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Folk high schools are institutions of informal education for adults, common in the Nordic countries and in Germany. The concept was originally inspired by the Danish writer, poet, philosopher and pastor Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig (1783 - 1872). The Condorcet report during the 1789 French Revolution was also an important milestone of popular instruction. Political map of the Nordic countries and associated territories. ... Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig (September 8, 1783, Udby, Sjælland, Denmark, –September 2, 1872, Copenhagen) was a Danish teacher , writer, poet, philosopher, historian, minister, and even politician. ... Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, marquis de Condorcet (September 17, 1743 - March 28, 1794) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and early political scientist who devised the concept of a Condorcet method. ... The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on...

Despite similar names and remotely similar goals, the institutions are quite different in the German/Swedish and the Norwegian/Danish traditions. German/Swedish folk high schools are in fact much closer to the institutions called folkeuniversitet or folkuniversitet in Norway and Denmark, which provide adult education usually in connection with a local regular university. The Finnish työväenopisto or kansalaisopisto (called arbetarinstitut in Swedish) are also part of this educational tradition. Libraries are a useful resource for adult learners. ...

The names in the local languages are højskole (Danish), kansanopisto (Finnish), folkehøyskole/folkehøgskole/folkehøgskule (Norwegian), folkhögskola (Swedish), and Volkshochschule (German). The counterpart in France is known as université populaire.

Other countries have also been inspired by Danish thoughts on people's involvement in education. In USA, Africa and India a few schools have been build upon the principles originating from Grundtvig's ideas.

Features

Folk high schools are quite different in character but usually have the following common features:

• Boarding schools
• For adults age 18–25
• A large variety of subjects
• No final exams
• Focus on self-development
• Pedagogical freedom
• Courses last between a few months and one year

Denmark

The first folk high school was founded in Rødding, Denmark, in 1844, on the initiative of Kristen Kold and inspired by the educational thinking of Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig. It was sparked by a need to educate the uneducated and often poor peasantry, who could not spend the time or the money to enroll at a university. Rødding is a municipality in south Denmark, in the county of South Jutland on the peninsula of Jutland. ... Jan. ... Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig (September 8, 1783, Udby, Sjælland, Denmark, –September 2, 1872, Copenhagen) was a Danish teacher , writer, poet, philosopher, historian, minister, and even politician. ... Categories: 1911 Britannica | Historical stubs | Feudalism ... Representation of a university class, 1350s. ...

Today there are 79 folk high schools in Denmark. Main subjects vary between creative (music, arts, design, writing etc.) and intellectual (religion, philosophy, literature, psychology etc.) subjects. A few schools specialize in sports.

In recent history the globalization has influenced the Danish schools. Many courses are open for Danes as well as foreigners, and many courses include travelling or voluntary stays in other contries and continents.

Norway

Norway's first folk high school was founded in 1864. In 2007, there are 77 folk high schools spread across the country, 30 of which are Christian. Folk high schools provide opportunities in general education, primarily for young adults. These schools are different from secondary schools, high schools and higher education. All students are eligible for normal financial aid. Most folk high schools are connected to some sort of organization. Most courses are for one year, but there are a few that are two years.

Sweden

The first folk high schools in Sweden were established in 1868. Today, there are about 150 folk high schools throughout the country, most of which are situated in the countryside, often in remote areas. Tuition is free, and the students are eligible for normal financial aid. After graduating, the students are eligible to study at a university. Rural areas are sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities and towns. ...

Some schools, for example Södra Vätterbygdens Folkhögskola near Jönköping, cooperate with schools in other countries and have an exchange student program. Södra Vätterbygdens Folkhögskola or SVF is a fok high school located in sweden that that has an exchange program with North Park University inwhich many students go from the US to Sweden for the fall and Swedish students come back with them in the Spring to Chicago. ... Location in Sweden Jönköping is a town in the province of SmÃ¥land in southern Sweden with 81,000 inhabitants, located at . ...

Germany

A Volkshochschule in one of the German-speaking countries usually provides non-credit continuing adult education in: Libraries are a useful resource for adult learners. ...

• general education
• vocational education
• political education
• German as a second language (especially for immigrants)
• different foreign languages
• different forms of art
• information technology
• health education
• preparatory classes for school exams (especially for the Abitur or Matura)

This type of folk high school is currently most widespread in Germany. Due to its offering of preparatory classes for school exams, the German Volkshochschule also fulfills the educational function of adult high schools in other countries. Map of the world with countries coloured according to their immigrant population as a percentage of total population: Although human migration has existed throughout human history, immigration in the modern sense refers to movement of people from one nation-state to another. ... Abitur (from Latin abire = go away, go off) is the word commonly used in Germany for the final exams young adults (aged 18, 19 or 20) take at the end of their secondary education, usually after 12 or 13 years of schooling. ... Matura (Matur, Maturità, Maturität) is the word commonly used in Austria, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Italy, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Serbia, Slovenia, Switzerland and Ukraine for the final exams young adults (aged 18 or 19) take at the end of their secondary education. ... An adult high school is a high school facility for adult education. ...

