| Fluorescein |
 |
 | | Other names | Fluorescein, resorcinolphthalein, C.I. 45350, solvent yellow 94, D & C yellow no. 7, angiofluor, Japan yellow 201, soap yellow | | Identifiers | | CAS number | 2321-07-5 | | PubChem | 16850 | | EINECS number | 219-031-8 | | MeSH | Fluorescein | | SMILES | OC(C1=C(C(C(C=CC(O)=C3)
=C3O2)=C4C2=CC(C=C4)=O)C=CC=C1)=O | | Properties | | Molecular formula | C20H12O5 | | Molar mass | 332.306 g/mol | | Melting point | 314 - 316 °C Image File history File links Fluoresceine. ...
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The EINECS number (for European Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances) is a registry number given to each chemical substance commercially available in the European Union between 1 January 1971 and 18 September 1981. ...
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ...
The simplified molecular input line entry specification or SMILES is a specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ...
| | Solubility in water | Slightly | | Hazards | | S-phrases | S26 S36 | Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox disclaimer and references | Fluorescein is a fluorophore commonly used in microscopy, in a type of dye laser as the gain medium, in forensics and serology to detect latent blood stains, and in dye tracing. Fluorescein has an absorption maximum at 494 nm and emission maximum of 521 nm (in water). Also, fluorescein has an isosbestic point (equal absorption for all pH values) at 460 nm. Fluorescein is also known as a color additive (D&C Yellow no. 7). The disodium salt form of fluorescein is known as D&C Yellow no. 8. Solubility refers to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent. ...
Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ...
S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. ...
In chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 kilopascals) and 25 degrees Celsius (298. ...
A fluorophore is a component of a molecule which causes a molecule to be fluorescent. ...
This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ...
Close-up of a table-top dye laser based on Rhodamine 6G, emitting at 580 nm (yellow-orange). ...
A laser system generally consists of three important parts: An energy source (usually referred to as the pump or pump source); A gain medium or laser medium; A mirror, or system of mirrors, forming an optical resonator. ...
The word forensic (from Latin: forensis - forum) refers to something of, pertaining to, or used in a court of law. ...
Serology is the scientific study of blood serum. ...
Dye tracing is tracking and tracing various flows using dye added to the liquid in question. ...
Absorption, in optics, is the process by which the energy of a photon is taken up by another entity, for example, by an atom whose valence electrons make a transition between two electronic energy levels. ...
Fluorescence induced by exposure to ultraviolet light in vials containing various sized Cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots. ...
The correct title of this article is . ...
The United States Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (abbreviated as FFDCA, FDCA, or FD&C), is a set of laws passed by Congress in 1938 giving authority to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to oversee the safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics. ...
The United States Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (abbreviated as FFDCA, FDCA, or FD&C), is a set of laws passed by Congress in 1938 giving authority to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to oversee the safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics. ...
Chemical and physical properties
 Fluorescein under UV illumination The fluorescence of this molecule is very high, and excitation occurs at 494 nm and emission at 521. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 385 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (964 × 1500 pixel, file size: 641 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Fluorescein in aquatic solution is fluorescing under ultraviolet light. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 385 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (964 × 1500 pixel, file size: 641 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Fluorescein in aquatic solution is fluorescing under ultraviolet light. ...
“UV†redirects here. ...
A nanometre (American spelling: nanometer, symbol nm) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one thousand-millionth of a metre, which is the current SI base unit of length. ...
Fluorescein has a pKa of 6.4 and multiple ionization equilibria. This leads to pH dependent absorption and emission over the range of 5 to 9. Also, the fluorescence lifetimes of the protonated and deprotonated forms of fluorescein are approximately 3 and 4 ns, which allows for pH determination from non-intensity based measurements. The lifetimes can be recovered using time-correlated single photon counting or phase-modulation fluorimetry. The acid dissociation constant (Ka), also known as the acidity constant or the acid-ionization constant, is a specific equilibrium constant for the reaction of an acid with its conjugate base in aqueous solution [1]. // When an acid dissolves in water, it partly dissociates forming hydronium ions and its conjugate...
Absorption, in optics, is the process by which the energy of a photon is taken up by another entity, for example, by an atom whose valence electrons make a transition between two electronic energy levels. ...
Fluorescence induced by exposure to ultraviolet light in vials containing various sized Cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots. ...
