A number of animals have evolved aerial locomotion, either by powered flight or by gliding. Flying and gliding animals have evolved separately many times, without any single ancestor. Flight has evolved at least four times, in the insects, pterosaurs, birds, and bats. Gliding has evolved on many more occasions. Usually the development is to aid canopy animals in getting from tree to tree, although there are other possibilities. Gliding, in particular, has evolved among rainforest animals, especially in the rainforests of Asia (most especially Borneo) where the trees are tall and quite widely spaced. Animalia redirects here. ... This article is about evolution in biology. ... Flight is the process by which a heavier-than-air animal or object achieves sustained movement either through the air by aerodynamically generating lift or aerostatically using buoyancy, or movement beyond earths atmosphere, in the case of spaceflight. ... Rainforests are forests characterized by high rainfall, with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750 mm and 2000 mm. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ... Borneo (left) and Sulawesi. ... The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ...

A flock of seabirds.

Image File history File links Seabirds. ... Image File history File links Seabirds. ... The Sooty Tern is highly aerial and marine and will spend years flying at sea without returning to land. ...

Types of aerial locomotion

• Falling: Decreasing altitude under the force of gravity, using no adaptions to increase drag or provide lift.

• Parachuting: Defined as falling at greater than 45 degrees from the horizontal with adaptations to increase drag forces. In very small animals they may be carried up by the wind.

• Gliding: Defined as falling at less than 45 degrees from the horizontal. Lift caused by some kind of aerofoil mechanism, allowing slowly falling directed horizontal movement. Streamlined to decrease drag forces to aid aerofoil. Often some maneuverability in air. Gliding animals have a lower aspect ratio (wing length/wing breadth) than flyers.

• Flying: Flapping of wings to produce thrust. May ascend without the aid of the wind, as opposed to gliders and parachuters.

• Soaring: Appears similar to gliding but is actually very different, requiring specific physiological and morphological adaptations. The animal keeps aloft on rising warm air (thermals) without flapping its wings. Only large animals can be efficient soarers.

The forms of aerial locomotion are not mutually exclusive and indeed many animals will employ two or more of the methods. Falling is movement due to gravity. ... Gravity is a force of attraction that acts between bodies that have mass. ... An object falling through a gas or liquid experiences a force in direction opposite to its motion. ... The lift force, lifting force or simply lift consists of the sum of all the fluid dynamic forces on a body perpendicular to the direction of the external flow approaching that body. ... Skydiver about to land Parachuting, or skydiving, is an activity involving the breaking of a free-fall from a height using a parachute. ... Horizontal is an orientation relating to, or in parallel with the horizon, and thus perpendicular to the vertical. ... Wind is the rough horizontal movement of air (as opposed to an air current) caused by uneven heating of the Earths surface. ... A modern glider crossing the finish line of a competition at high speed. ... An airfoil (or aerofoil in British English) is a specially shaped cross-section of a wing or blade, used to provide lift or downforce, depending on its application. ... The low aspect ratio wing of a Piper PA-28 Cherokee In aerodynamics, the aspect ratio is an airplanes wings span divided by its standard mean chord (SMC). ... This article concerns the process of flying. ... WING ESPN 1410 is an commercial AM radio station in Dayton, Ohio operating with 5,000 watts at 1410 kHz with studios,offices and transmitter located on David Road in Kettering. ... A Blanik L-23. ... This article is about the atmospheric phenomenon. ...

Two other common forms of aerial locomotion for humans are not employed in the rest of the animal kingdom: heli-propulsion and the balloon. Balloons, like greeting cards or flowers, are given for special occasions. ...

Ecology of aerial locomotion

Although only four groups of animal have evolved flight, all three extant groups are very successful, suggesting that flight is a very successful strategy once evolved. Bats, after rodents, have the most species of any mammalian order, about 20% of all mammalian species. Birds have the most species of any class of terrestrial vertebrates. Finally insects have more species than all other animal groups combined. Suborders Megachiroptera Microchiroptera See text for families. ... Suborders Sciuromorpha Castorimorpha Myomorpha Anomaluromorpha Hystricomorpha Rodentia is an order of mammals also known as rodents. ... I smoke weed im growing a blue penis dude#REDIRECT penises are cool ... In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ... Aves redirects here. ... Classes and Clades See below Vertebrates are members of the subphylum Vertebrata (within the phylum Chordata), specifically, those chordates with backbones or spinal columns. ... Orders See taxonomy Insects are invertebrates that are taxonomically referred to as the class Insecta. ...

Flying animals may have evolved from gliding animals. However gliding is not necessarily just an evolutionary route to flying and has some advantages of its own. Gliding is a very energy efficient way of travelling from tree to tree. An argument made is that many gliding animals eat low energy foods such as leaves and are restricted to gliding because of this, whereas flying animals eat more high energy foods such as fruits, nectar, and insects.^[1] In contrast to flight, gliding has evolved independently many times (more than a dozen times among extant vertebrates), however these groups have not radiated nearly as much as have groups of flying animals. Fruit stall in Barcelona, Spain. ... In Greek mythology, nectar and ambrosia are the food of the gods. ...

One point of interest is the distribution of gliding animals. Many gliding animals are found in Southeast Asia, some in Africa, and there are no gliding vertebrates in South America. However, many more animals in South America have prehensile tails than in Africa and Southeast Asia. It has been argued that gliding animals dominate in Southeast Asia as the forests are less dense than in South America. In dense forest there is not room to glide, but a prehensile tail is very useful for moving from tree to tree. Also South American rainforests tend to have more lianas as there are less large animals to eat them compared to Africa and Asia; these lianas would aid climbers but obstruct gliders.^[1] Curiously Australia contains many mammals with prehensile tails and also many mammals which can glide, in fact all Australian mammalian gliders have tails that are prehensile to an extent. Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... A prehensile tail is the tail of an animal that has adapted to be able to grasp and/or hold objects. ... A liana is a kind of plant. ...