France

Main article: Popular Education

Popular Education in France founds its roots in the Condorcet report during the 1789 French Revolution. These ideas became an important component of the Republican and Socialist movement. During the Second Empire, Jean Macé founded the Ligue de l'enseignement (Teaching League) in 1866; during the Lille Congress in 1885, Macé reaffirmed the masonic inspiration of this league devoted to popular instruction. Following the split of the First International at the 1872 Hague Congress between the "anti-authoritarian socialists" (anarchists) and the Marxists, popular education remained an important part of the workers' movement, in particular in the anarcho-syndicalist movement which set up, with Fernand Pelloutier, various Bourses du travail centres, where workers gathered and discussed politics and sciences. This first phase of popular education was heavily marked with the Republican, positivist and democratic ideal of the Enlightenment, which considered public instruction as a main tool of individual and collective emancipation, and thus the necessary conditions of autonomy, in accordance to Immanuel Kant's Was Ist Aufklärung? (What is the Enlightenment?), published five years before the Revolution. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's L'Emile: Or, On Education (1762) was another obvious theoretical influence. The Jules Ferry laws in the 1880s, establishing free, laic, mandatory and public education, were one of the founding stones of the Third Republic (1871-1940), set up in the aftermaths of the 1870 Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune. Popular education is an educational technique designed to raise the consciousness of its participants and allow them to become more aware of how an individuals personal experiences are connected to larger societal problems. ... Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, marquis de Condorcet (September 17, 1743 - March 28, 1794) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and early political scientist who devised the concept of a Condorcet method. ... The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... // Republicanism is the ideology of governing a nation as a republic, with an emphasis on liberty, rule by the people, and the civic virtue practiced by citizens. ... Socialism is a social and economic system (or the political philosophy advocating such a system) in which the economic means of production are owned and controlled collectively by the people. ... The Second French Empire or Second Empire was the imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France. ... American Square & Compasses Freemasonry is a worldwide fraternal organization. ... The International Workingmens Association, sometimes called the First International, was an international organization which aimed at uniting a variety of different left-wing political groups and trade union organizations which were based on the working class. ... There have been two Hague Congress: Hague Congress (1948) Hague Congress (1872) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Anarchists can refer to several things, among which: The movie Anarchists Supporters of the principles of anarchism The Anarchists (Les Anarchistes), a famous song from Léo Ferré A List of anarchists This is a disambiguation page—a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Marxism is the political practice and social theory based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ... The labour movement (or labor movement) is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better treatment from their employers and political governments. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Fernand Pelloutier (1 October 1867 – 13 March 1901) was a French anarchist (anarcho-syndicalist). ... // Positivism is a philosophy developed by Auguste Comte (widely regarded as the first true sociologist) in the middle of the 19th century that stated that the only authentic knowledge is scientific knowledge, and that such knowledge can only come from positive affirmation of theories through strict scientific method. ... Look up Enlightenment in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The references in this article would be clearer with a different and/or consistent style of citation, footnoting or external linking. ... Look up autonomy, autonomous in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804), was a German philosopher from Königsberg in East Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia). ... The first page of the 1799 version Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment? (German: Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung?) is the title of a 1784 essay by the philosopher Immanuel Kant. ... Jean-Jacques Rousseau, (June 28, 1712 – July 2, 1778) was a Genevan philosopher of the Enlightenment whose political ideas influenced the French Revolution, the development of socialist theory, and the growth of nationalism. ... The Jules Ferry laws are a set of French laws which established first free education (1881) then mandatory and laic education (1882). ... Motto of the French republic on the tympanum of a church, in Aups (Var département) which was installed after the 1905 law on the Separation of the State and the Church. ... The French Third Republic, (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) (1870/75-10 July 1940) was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Vichy Regime. ... Combatants Second French Empire North German Confederation allied with south German states (later German Empire) Commanders Napoleon III Otto Von Bismarck, Helmuth von Moltke the Elder Strength 400,000 at the beginning of the war 1,200,000 Casualties 150,000 dead or wounded 284,000 captured 350,000 civilian... Le Père Duchesne looking at the statue of Napoleon I on top of the Vendome column: Eh ben ! bougre de canaille, on va donc te foutre en bas comme ta crapule de neveu !… (Well now! buggering rascal, we will knock you the fuck off just like your crook of...

