nicholas Reuter:^[36]

Rohypnol is currently under consideration to be rescheduled to Schedule I, and is already considered such in the States of Florida, Idaho, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania. The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) was enacted into law by the Congress of the United States as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970. ... The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) was enacted into law by the Congress of the United States as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970. ...

21 U.S.C. § 841 and 21 U.S.C. § 952 provide for stiff prison terms for the possession of flunitrazepam; penalties for use or distribution include life in prison, should death or serious injury occur. Title 21 is the portion of the United States Code that governs food and drugs. ... Title 21 is the portion of the United States Code that governs food and drugs. ...

In Australia, flunitrazepam is a schedule 8 drug, along with amphetamines and narcotic analgesics. All other benzodiazepines (except Temazepam) are schedule 4 drugs. Unauthorized possession of certain quantities of the drug is punishable by criminal sanctions in New South Wales under Schedule 1 of the Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act 1985. Amphetamine is a synthetic drug originally developed (and still used) as an appetite suppressant. ... The term narcotic, derived from the Greek word for stupor, originally referred to a variety of substances that induced sleep (such state is narcosis). ... â€œNSWâ€ redirects here. ...

Street terms

Street names for Rohypnol include rophy, rufflels, roofies, ruffies, ruff up, rib, roach 2, R2, R2-Do-U, roche, rope, ropies, circles, circes, forget it, forget-me-pill, forget-me-now, Baptist Communion, and Mexican Valium.^[37]

See also

Benzodiazepine tablets The benzodiazepines are a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, amnestic and muscle relaxant properties. ... Temazepam (marketed under brand names RestorilÂ®, NormisonÂ®, TenoxÂ® and TemazeÂ®), which is a benzodiazepine derivative, is a powerful hypnotic drug. ... Nitrazepam (marketed under the trade names MogadonÂ®, NitredonÂ®, NilandronÂ®) is a powerful hypnotic drug, which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... GHB redirects here. ... Date rape drug refers to any drug which can be used to assist in the commission of a sexual assault. ...