Only a few animals are known to have specialised in soaring, the larger of the extinct pterosaurs, and some large birds. Powered flight is very energetically expensive for large animals, but for soaring their size is an advantage as it allows them a low wing loading, that is a large wing areas relative to their weight, which maximizes lift. Soaring is very energetically efficient. Suborders Rhamphorhynchoidea Pterodactyloidea Pterosaurs (, winged lizards, often referred to as pterodactyls, ) were flying reptiles of the clade Pterosauria. ...

Biomechanics of aerial locomotion

The forms of aerial locomotion for which the biomechanics are most studied are bird flight and insect flight. The UCMP exhibit on vertebrate flight contains a broad introduction to the biomechanics of flying and gliding vertebrates ^[2]. . Flight is the mode of locomotion used by most of the world’s bird species. ... The Dragonfly Insect flight, In the past several million years, flying insects have evolved with amazing flight characteristics and abilities. ... The University of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP) is a paleontology museum located on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, California, USA. The museum is in the Valley Life Sciences Building at Berkeley and the collections are primarily intended for research. ...

Limits and extremes

Flying/soaring

• Largest. The largest known flying animal was formerly thought to be Pteranodon, with a wingspan of up to 7.5 m. However, the more recently discovered Quetzalcoatlus is much larger, with estimates of the wingspan ranging from 9 m to 18 m. Although it is widely thought that Quetzalcoatlus reached the size limit of a flying animal, it should be noted that the same was once said of Pteranodon. The heaviest living flying animal is the great bustard at 21 kg. The wandering albatross has the greatest wingspan of any living flying animal at 3.63 m (11 ft 11 in). Among living animals which fly over land, the Andean condor and the marabou stork have the largest wingspan at 3.2 m.

• Smallest. There is no real minimum size for getting airborne. Indeed, there are many bacteria floating in the atmosphere that constitute part of the aeroplankton. However, to move about under one's own power and not be overly affected by the wind requires a certain amount of size.

• Fastest. The fastest of all known flying animals is the peregrine falcon, which when diving has been recorded flying at 300 km/h or faster. The fastest animal in flapping flight might be the white-throated needle-tailed swift, at 170 km/h. In level flapping flight, a good contender for the fastest living animal recorded is the red-breasted merganser at 100 mi/h (160 km/h).

• Slowest. Most flying animals need to travel forward at a minimum speed to stay aloft. However, some creatures can stay in the same spot, known as hovering, either by rapidly flapping the wings, as do hummingbirds, hoverflies, dragonflies, and some others, or carefully using thermals, as do some birds of prey. The slowest flying non-hovering bird recorded is the American woodcock, at 8 km/h. However, many insects probably fly much slower than this.

• Highest flying. There are records of a Rueppell's Vulture Gyps rueppelli, a large vulture, being sucked into a jet engine 37,900 feet (11,550 m) above the Ivory Coast in West Africa. The animal that flies highest most regularly is the bar-headed goose Anser indicus, which migrates directly over the Himalayas between its nesting grounds in Tibet and its winter quarters in India. They are sometimes seen flying well above the peak of Mount Everest at 8,848 m (29,028 feet).

• Most maneuverable. A number of flying animals are known for their maneuverability. Many animals that can hover are often very maneuverable, being able to move in any direction as well as stay still. Other flying animals known for their aerial acrobatics are bats and crows.

Species (type) Pteranodon (from Greek πτερ- wing and αν-οδων toothless), from the Late Cretaceous (santonian-campanian, 85-82 million years ago) of North America (Kansas, Alabama, Nebraska, Wyoming, South Dakota) was one of the largest pterosaur genera, with a wingspan of up to 9 m (30 feet). ... Species Quetzalcoatlus northropi (type) Quetzalcoatlus, named after the Aztec feathered serpent god Quetzalcoatl, was a pterodactyloid pterosaur known from the Late Cretaceous of North America (Campanian–Maastrichtian stages, 84–65 ma), and one of the largest known flying animals of all time. ... Binomial name Otis tarda Linnaeus, 1758 The Great Bustard, Otis tarda, is a very large bird in the bustard family. ... Binomial name Diomedea exulans Linnaeus, 1758 The Wandering Albatross (Diomedea exulans), is a large seabird from the family Diomedeidae which has a circumpolar range in the Southern Ocean. ... Binomial name Vultur gryphus (Linnaeus, 1758) Synonyms Vultur fossilis Moreno & Mercerat, 1891 Vultur patruus Lönnberg, 1902 Vultur pratruus Emslie, 1988 (lapsus) The Andean Condor, Vultur gryphus, is a species of bird in one of the vulture families. ... Binomial name Leptoptilos crumeniferus (Lesson, 1831) The Marabou Stork, Leptoptilos crumeniferus, is a large wading bird in the stork family Ciconiidae. ... Aeroplankton is the term used to describe the tiny lifeforms which float and drift in the air, carried by the current of the wind; it is the atmospheric analogue to oceanic plankton. ... Binomial name Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771 The Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), sometimes formerly known in North America as Duck Hawk, is a medium-sized falcon about the size of a large crow: 38-53 cm (15 to 21 inches) long. ... Binomial name Mergus serrator Linnaeus, 1758 The Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator) is a typical merganser. ... Levitation is the process by which an object is suspended against gravity, in a stable position, by a force without physical contact. ... Subfamilies Phaethornithinae Trochilinae For a list of species, see: Alphabetic species list Taxonomic species list Hummingbirds are small birds in the family Trochilidae. ... Genera many genera about 5,000 species The flower flies or hoverflies are a family of flies (Diptera), scientifically termed Syrphidae. ... Families Aeshnidae Austropetaliidae Cordulegastridae Corduliidae Gomphidae Libellulidae Macromiidae Neopetaliidae Petaluridae Wing structure of a dragonfly A dragonfly is any insect belonging to the order Odonata, the suborder Epiprocta or, in the strict sense, the infraorder Anisoptera. ... If you are looking for other meanings of the term, refer to Bird of prey (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Scolopax minor Gmelin, 1789 The American Woodcock, Scolopax minor, is a small chunky shorebird. ... Binomial name Gyps rueppellii (Brehm, 1852) The Rueppells Vulture (Gyps rueppellii) is a large vulture that ranges across much of central Africa, including Ethiopia, the Sudan, Tanzania and Guinea. ... Binomial name Anser indicus (Latham, 1790) The Bar-headed Goose (Anser indicus) is a goose which breeds in Central Asia and migrates over the Himalayas to winter in the wetlands of India. ... Binomial name Anser indicus (Latham, 1790) The Bar-headed Goose (Anser indicus) is a goose which breeds in Central Asia and migrates over the Himalayas to winter in the wetlands of India. ... Migration occurs when living things move from one biome to another. ... Perspective view of the Himalayas and Mount Everest as seen from space looking south-south-east from over the Tibetan Plateau. ... Tibet (older spelling Thibet; Tibetan: བོད་; Wylie: Bod; Lhasa dialect IPA: [; Simplified and Traditional Chinese: 西藏, Hanyu Pinyin: XÄ«zàng; also referred to as 藏区 (Simplified Chinese), 藏區 (Traditional Chinese), ZàngqÅ« (Hanyu Pinyin), having the two names different connotations; see Name section below) is a plateau region in Central Asia and the... Everest redirects here. ... Suborders Megachiroptera Microchiroptera See text for families. ... Species See text. ...