Derivatives
 Fluorescein isothiocyanate There are many fluorescein derivatives, for example fluorescein isothiocyanate, often abbreviated as FITC. FITC is the original fluorescein molecule functionalized with an isothiocyanate group (-N=C=S), replacing a hydrogen atom on the bottom ring of the structure. This derivative is reactive towards amine groups on proteins inside cells. A succinimidyl-ester functional group attached to the fluorescein core, creating NHS-fluorescein, forms another common amine reactive derivative. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 623 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1100 × 1058 pixel, file size: 53 KB, MIME type: image/png) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 623 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1100 × 1058 pixel, file size: 53 KB, MIME type: image/png) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Fluorescein isothiocyanate is a derivative of fluorescein used in flow cytometry. ...
Fluorescein isothiocyanate is a derivative of fluorescein used in flow cytometry. ...
Isothiocyanate is the chemical group -N=C=S, formed by substituting sulfur for oxygen in the isocyanate group. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ...
The general structure of an amine Amines are organic compounds and a type of functional group that contain nitrogen as the key atom. ...
Other derivatives of fluorescein include Oregon Green, Tokyo Green, SNAFL, and carboxynaphthofluorescein. These derivatives, along with newer fluors such as Alexa 488 and DyLight 488, have been tailored for various chemical and biological applications where higher photostability, different spectral characteristics, or different attachment groups are needed. The Alexa Fluor family of fluorescent dyes is produced by Molecular Probes, a subsidiary of Invitrogen. ...
The DyLight Fluor family of fluorescent dyes is produced by Thermo Fisher Scientific. ...
Photobleaching is the photochemical destruction of a fluorophore. ...
Synthesis Fluorescein can be prepared from phthalic anhydride and resorcinol in the presence of zinc chloride via the Friedel-Crafts reaction. R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , , , , Flash point 152 °C RTECS number TI3150000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ...
Resorcin (or resorcinol) is the (1,3) isomer of dihydroxybenzene (dihydric phenol). ...
Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) is a colorless or white compound of zinc and chlorine that is extremely hygroscopic. ...
The Friedel-Crafts reactions are a set of reactions developed by Charles Friedel and James Crafts in 1877. ...
A second method to prepare fluorescein uses methanesulfonic acid as the catalyst. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 232 pixelsFull resolution (1137 × 330 pixel, file size: 41 KB, MIME type: image/png) Preparation of w:fluorescein from w:resorcinol in the presence of w:zinc chloride. ...
It has been suggested that Sulfonic acid/Temp be merged into this article or section. ...
Applications
Uses in river systems One of its more recognizable uses is in the Chicago River, where fluorescein is used to dye the river green on St. Patrick's Day. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1984x1488, 1053 KB) This is a photograph of the Chicago River. ...
ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1984x1488, 1053 KB) This is a photograph of the Chicago River. ...
The Chicago River is 156 miles (251 km) long[1], and flows through downtown Chicago. ...
The Chicago River is 156 miles (251 km) long[1], and flows through downtown Chicago. ...
St. ...
Other uses of fluorescein include using it as a water-soluble dye added to rainwater in environmental testing simulations to aid in locating and analyzing any water leaks, and in Australia and New Zealand as a methylated spirit dye. Rain falling For other uses see Rain (disambiguation). ...
Methylated spirit (Meths or denatured alcohol — but not Rubbing alcohol which is different [1]) is ethanol which has been rendered toxic or otherwise undrinkable, and in some cases dyed. ...
Biological research In cellular biology, the isothiocyanate derivative of fluorescein is often used to label and track cells in fluorescence microscopy applications (for example, flow cytometry). Additional biologically active molecules (such as antibodies) may also be attached to fluorescein, allowing biologists to target the fluorophore to specific proteins or structures within cells. This application is common in yeast display. Isothiocyanate is the chemical group -N=C=S, formed by substituting sulfur for oxygen in the isocyanate group. ...
Drawing of the structure of cork as it appeared under the microscope to Robert Hooke from Micrographia which is the origin of the word cell being used to describe the smallest unit of a living organism Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) The cell is the...
Microscopy is any technique for producing visible images of structures or details too small to otherwise be seen by the human eye. ...
Analysis of a marine sample of photosynthetic picoplankton by flow cytometry showing three different populations (Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus and picoeukaryotes) Flow cytometry is a technique for counting, examining and sorting microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. ...
Each antibody binds to a specific antigen; an interaction similar to a lock and key. ...
Yeast display (or yeast surface display) is a technique used in the field of protein engineering. ...