References

Footnotes

^ Rickels K. (1986). "The clinical use of hypnotics: indications for use and the need for a variety of hypnotics.". Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 332: 132-41. PMID 2883820.
^ Robertson MD; Drummer OH. (May 1995). "Postmortem drug metabolism by bacteria.". J Forensic Sci. 40 (3): 382-6. PMID 7782744.
^ Oelschläger H. (4). "[Chemical and pharmacologic aspects of benzodiazepines]". Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax. 78 (27-28): 766-72. PMID 2570451.
^ Cano J. P.; Soliva, M.; Hartmann, D.; Ziegler, W. H.; Amrein, R. (1977). "Bioavailability from various galenic formulations of flunitrazepam". Arzneimittelforschung 27 (12): 2383-8.. rohypnol.
^ Usami N; Yamamoto T, Shintani S, Ishikura S, Higaki Y, Katagiri Y, Hara A. (Apr 2002). "Substrate specificity of human 3(20)alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase for neurosteroids and its inhibition by benzodiazepines." (pdf). Biol Pharm Bull. 25 (4): 441-5. PMID 11995921.
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Categories: Anticonvulsants | Anxiolytics | Benzodiazepines | Hoffmann-La Roche | Hypnotics | Muscle relaxants | Sedatives Benzodiazepine tablets The benzodiazepines are a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, amnestic and muscle relaxant properties. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... Adinazolam is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Alprazolam, also known under the trade-names Xanax and Niravam, is a short-acting drug in the benzodiazepine class used to treat severe anxiety disorders and as an adjunctive treatment for anxiety associated with depression. ... Arfendazam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Avizafone is the international non-proprietary name (INN) for a water soluble prodrug of diazepam. ... Bentazepam (also known as Thiadipone) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Bretazenil was originally developed as an anti-anxiety drug, but never commercialised. ... Bromazepam (marketed under brand names Calmepam, Compendium, Creosedin, Durazanil, Lectopam, Lexaurin, Lexilium, Lexomil, Lexotan, Lexotanil, Normoc, Somalium)[1] is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Brotizolam (marketed under brand name Lendormin) is a drug which is thienobenzodiazepine (a benzodiazepine derivative). ... Camazepam (marketed under the brand name Albego) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Chlordiazepoxide (marketed under the trade name LibriumÂ®) is a hypnotic drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Cinolazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Clobazam is triazolobenzodiazepine, also known as a 1,5-benzodiazepine, meaning that its diazepine ring has its nitrogen atoms at the 1 and 5 positions instead of the usual 1 and 4. ... Clonazepam (marketed by Roche under the trade-names Klonopin in the United States and Rivotril in Europe, South America, Canada, India, and Australia) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Clorazepate (marketed under the brand names TranxeneÂ® and TranxiliumÂ®) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Clotiazepam (marketed under brand name Trecalmo) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Cloxazolam (marketed under brand name Sepazon) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Cyprazepam (marketed under brand name Somelin) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Delorazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Diazepam (IPA: ), first marketed as Valium by Hoffmann-La Roche, is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Doxefazepam (marketed under brand name Doxans) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Estazolam (ProSomÂ®) is a benzodiazepine commonly prescribed for short-term treatment of insomnia. ... Ethyl loflazepate (marketed under brand name MeilaxÂ®) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Etizolam (marketed under brand name Sedekopan) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Fletazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Fludiazepam (marketed under the brand name Erispan) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Flumazenil (flumazepil, AnexateÂ®, LanexatÂ®, MaziconÂ®, RomaziconÂ®) is a benzodiazepine antagonist, used as an antidote in the treatment of benzodiazepine overdose. ... Fosazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Flurazepam (marketed under the brand names Dalmane and Dalmadorm) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Flutazolam (Coreminal, MS-4101) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Flutoprazepam (Restas, KB-509) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Gidazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Halazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Haloxazolam (marketed under brand name Somelin) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Iclazepam (Clazepam) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Imidazenil is an anxiolytic drug which is derived from the benzodiazepine family, and is most closely related to other imidazobenzodiazepines such as midazolam, flumazenil and bretazenil. ... Ketazolam (marketed under brand names Anseren, Anxon, Contamex, Loftran, Marcen, Sedotime, Solatran, Unakalm) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Lofendazam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Loprazolam is a medicine of the Benzodiazepine family. ... Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine tranquilizer with short to medium duration of action. ... Lormetazepam (NoctamidÂ®, ErgocalmÂ®, LorametÂ®, also known as methyllorazepam, is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Medazepam is a drug of the Benzodiazepine family. ... Metaclazepam (Talis) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Mexazolam (marketed under brand name Somelin) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Midazolam (marketed under brand names VersedÂ®, HypnovelÂ®, DormicumÂ® and DormonidÂ®, pronounced ) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Nimetazepam (marketed under brand name EriminÂ®) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Nitrazepam (marketed under the trade names MogadonÂ®, NitredonÂ®, NilandronÂ®) is a powerful hypnotic drug, which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Nordazepam (CalmdayÂ®, StilnyÂ®, MadarÂ®), formerly known as nordiazepam, is a 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative. ... Oxazepam (marketed under brand names Alepam, Murelax, Oxascand, Serax, Serepax, Seresta, Sobril) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Oxazolam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Phenazepam is a sedative and muscle relaxant with sleep effect, normally taken 30 minutes before one goes to sleep. ... Pinazepam (marketed under the brand name DomarÂ®) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Pivoxazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Parazepam belong to the group of medicines called central nervous system depressants (medicines that slow down the nervous system). ... Quazepam (brand names DoralÂ®, DormalinÂ®) is a long-acting benzodiazepine used to treat insomnia. ... QH-II-66 (QH-ii-066) is a sedative drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Reclazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Rilmazafone (Rhythmy, 450191-S) is a water-soluble benzodiazepine prodrug developed in Japan. ... Ro15-4513 is a weak partial inverse agonist of the benzodiazepine class of drugs, developed by Hoffmannâ€“La Roche in 1984, and is structurally related to the benzodiazepine antidote flumazenil. ... Temazepam (marketed under brand names RestorilÂ®, NormisonÂ®, TenoxÂ® and TemazeÂ®), which is a benzodiazepine derivative, is a powerful hypnotic drug. ... Tetrazepam, (Clinoxan, Myolastan, Musaril) is a benzodiazepine derivative with anxiolytic and muscle relaxant properties. ... Tofisopam (marketed under brand name Emandaxin) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Triazolam (Halcion®, Novodorm®, Songar®) belongs to benzodiazepine group of drugs. ... Zapizolam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Zolazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative used as an anaesthetic for a wide range of animals in veterinary medicine. ...

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