Gliding/parachuting

• Most efficient glider. This can be taken as the animal that moves most horizontal distance per metre fallen. Possible candidates are the flying squirrels which are known to glide up to 200 m and flying fish has been observed to glide for hundreds of meters on the drafts on the edge of waves with only their initial leap from the water to provide height.

• Most maneuverable glider. Paradise tree snakes, Chinese gliding frogs, and gliding ants have all been observed as having considerable capacity to turn in the air. Many other gliding animals may also be able to turn, but which is the most maneuverable is difficult to assess.

• Most efficient parachuter. This could be the animal that is the slowest falling, or the animal that is slowest falling given its weight.

Two groups of rodents are referred to as flying squirrels. ... Genera Cheilopogon Cypselurus Danichthys Exocoetus Fodiator Hirundichthys Oxyporhamphus Parexocoetus Prognichthys The Execoetidae or flyingfishes are a marine fish family comprising about 70 species grouped in 7 to 9 genera. ... Gliding ants are arboreal ants of many different genera, each having developed the ability to guide its descent when falling from a tree, in order to land on the trunk before reaching the (potentially flooded, disorienting, or dangerous) ground. ...

Animals which parachute, glide, or fly (living)

Invertebrates

Invertebrate is a term coined by Chevalier de Lamarck to describe any animal without a backbone or vertebra, like insects, squids and worms. ...

Arthropods

An insect (A bee) in flight. The insects were the first to fly, and have more species than all other animals put together.

• Insects (flight). The first of all animals to evolve flight, insects are also the only invertebrates that have evolved flight. The species are too numerous to list here. Insect flight has been studied in some detail, but less than bird flight.

• Gliding ants (gliding). These flightless insects have secondarily gained some capacity to move through the air. Gliding has evolved independently in a number of arboreal ant species from the groups Cephalotini, Pseudomyrmecinae, and Formicinae (mostly Camponotus). All arboreal dolichoderines and non-cephalotine myrmicines except Daceton armigerum do not glide. Living in the rainforest canopy like many other gliders, gliding ants use their gliding to return to the trunk of the tree they live on should they fall or be knocked off a branch. Gliding was first discovered for Cephalotes atreus in the Peruvian rainforest. Cephalotes atreus can make 180 degree turns, and locate the trunk using visual cues, succeeding in landing 80% of the time. See Yanoviak et al 2005. Unique among gliding animals, Cephalotini and Pseudomyrmecinae ants glide abdomen first, the Forminicae however glide in the more conventional head first manner.^[3] The following page has some good videos of gliding ants. [1]

• Spiders (parachuting). The young of some species of spiders travel through the air by using silk draglines to catch the wind, as may some smaller species of adult spider, such the money spider family. This behavior is commonly known as "ballooning". Ballooning spiders make up part of the aeroplankton.

Subphyla and Classes Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Trilobita - Trilobites (extinct) Subphylum Chelicerata Arachnida - Spiders, Scorpions, etc. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 100 KB) http://pdphoto. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 100 KB) http://pdphoto. ... Orders See taxonomy Insects are invertebrates that are taxonomically referred to as the class Insecta. ... Families Andrenidae Apidae Colletidae Halictidae Megachilidae Melittidae Stenotritidae Bee collecting pollen Bees are flying insects, closely related to wasps and ants. ... Orders Subclass Apterygota Symphypleona - globular springtails Subclass Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) Subclass Dicondylia Monura - extinct Thysanura (common bristletails) Subclass Pterygota Diaphanopteroidea - extinct Palaeodictyoptera - extinct Megasecoptera - extinct Archodonata - extinct Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Blattodea (cockroaches) Mantodea (mantids) Isoptera (termites) Zoraptera Grylloblattodea Dermaptera (earwigs) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets... The Dragonfly Insect flight, In the past several million years, flying insects have evolved with amazing flight characteristics and abilities. ... Flight is the mode of locomotion used by most of the world’s bird species. ... Gliding ants are arboreal ants of many different genera, each having developed the ability to guide its descent when falling from a tree, in order to land on the trunk before reaching the (potentially flooded, disorienting, or dangerous) ground. ... Genera Cephalotes Eucryptocerus Procryptocerus Zacryptocerus Cephalotini is a tribe of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae. ... Binomial name Pseudomyrmex spinicola Emery, 1890 Pseudomyrmex spinicola is a species of red myrmecophyte-inhabitating neotropical ants which are found only in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. ... Tribes, Genera and Species Species: Formica rufa Genus: Camponotus(World-wide) Formica, Lasius(Holartic) Gigantiops(Neotropical) Polyrhachis(Asian, African tropics) Melophorus(Australian) Kyromyrma(Cretaceous fossil) Tribes: Camponotini Formicini Gesomyrmecini Gigantiopini Lasiini Melophorini Myrmecorhynchini Myrmoteratini Notostigmatini Oecophyllini Plagiolepidini The Formicinae is a subfamily within the Formicidae containing ants of moderate evolutionary... Species See text. ... Families Suborder Mesothelae     Liphistiidae (primitive burrowing spiders) Suborder Mygalomorphae     Atypidae (atypical tarantula)     Antrodiaetidae (folding trapdoor spider)     Mecicobothriidae (dwarf tarantulas)     Hexathelidae (venomous funnel-web tarantula)     Dipluridae (funnel-web tarantula)     Cyrtaucheniidae (wafer trapdoor spider)     Ctenizidae (trapdoor spider)     Theraphosidae (tarantula) Suborder Araneomorphae     Hypochilidae (lampshade spider)     Filistatidae (crevice weaver)     Sicariidae (recluse spider)     Scytodidae (spitting... Genera many, see text The bowl and doily and dwarf spiders, also known as money spiders (family Linyphiidae) include nearly 4250 species in over 550 genera worldwide. ... Aeroplankton is the term used to describe the tiny lifeforms which float and drift in the air, carried by the current of the wind; it is the atmospheric analogue to oceanic plankton. ...