Fluorescein can also be conjugated to nucleoside triphosphates and incorporated into a probe for in situ hybridisation. Fluorescein-labelled probes can be imaged using FISH, or targeted by antibodies using immunohistochemistry. The latter is a common alternative to digoxigenin, and the two are used together for labelling two genes in one sample. Nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) is a nucleotide with three phosphates. ...
A hybridization probe is a short piece of DNA (on the order of 100-500 bases) that is denatured (by heating) into single strands and then radioactively labeled, usually with phosphorus (32P or 33P). ...
In situ hybridization (ISH) is a type of hybridization that uses a labeled complementary DNA or RNA strand (i. ...
A metaphase cell positive for the bcr/abl rearrangement using FISH. The chromosomes can be seen in blue. ...
Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...
Immunohistochemistry or IHC refers to the process of localizing proteins in cells of a tissue section exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues. ...
chemical structure of digoxigenin Digoxigenin (DIG) is a steroid found exclusively in the flowers and leaves of the plants Digitalis purpurea and Digitalis lanata. ...
Ophthalmic applications
 Fluorescein in dropper used for eye examination. Fluorescein sodium is used extensively as a diagnostic tool in the field of ophthalmology. It is applied topically in the form of a drop or it can be injected intravenously to produce a fluorescein angiogram. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2100x1400, 1551 KB) Summary Fluorescein in dropper used for eye exam. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2100x1400, 1551 KB) Summary Fluorescein in dropper used for eye exam. ...
This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...
Topical fluorescein is useful in the diagnosis of corneal abrasions, corneal ulcers, herpetic corneal infections, and dry eye. Fluorescein angiography is used to diagnose and categorize macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, inflammatory intraocular conditions, and intraocular tumors. For corneal abrasions in dogs and cats, see corneal ulcer. ...
A corneal ulcer is an inflammatory condition of the cornea involving loss of its outer layer. ...
Genera Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae Simplexvirus Varicellovirus Mardivirus Iltovirus Subfamily Betaherpesvirinae Cytomegalovirus Muromegalovirus Roseolovirus Subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae Lymphocryptovirus Rhadinovirus Unassigned Ictalurivirus The Herpesviridae are a large family of DNA viruses that cause diseases in humans and animals. ...
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca or KCS is an eye disease caused by decreased tear production or increased tear film evaporation commonly found in people and small animals. ...
Fluorescein angiography, or fluorescent angiography, is a technique for examining the circulation of the retina. ...
Listen to this article ( info) in media player in browser This audio file was created from an article revision dated 2005-07-19, and may not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ...
Diabetic retinopathy is retinopathy (damage to the retina) caused by complications of diabetes mellitus, which could eventually lead to blindness. ...
Tumor or tumour literally means swelling, and is sometimes still used with that meaning. ...
Safety Topical, oral, and intravenous use of fluorescein can cause adverse reactions. Intravenous use has documented adverse reactions including nausea, vomiting, anaphylaxis and (rarely) death.[1] For other uses, see Nausea (disambiguation). ...
Vomiting (also throwing up or emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of ones stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose. ...
Anaphylaxis is an acute systemic (multi-system) and severe Type I Hypersensitivity allergic reaction in humans and other mammals. ...
See also - Chemical derivatives of fluorescein
- Eosin
- Fluorescein isothiocyanate
- Erythrosine
- DyLight Fluor, a product line of fluorescent dyes
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterium that secretes fluorescein
- Fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, a biochemistry laboratory test
Eosin is an orange-pink dye derived from coal tar. ...
Fluorescein isothiocyanate is a derivative of fluorescein used in flow cytometry. ...
Erythrosine (Tetraiodofluorescein) is a cherry-pink coal based fluorone food dye. ...
The DyLight Fluor family of fluorescent dyes is produced by Thermo Fisher Scientific. ...
Binomial name Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter 1872) Migula 1900 Synonyms Bacterium aeruginosum Schroeter 1872 Bacterium aeruginosum Cohn 1872 Micrococcus pyocyaneus Zopf 1884 Bacillus aeruginosus (Schroeter 1872) Trevisan 1885 Bacillus pyocyaneus (Zopf 1884) Flügge 1886 Pseudomonas pyocyanea (Zopf 1884) Migula 1895 Bacterium pyocyaneum (Zopf 1884) Lehmann and Neumann 1896 Pseudomonas polycolor...
fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis (FDA) assays can be used to measure enzyme activity produced by microbes in a sample. ...
References Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 197th day of the year (198th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
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