Furthermore, most of the teachers, who were through-out one of the main support of the Third Republic, so much that it has been called the République des instituteurs ("Republic of Teachers"), while the teachers themselves were called, because of their Republican anti-clericalism, the hussards noirs de la République, supported Alfred Dreyfus against the conservatives during the Dreyfus Affair. One of its consequences was for them to set up free educational lectures of humanist topics for adults in order to struggle against the spread of anti-semitism, which was not limited to the far-right but also affected the workers' movement. This article does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Dreyfus affair was a political scandal which divided France during the 1890s and early 1900s. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ...

Popular education continued to be an important field of socialist politics, reemerging in particular during the Popular Front in 1936-38, while autogestion (self-management), a main tenet of the anarcho-syndicalist movement, became a popular slogan following the May '68 revolt. The Popular Front was an alliance of left-wing political parties (the Communists, the Socialists and the Radicals), which was in government in France from 1936 to 1938. ... Workers self-management is a form of workplace management in which the employees themselves make decisions on issues like hours, production, scheduling, division of labour etc. ... Anarcho-syndicalist flag. ... May 1968 poster: Be young and shut up. ...

Following the 1981 presidential election which brought to power the Socialist Party (PS)'s candidate, François Mitterrand, his Minister of Education, Alain Savary, supported Jean Lévi's initiative to create a public high school, delivering the baccalauréat, but organized on the principles of autogestion (or self-management): this high school took the name of Lycée autogéré de Paris (LAP) ^[1]. The LAP explicitly inspired itself by the Oslo Experimental High School, opened in 1967 in Norway, as well as the Saint-Nazaire Experimental High School, opened six months before the LAP. Furthermore, the secondary school Vitruve was another source of inspiration (it opened in 1962 in the 20th arrondissement of Paris, and is still active). Theoretical references include Célestin Freinet and his comrades from the I.C.E.M., as well as Raymond Fonvieille, Fernand Oury,and others theoreticians of "institutional pedagogy," as well as those coming from the institutional analysis movement, in particular René Lourau, as well as members of the institutional psychotherapeutic movement, which were a main component in the 1970s of the anti-psychiatric movement (of which Félix Guattari was an important member). Since 2005, the LAP has created contact with others self-managed firms, in the REPAS network (Réseau d'échanges et de pratiques alternatives et solidaires, Network of Exchange of Solidarity and Alternative Practices"). This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Socialist Party (French: Parti Socialiste or PS) is one of largest political parties in France and the first political force for the local representatives. ...   IPA: (October 26, 1916 – January 8, 1996) was President of France from 1981 to 1995, elected as representative of the Socialist Party (PS). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Workers self-management is a form of workplace management in which the employees themselves make decisions on issues like hours, production, scheduling, division of labour etc. ... Saint-Nazaire is also a commune of the Gard département of France. ... The 20th arrondissement (XXe arrondissement), located on the Right Bank, is one of the 20 arrondissements of Paris, France. ... Célestin Freinet (1896-1966) was a noted French pedagogue, or educational reformer. ... Fernand Oury (1920 - 1997) was a pedagogue and creator of the Ecole Modern, recommending (and putting into practice) a school of the people, where the children are no longer the passive ones taught, but the people with a whole share in managing their trainings and the everyday life of their... Institutional Pedagogy A practice of education that centers around two factors: 1} the complexity of the learner, and the unconscious that he or she brings to the classroom. ... Institutional analysis is that part of the social sciences which studies how institutions, i. ... Anti-psychiatry refers to a movement that challenges the fundamental theories and practices of (mainstream) psychiatry. ...

List of lectures, Université populaire - town of Villeurbanne - 1936.

Image File history File links Size of this preview: 782 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (814 × 624 pixel, file size: 239 KB, MIME type: image/png) This picture was improved or created by the Wikigraphists of the Graphics Lab. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 782 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (814 × 624 pixel, file size: 239 KB, MIME type: image/png) This picture was improved or created by the Wikigraphists of the Graphics Lab. ... Villeurbanne is a city and commune in eastern central France. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

References

1. ^ Official website of the LAP

External links

• Information about Folk High Schools in Austria
• Information about Folk High Schools in Denmark
• Information about Folk High Schools in Germany
• Information about Folk High Schools in Finland
• Information about Folk High Schools in France, called Université populaire du Rhin
• Information about Folk High Schools in Norway
• Information about Folk High Schools in South Tyrol
• Information about Folk High Schools in Sweden
• Information about Folk High Schools in Switzerland