Molluscs

• Flying squid (gliding). Several oceanic squids, such as the Pacific flying squid, will leap out of the water to escape predators, an adaptation similar to that of flying fish. Smaller squids will fly in shoals, and have been observed to cover distances as long as 50 meters. Small fins towards the back of the mantle do not produce much lift, but do help stabilize the motion of flight. They exit the water by expelling water out of their funnel, indeed some squid have been observed to continue jetting water while airborne possibly providing thrust even after leaving the water. This may make flying squid the only animals with, at a push, jet-propelled aerial locomotion.

Classes Caudofoveata Aplacophora Polyplacophora - Chitons Monoplacophora Bivalvia - Bivalves Scaphopoda - Tusk shells Gastropoda - Snails and Slugs Cephalopoda - Squids, Octopuses, etc. ... Suborders Myopsina Oegopsina Squids are the large, diverse group of marine mollusks, popular as food in cuisines as widely separated as the Japanese and the Italian. ... Genera Cheilopogon Cypselurus Danichthys Exocoetus Fodiator Hirundichthys Oxyporhamphus Parexocoetus Prognichthys The Execoetidae or flyingfishes are a marine fish family comprising about 70 species grouped in 7 to 9 genera. ...

Vertebrates

Typical classes Petromyzontidae (lampreys) Placodermi - extinct Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) Acanthodii - extinct Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Actinistia (coelacanths) Dipnoi (lungfish) Amphibia (amphibians) Reptilia (reptiles) Aves (birds) Mammalia (mammals) Vertebrata is a subphylum of chordates, specifically, those with backbones or spinal columns. ...

Fish

Band-winged flyingfish. Note the enlarged pectoral fins.

• Flying fish (gliding). There are over 50 species of flying fish belonging to the family Exocoetidae. They are mostly marine fishes of small to medium size. The largest flying fish can reach lengths of 45 cm, but most species measure less than 30 cm in length. They can be divided into two-winged varieties and four-winged varieties. The glides are usually up to 30-50 meters in length, but some have been observed soaring for hundreds of metres using the updraft on the leading edges of waves. The fish can also make a series of glides, each time dipping the tail into the water to produce forward thrust. It has been suggested that the genus Exocoetus is on an evolutionary borderline between flight and gliding. It flaps its enlarged pectoral fins when airborne, but still seems only to glide, as there is no hint of a power stroke.^[4]
• Hemirhamphid half-beaks (gliding). A group related to the Exocoetidae, one or two hemirhamphid species possess enlarged pectoral fins and show true gliding flight rather than simple leaps. Marshall (1965) reports that Euleptorhamphus viridis can cover 50 m in two separate hops.
• Freshwater butterflyfish (possibly gliding). Pantodon buchholzi has the ability to jump and possibly glide a short distance. It can move through the air several times the length of it's body. While it does this, the fish flaps its large pectoral fins, giving it its common name. ^[5]. However, it is debated whether the freshwater butterfly fish can truly glide, Saidel et al (2004) argue that it cannot.
• Freshwater hatchetfish (possibly flying). Freshwater hatchetfish have an extremely large sternal region that is fitted with a large amount of muscle that allows it to flap their pectoral fins. They can move in a straight line over a few meters to escape predators.

A giant grouper at the Georgia Aquarium Fish are aquatic vertebrates that are typically cold-blooded; covered with scales, and equipped with two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins. ... Image File history File links The Band-wing flyingfish, Cheilopogon exsiliens. ... Image File history File links The Band-wing flyingfish, Cheilopogon exsiliens. ... Genera Cheilopogon Cypselurus Danichthys Exocoetus Fodiator Hirundichthys Oxyporhamphus Parexocoetus Prognichthys The Execoetidae or flyingfishes are a marine fish family comprising about 70 species grouped in 7 to 9 genera. ... In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ... A giant grouper at the Georgia Aquarium Fish are aquatic vertebrates that are typically cold-blooded; covered with scales, and equipped with two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins. ... In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is 1) a rank or 2) a taxon in that rank. ... Genera Cheilopogon Cypselurus Danichthys Exocoetus Fodiator Hirundichthys Oxyporhamphus Parexocoetus Prognichthys The Execoetidae or flyingfishes are a marine fish family comprising about 70 species grouped in 7 to 9 genera. ... Marine is an umbrella term for things relating to the ocean, as with marine biology, marine geology, and as a term for a navy, etc. ... Genera Cheilopogon Cypselurus Danichthys Exocoetus Fodiator Hirundichthys Oxyporhamphus Parexocoetus Prognichthys The Exocoetidae or flying fishes are a marine fish family comprising about 50 species grouped in 7 to 9 genera. ... Location The clavicular head of the pectoralis major takes its origin from the anterior surface of the medial half of the clavicle. ... Binomial name Pantodon buchholzi Peters, 1877 // Classification Freshwater butterflyfish or African butterflyfish have no relation to their saltwater namesakes. ... Genera Carnegiella Gasteropelecus Thoracocharax The family Gasteropelecidae consists of the Freshwater Hatchetfish. ...

Amphibians

• Rhacophoridae flying frogs (gliding). Gliding has evolved independently in two families of tree frogs, the Old World Rhacophoridae and the New World Hylidae. Within each lineage there are a range of gliding abilities from non-gliding, to parachuting, to full gliding. A number of the Rhacophoridae have adaptation for gliding, the main feature being enlarged toe membranes. For example, the Malayan flying frog glides using the membranes between the toes of its limbs, and small membranes located at the heel, the base of the leg, and the forearm. Some of the frogs are quite accomplished gliders, for example, the Chinese gliding frog Polypedates dennysi can maneuver in the air, making two kinds of turn, either rolling into the turn (a banked turn) or yawing into the turn (a crabbed turn).
• Hylidae flying frogs (gliding). The other frog family that contains gliders.

The underside of Kuhl's flying gecko Ptychozoon kuhli. Note the gliding adaptations: flaps of skin on the legs, feet, sides of the body, and on the sides of the head.

For other uses, see Amphibian (disambiguation). ... subfamilies Buergeriinae Rhacophorinae Moss Frogs are the members of the Rhacophoridae family; these frogs are found in tropical areas of Asia and Africa. ... The Old World consists of those parts of Earth known to Europeans, Asians, and Africans before the voyages of Christopher Columbus; it includes Europe, Asia, and Africa (collectively known as Africa-Eurasia), plus surrounding islands. ... Carte dAmérique, Guillaume Delisle, c. ... Motto: Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu (English: Unity Is Strength)[1] Anthem: Negaraku Capital Kuala Lumpur1 Largest city Kuala Lumpur Malay Government Federal constitutional monarchy  - Paramount Ruler Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin  - Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi Independence    - from the UK (Malaya only) August 31, 1957   - Federation (with Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore2) September... Flight dynamics is the study of orientation of air and space vehicles and how to control the critical flight parameters, typically named pitch, roll and yaw. ... A banked turn is the term used to describe a car riding along a circle with inclined edges. ... Flight dynamics is the study of orientation of air and space vehicles and how to control the critical flight parameters, typically named pitch, roll and yaw. ... Genera see Text Tree frog, in zoology, any individual of the family Hylidae. ... Image File history File links Ptychozoon_kuhli_underside_cropped. ... Image File history File links Ptychozoon_kuhli_underside_cropped. ... Binomial name Ptychozoon kuhli Stejneger, 1902 Kuhls Flying Gecko (Ptychozoon kuhli) is a species of gecko which has adaptations to its skin, including flaps on either side of its body, webbed feet, and a flattened tail to allow it to glide. ... Binomial name Ptychozoon kuhli Stejneger, 1902 Kuhls Flying Gecko (Ptychozoon kuhli) is a species of gecko which has adaptations to its skin, including flaps on either side of its body, webbed feet, and a flattened tail to allow it to glide. ...

Reptiles

• Draco lizards (gliding). There are 28 species of lizard of the genus Draco, found in Sri Lanka, India, and Southeast Asia. They live in trees, feeding on tree ants, but nest on the forest floor. They can glide for up to 100 m, but usually only glide up to 20-30 m between trees as forest trees are often not so widely spaced. Unusually, their patagium (gliding membrane) is supported on elongated ribs rather than the more common situation among gliding vertebrates of having the patagium attached to the limbs. When extended, the ribs form a semi-circle on either side the lizards body and can be folded to the body like a folding fan.

• Gliding Lacertids (gliding). There are two species of gliding lacertid, of the genus Holaspis. Found in Africa. They have fringed toes and tail sides and can flatten their bodies for gliding.

• Ptychozoon flying geckos (gliding). There are six species of gliding gecko, of the genus Ptychozoon, from Southeast Asia. These lizards have small flaps of skin along their limbs, torso, tail, and head that catch the air and enable them to glide.

• Cosymbotus flying gecko (gliding). Similar adaptations to Ptychozoon are found in the two species of the gecko genus Cosymbotus.

• Chrysopelea snakes (gliding/parachuting). Five species of snake from Southeast Asia, Melanesia, and India. The paradise tree snake of southern Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines, and Sulawesi is the most capable glider of those snakes studied. It glides by stretching out its body sideways by opening its ribs so the belly is concave, and by making lateral slithering movements. It can remarkably glide up to 100 m and make 90 degree turns. Follow this link for videos of gliding snakes.

Orders  Crocodilia - Crocodilians scary crocodiles. ... Draco is a genus of gliding agamid lizard from Southeast Asia. ... Families Many, see text. ... For other uses of the word, please see Genus (disambiguation). ... Draco is a genus of gliding agamid lizard from Southeast Asia. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... Classes and Clades See below Vertebrates are members of the subphylum Vertebrata (within the phylum Chordata), specifically, those chordates with backbones or spinal columns. ... Categories: ToL cleanup | Wikipedia cleanup | Stub | Wall lizards ... Genera Many, see text. ... Categories: ToL cleanup | Wikipedia cleanup | Stub | Wall lizards ... A world map showing the continent of Africa. ... Classification of genus Ptychozoon: Ptychozoon horsfieldii Ptychozoon intermedium Ptychozoon kuhli Ptychozoon lionotum Ptychozoon rhacophorus Ptychozoon trinotaterra Categories: Geckos ... Classification of genus Ptychozoon: Ptychozoon horsfieldii Ptychozoon intermedium Ptychozoon kuhli Ptychozoon lionotum Ptychozoon rhacophorus Ptychozoon trinotaterra Categories: Geckos ... Classification of genus Cosymbotus: Cosymbotus craspedotus Cosymbotus platyurus Categories: Geckos ... Classification of genus Cosymbotus: Cosymbotus craspedotus Cosymbotus platyurus Categories: Geckos ... Species Chrysopelea ornata Chrysopelea paradisii Chrysopelea pelias Chrysopelea rhodopleuron Chrysopelea taprobanica Chrysopelea -- the flying snakes -- is a genus that belongs to the family Colubridae. ... Map showing Melanesia. ... Borneo (left) and Sulawesi. ... Location of Sulawesi Island (light green) among the various islands of Indonesia. ...

Birds

Birds are the most successful group of flying vertebrate.

• Birds (flying) Again the species are too numerous to nominate. Bird flight is probably the most studied form of aerial locomotion in animals.

For other meanings of bird, see bird (disambiguation). ... Download high resolution version (1178x844, 401 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1178x844, 401 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Aves redirects here. ... Flight is the mode of locomotion used by most of the world’s bird species. ...

Mammals

• Flying phalangers or wrist-winged gliders (subfamily Petaurinae) (gliding). Marsupials found in Australia, New Guinea, and Borneo. The gliding membranes are hardly noticeable until they jump. On jumping, the animal extends all four legs and stretches the loose but muscularly controlled folds of skin. The subfamily contains seven species. Of the six species in the genus Petaurus, the Sugar glider and the Biak glider are the most common species. The lone species in the genus Gymnobelideus, Leadbeater's Possum has only a vestigial gliding membrane.

• Greater glider (Petauroides volans) (gliding). The only species of the genus Petauroidae of the family Pseudocheiridae. This Marsupial is found in Australia, and was originally classed with the flying phalangers, but is now recognised as separate. Flying membrane only extends as far as elbow, rather than to wrist as in Petaurinae.^[6]

• Feather-tailed possums (family Acrobatidae) (gliding). This family of Marsupials contains two genera, each with one species. The Feathertail Glider (Acrobates pygmaeus), found in Australia is the size of a very small mouse and is the smallest mammalian glider. The Feather-tail Possum (Distoechurus pennatus) is found in New Guinea. Both species have a stiff-haired feather-like tail that helps it steer in the air.

Townsends's Big-eared Bat, (Corynorhinus townsendii) displaying the "hand wing"

• Flying squirrels (subfamily Petauristinae) (gliding). There are 43 species divided between 14 genera of flying squirrel. Flying squirrels are found almost worldwide in tropical (Southeast Asia, India, and Sri Lanka), temperate, and even Arctic environments. They tend to be nocturnal. When a flying squirrel wishes to cross to a tree that is further away than the distance possible by jumping, it extends the cartilage spur on its elbow or wrist. This opens out the flap of furry skin (the patagium) that stretches from its wrist to its ankle. It glides spread-eagle and with its tail fluffed out like a parachute, and grips the tree with its claws when it lands. Flying squirrels have been reported to glide over 200 m.

• Anomalure or scaly-tailed flying squirrels (Anomaluridae family) (gliding). These brightly coloured African rodents are not squirrels but have evolved to a resemble flying squirrels by convergent evolution. There are seven species, divided in three genera. All but one species has gliding membranes between their front and hind legs. One genus is particularly small and is known as flying mice, but similarly they are not mice.

• Colugos or Flying lemurs (order Dermoptera) (gliding). There are two species of flying lemur. This is not a lemur, which is a primate, but molecular evidence suggests that colugos are a sister group to primates, however some mammologists suggest they are a sister group to bats. Found in Southeast Asia, the colugo is probably the mammal most adapted for gliding, with a patagium that is as large as geometrically possible. They can glide as far a 70 m with minimal loss of height.

• Sifaka and possibly some other primates (possible limited gliding/parachuting) . A number of primates have been suggested to have adaptations that allow limited gliding and/or parachuting; sifikas, indris, galagos and saki monkeys. Most notably the sifaka, a type of lemur, has thick hairs on its forearms that have been argued to provide drag, and a small membrane under its arms that has been suggested provide lift by having aerofoil properties [2].

• Bats (flying). There are many species of bat, again too numerous to nominate.

• Cats and maybe others.^[4] (very limited parachuting). If they fall cats spread their bodies to maximise drag, a very limited form of parachuting. Cats have an innate 'righting reflex' that allows them to rotate their bodies so they fall feet first. Some other animals may show similar very limited parachuting. There are also anecdotal accounts of semi-gliding, or parachuting, in palm civets [3].

Orders Subclass Monotremata Monotremata Subclass Marsupialia Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Subclass Placentalia Xenarthra Dermoptera Desmostylia Scandentia Primates Rodentia Lagomorpha Insectivora Chiroptera Pholidota Carnivora Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Cetacea Afrosoricida Macroscelidea Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Proboscidea Sirenia The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals primarily characterized by the presence of mammary... Type species Petaurus australis Shaw, 1791 Species Petaurus breviceps Petaurus australis Petaurus gracilis Petaurus abidi Petaurus biancensis Petaurus norfolcensis The genus Petaurus contains flying phalangers or wrist-winged gliders, a group of arboreal marsupials. ... Orders Superorder Ameridelphia Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Superorder Australidelphia Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Marsupials are mammals in which the female typically has a pouch (called the marsupium, from which the name Marsupial derives) in which it rears its young through early infancy. ... Borneo (left) and Sulawesi. ... Type Species Petaurus australis Shaw, 1791 Species Petaurus breviceps Petaurus australis Petaurus gracilis Petaurus abidi Petaurus biancensis Petaurus norfolcensis The genus Petaurus contains flying phalangers or wrist-winged gliders, a group of arboreal marsupials which includes the Sugar Glider. ... Binomial name Petaurus breviceps Waterhouse, 1839 Sugar Glider natural range: Red: Blue: Darkgreen: Yellow: Violet: Lightgreen: Black: The Sugar Glider (Petaurus breviceps), sometimes called the Flying Sugar, is a small gliding possum native to eastern and northern mainland Australia, New Guinea, and the Bismarck Archipelago, and introduced to Tasmania. ... Binomial name Gymnobelideus leadbeateri McCoy, 1867 Leadbeaters Possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri) is an endangered possum restricted to small pockets of remaining old growth Mountain Ash forests in the cool, misty highlands of Victoria, Australia. ... Binomial name Gymnobelideus leadbeateri McCoy, 1867 Leadbeaters Possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri) is an endangered possum restricted to small pockets of remaining old growth Mountain Ash forests in the cool, misty highlands of Victoria, Australia. ... Binomial name Petauroides volans (Kerr, 1792) The Greater Glider (Petauroides volans) is a large gliding possum found in Australia. ... A possum is any of about 25 small to medium-sized arboreal marsupials native to Australia. ... Orders Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Marsupials are mammals in which the female typically has a pouch (called the marsupium, from which the name Marsupial derives) in which it rears its young through early infancy. ... Genera Acrobates Distoechurus Acrobatidae is a small family of marsupials contains two genera, each with a single species, the Feathertail Glider (Acrobates pygmaeus) from Australia and Feathertail Possum (Distoechurus pennatus) from New Guinea. ... Genera Acrobates Distoechurus Acrobatidae is a small family of marsupials contains two genera, each with a single species, the Feathertail Glider (Acrobates pygmaeus) from Australia and Feathertail Possum (Distoechurus pennatus) from New Guinea. ... Orders Superorder Ameridelphia Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Superorder Australidelphia Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Marsupials are mammals in which the female typically has a pouch (called the marsupium, from which the name Marsupial derives) in which it rears its young through early infancy. ... Binomial name Acrobates pygmaeus (Shaw, 1793) The Feathertail Glider (Acrobates pygmaeus) is the worlds smallest gliding mammal. ... Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... Two groups of rodents are referred to as flying squirrels. ... Two groups of rodents are referred to as flying squirrels. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... The red line indicates the 10°C isotherm in July, commonly used to define the Arctic region border Satellite image of the Arctic surface The Arctic is the area around the Earths North Pole, opposite the Antarctican area around the South Pole. ... A nocturnal animal is one that sleeps during the day and is active at night - the opposite of the human (diurnal) schedule. ... In bats, the skin forming the surface of the wing. ... Genera Anomalurus, Idiurus, Zenkerella The Anomaluridae or scaly-tailed flying squirrels are a family of rodents found in central Africa. ... Genera Anomalurus, Idiurus, Zenkerella The Anomaluridae or scaly-tailed flying squirrels are a family of rodents found in central Africa. ... It has been suggested that Morphological convergence be merged into this article or section. ... Species Idiurus zenkeri Idiurus macrotis The flying mice, also known as the pygmy scaly-tails, pygmy scaly-tailed flying squirrels, or pygmy anomalures are not mice, not squirrels, and are not capable of true flight. ... Species  Cynocephalus varigatus  Cynocephalus volans Colugos are arboreal gliding mammals found in South-east Asia. ... Species  Cynocephalus varigatus  Cynocephalus volans Colugos are arboreal gliding mammals found in South-east Asia. ... Superfamilies and Families Cheirogaleoidea Cheirogaleidae Lemuroidea Lemuridae Lepilemuridae Indriidae Lemurs are members of a class of primates known as prosimians and make up the infraorder Lemuriformes. ... Families 15, See classification A primate (L. prima, first) is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. ... This cladogram shows the relationship among various insect groups. ... For the flying mammal see bat. ... Type Species Propithecus diadema Bennett, 1832 Species Propithecus diadema Propithecus candidus Propithecus edwardsi Propithecus perrieri Propithecus tattersalli Propithecus verreauxi Propithecus coquereli Propithecus deckenii Sifakas are a genus (Propithecus) from the primate family Indriidae. ... Binomial name Indri indri (Gmelin, 1788) The Indri (Indri indri), also called the Entrina, is a large (up to 70 cm long, and weighing up to 13 kg) tree-dwelling relative of the lemur and, like all lemuroids, it is native to Madagascar. ... Genera For other uses, see Galago (disambiguation). ... Species Pithecia pithecia Pithecia monachus Pithecia irrorata Pithecia aequatorialis Pithecia albicans Sakis are any of several New World monkeys of the genus Pithecia. ... Superfamilies and Families Cheirogaleoidea Cheirogaleidae Lemuroidea Lemuridae Lepilemuridae Indriidae Lemurs are members of a class of primates known as prosimians and make up the infraorder Lemuriformes. ... Suborders Megachiroptera Microchiroptera See text for families. ... Trinomial name Felis silvestris catus (Linnaeus, 1758) The cat (or domestic cat, house cat) is a small carnivorous mammal. ... The cat righting reflex is cats innate ability to orient themselves as they fall so as to land on their feet, often uninjured. ... Binomial name Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Pallas, 1777 The Common Palm Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), or Asian Palm Civet, Musang (in Malaysia and Indonesia), Luak or Luwak, or Toddy Cat, is a cat-sized mammal in the family Viverridae native to South-east Asia and southern China. ...

Animals which parachute, glide, or fly (extinct)

Pterosaurs included the largest known flying animals

Image File history File links Anhanguera-piscator_jconway. ... Image File history File links Anhanguera-piscator_jconway. ... Suborders Rhamphorhynchoidea Pterodactyloidea Pterosaurs (, winged lizards, often referred to as pterodactyls, ) were flying reptiles of the clade Pterosauria. ...

Reptiles

• Extinct reptiles similar to Draco (gliding). There are a number of unrelated extinct lizard-like reptiles with similar "wings" to the Draco lizards. Icarosaurus, Daedalosaurus, Coelurosauravus, Weigeltosaurus, and Kuehneosaurus. The largest of these, Kuehneosaurus, has a wingspan of 30 cm, and was estimated to be able to glide about 30 m.

• Sharovipteryx (gliding). This strange reptile, sometimes proposed as a pterosaur ancestor, from the Upper Triassic of Kirghiia unusually had a membrane on its elongated hind limbs, as opposed to the forelimbs, which is much more usual. In some reconstructions they had webbing on the forelimbs and neck as well.^[7]

• Longisquama insignis (possibly gliding/parachuting). This small reptile may have had long paired feather-like scales on its back. They may have been used for parachuting and/or display.^[8][9]

• Scleromochlus (gliding). An ancient gliding reptile, like Sharovipteryx suspected to be an ancestor of pterosaurs.

• Pterosaurs (flying). Pterosaurs were the first flying vertebrates, and are generally agreed to have been sophisticated flyers. They had large wings formed by a patagium stretching from the torso to a dramatically lengthened fourth finger. There were hundreds of species, most of which are thought to have been intermittent flappers, and many soarers. The largest known flying animals are pterosaurs.

Species Icarosaurus is an extinct genus of lizard. ... Coelurosauravus was a genus of flying reptile. ... Kuehneosaurus was a late Triassic reptile -- of the order escamosos, not a dinosaur -- which was about two feet long, and had ribs which jutted out from its body as much as 12 inches, in a way apparently designed for gliding, like the modern flying dragon. Categories: | | ... Binomial name Sharovipteryx mirabilis Sharov, 1971 Sharovipteryx (Sharovs wing, previously known as Podopteryx, foot wing), was among the earliest gliding reptiles, from the early Triassic period. ... The Triassic is a geologic period that extends from about 251 to 200 Ma (million years ago). ... Binomial name Longisquama insignis Sharov, 1970 Longisquama (long scales) was a lizard-like reptile of the early Triassic Period 240 million years ago, which lived in what is now Turkestan. ... Schleromochlus is the name of an archosaur from the early Triassic era, sharing many similarities in form with the pterosaurs which evolved years later, leading to speculation that it may have been an ancestor. ... Suborders Rhamphorhynchoidea Pterodactyloidea Pterosaurs (, winged lizards, often referred to as pterodactyls, ) were flying reptiles of the clade Pterosauria. ... Suborders Rhamphorhynchoidea Pterodactyloidea Pterosaurs (, winged lizards, often referred to as pterodactyls, ) were flying reptiles of the clade Pterosauria. ... In bats, the skin forming the surface of the wing. ... SOAR (also spelled Soar) is a symbolic cognitive architecture, created by John Laird, Allen Newell, and Paul Rosenbloom at Carnegie Mellon University. ...

Birds

Microraptor was a four-winged dinosaur related to birds.

• Theropods (gliding/flying). The theropods were dinosaurs, many of them were feathered, and they are suspected to be ancestors and sister species to birds. Some species (Microraptor gui, Microraptor zhaoianus, and Cryptovolans pauli) have been found that were fully feathered on all four limbs, giving them four 'wings' that they are believed to have used for gliding or flying.

Image File history File linksMetadata Amnh30. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Amnh30. ... Microraptor was a small, bird-like dinosaur related to the dromaeosaurs. ... Families See text Theropods (beast foot) are a group of bipedal, primarily carnivorous dinosaurs, belonging to the saurischian (lizard-hip) family. ... Microraptor was a small, bird-like dinosaur related to the dromaeosaurs. ... Binomial name Cryptovolans pauli Czerkas , 2002 Cryptovolans is a 90 cm long feathered theropod dinosaur discovered in the Jiufotang site, China. ...

Mammals

• Volaticotherium antiquus (gliding). The earliest known flying or gliding mammal. This squirrel-sized animal belonged to a now extinct ancestral line and was not related to modern day flying or gliding mammals, such as bats or gliding marsupials. It lived at least 125 million years ago and used a fur-covered skin membrane to glide through the air [4].

Binomial name Volaticotherium antiquus Meng , 2006 Volaticotherium antiquus was an ancient flying mammal, related to the extinct order Multituberculata. ...

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Life in the Rainforest. Retrieved on 2006-04-15.
2. ^ Vertebrate Flight. Retrieved on 2006-04-15.
3. ^ Scientist Discovers Rainforest Ants That Glide. Newswise. Retrieved on 2006-04-15.
4. ^ ^{a b} Vertebrate Flight: gliding and parachuting. Retrieved on 2006-04-15.
5. ^ Berra, Tim M. (2001). Freshwater Fish Distribution. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-093156-7
6. ^ Myers, Phil. Family Pseudocheiridae. Retrieved on 2006-04-15.
7. ^ Sharov, Alexei A.. Wings on Hind Legs. Retrieved on 2006-04-15.
8. ^ Stauth, David (2000). Ancient feathered animal challenges dinosaur-bird link. Retrieved on 2006-04-15.
9. ^ Controversial Fossil Claimed to Sink Dinosaur-Bird Link. Retrieved on 2006-04-15.

• Yanoviak, S. P., R. Dudley and M. Kaspari. 2005. Directed aerial descent in canopy ants. Nature 433: 624-626.
• Packard, A. 1972. Cephalopods and fish: the limits of convergence. Biol. Rev. 47: 241-307.
• Silvia Maciá, Michael P. Robinson, Paul Craze, Robert Dalton, and James D. Thomas. New observations on airborne jet propulsion (flight) in squid, with a review of previous reports. J. Mollus. Stud. 2004 70: 297-299
• Davenport, J. 1994. How and why do flying fish fly? Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 40: 184–214.
• Marshall, N.B. (1965) The Life of Fishes. London: Weidenfield and Nicolson. 402 pp.
• Saidel, W.M., G.F. Strain and S.K. Fornari, 2004. Characterization of the aerial escape response of the African butterfly fish, Pantodon buchholzi Peters.. Environ. Biol. Fish. 71:63-72.
• Xing Xu, Zhonghe Zhou, Xiaolin Wang, Xuewen Kuang, Fucheng Zhang and Xiangke Du. 2003. Four-winged dinosaurs from China. Nature 421: 335-340
• Schiøtz, A. & H. Vosloe. 1959. The gliding flight of Holaspis guentheri Gray, a west-African lacertid. Copeia, 1959: 259-260.
• Arnold, E. N. 2002. Holaspis, a lizard that glided by accident: mosaics of cooption and adaptation in a tropical forest lacertid (Reptilia, Lacertidae. ). Bulletin of The Natural History Museum. Zoology Series 68: 155-163
• McGuire, J. A. 2003. Allometric Prediction of Locomotor Performance: An Example from Southeast Asian Flying Lizards. The American naturalist 161: 337–349.
• McKay, M. G. 2001. Aerodynamic stability and maneuverability of the gliding frog Polypedates dennysi. The Journal of Experimental Biology 204: 2817-2826. html
• Demes, B., Forchap, E. & Herwig, H. 1991. They seem to glide. Are there aerodynamic effects in leaping prosimian primates? Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Anthropologie 78, 373-385.

2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (106th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (106th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (106th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (106th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (106th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (106th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (106th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (106th in leap years). ...

External links

• Canopy Locomotion
• Wing Anatomy Tutorial
• Vertebrate Flight, Gliding and Parachuting
• List of facts on gliding mammals
• Canopy life
• (Packard, 1972). See [5]
• John Hutchinson, at [6]
• Insect flight, photographs of flying insects