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Encyclopedia > Foochow Romanized
Chinese language romanization

Mandarin The romanization of Chinese language is the use of Latin alphabet to write the Chinese language. ... Mandarin (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ; literally speech of officials), or Beifanghua (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; literally Northern Dialect(s)), is a category of related Chinese dialects spoken across most of northern and southwestern China. ...


For Standard Mandarin
    Hanyu Pinyin (ISO official)
    EFEO
    Gwoyeu Romatzyh
        Spelling conventions
    Latinxua Sin Wenz
    Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II
    Chinese Postal Map Romanization
    Tongyong Pinyin
    Wade-Giles
    Yale
    Legge romanization
    Comparison chart Standard Mandarin – also known as Standard Chinese or Standard spoken Chinese – is the official Chinese spoken language used by the Peoples Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and Singapore. ... Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), commonly called Pinyin, is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... // In French speaking world, the system of École française dExtrême-Orient (EFEO) was the most used phonetic transcription of Chinese until the middle of the XXth century. ... Gwoyeu Romatzyh (Simplified Chinese: 国语罗马字; Traditional Chinese: 國語羅馬字; Pinyin: GuóyÇ” LuómÇŽzì), abbreviated GR, is a romanization (formerly used officially in the Republic of China) with complex spelling rules which allow for tonal distinctions (unlike most other Romanizations, which require additional diacritics or numerals). ... Latinxua Sinwenz (拉丁化新文字; also known as Sin Wenz, Latinxua Sinwenz, Zhongguo Latinxua Sin Wenz, Beifangxua Latinxua Sin Wenz or Latinxua) is a little-used romanization system for Mandarin Chinese. ... Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (國語注音符號第二式), abbreviated MPS II, is a romanization system formerly used in the Republic of China (Taiwan). ... Chinese Postal Map Romanization (Traditional Chinese: 郵政式拼音; Pinyin: Yóuzhèngshì PÄ«nyÄ«n) refers to the system of romanization for Chinese place names which came into use in the late Qing dynasty and was officially sanctioned by the Imperial Postal Joint-Session Conference (帝國郵電聯席會議), which was held in Shanghai in the... Tongyong Pinyin (Chinese: ; pinyin: Tōngyòng pÄ«nyÄ«n; literally Universal/General Usage Sound-combining) is the current official romanization of the Chinese language adopted by the national government (although not all local governments) of the Republic of China (Taiwan) since 2002. ... Wade-Giles, sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration) system for the Chinese language based on Mandarin. ... The Yale romanizations are four systems created during World War II for use by United States military personnel. ... Legge romanization is a transliteration system for Mandarin Chinese, used by the prolific 19th Century sinologist James Legge. ... Below is a table which compares the different romanizations of Standard Mandarin. ...

Cantonese Cantonese is a major dialect group or language of the Chinese language, a member of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. ...


For Standard Cantonese
    Guangdong Romanization
    Hong Kong Government
    Jyutping
    Meyer-Wempe
    Sidney Lau
    S. L. Wong (romanisation)
    Standard Cantonese Pinyin
    Standard Romanization
    Yale Standard Cantonese is a variant, and is generally considered the prestige dialect of Cantonese Chinese. ... Guangdong Romanization refers to the four romanization schemes published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960 for transliterating the Standard Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka, and Hainanese spoken varieties of Chinese. ... The Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation (not an official name) is the more or less consistent way for romanising Cantonese proper nouns employed by the Hong Kong Government departments and many non-governmental organisations in Hong Kong. ... Jyutping (sometimes spelled Jyutpin) is a romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK) in 1993. ... The Meyer-Wempe romanisation system was developed by two Catholic missionaries in Hong Kong, Bernhard F. Meyer and Theodore F. Wempe, during the 1920s and 1930s. ... Sidney Lau is a system of romanisation for Standard Cantonese, developed by Sidney Lau for teaching Cantonese. ... Wong Shik Ling (also known as S. L. Wong) published a romanisation scheme accompanying a set of phonetic symbol for Standard Cantonese based on International Phonetics Alphabet (IPA) in the book A Chinese Syllabary Pronounced according to the Dialect of Canton. ... Standard Cantonese Pinyin is a romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by the Yu Bingzhao (ch. ... Standard Romanization is a romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by Christian missionaries in South China in 1888. ... The Yale romanizations are four systems created during World War II for use by United States military personnel. ...

Wu
    Long-short (romanization) Wu (吳方言 pinyin wú fāng yán; 吳語 pinyin wú yǔ) is one of the major divisions of the Chinese language. ... Northern Wu Romanization Scheme. ...

Min Nan
For Taiwanese, Xiamen, and related
    Pe̍h-oē-jī
For Hainanese
    Hainanhua Pinyin Fang'an
For Teochew
    Peng'im Mǐn N n (Chinese: 閩南語), also spelt as Minnan or Min-nan; native name B ; literally means Southern Min or Southern Fujian and refers to the local language/dialect of southern Fujian province, China. ... Taiwanese (pe̍h-oÄ“-jÄ«: Tâi-oân-oÄ“ or Tâi-gí; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: TáiyÇ”, Táiwānhuà) is a dialect of Min Nan Chinese spoken by about 70% of Taiwans population. ... A view of the Xiamen University campus Xiamen (Simplified Chinese: 厦门; Traditional Chinese: 廈門; Hanyu Pinyin: ) is a coastal sub-provincial city in southeastern Fujian province, Peoples Republic of China. ... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... Hainanese is a dialect of the Min Nan group spoken in the southern Chinese province of Hainan. ... Guangdong Romanization refers to the four romanization schemes published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960 for transliterating the Standard Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka, and Hainanese spoken varieties of Chinese. ... The Teochew dialect (Guangdong romanization: Dio7 Ziu1; Missionary romanization: Tiô-chiu-oē, Chinese:潮州话, Hanyu Pinyin: Cháozhōuhuà, Teochiu or Tiuchiu), is a Chinese language and dialect of Minnan spoken in a region of eastern Guangdong referred to as Chaoshan. ... Guangdong Romanization refers to the four romanization schemes published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960 for transliterating the Standard Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka, and Hainanese spoken varieties of Chinese. ...

Min Dong Min Dong Language (or Eastern Min Language, Chinese: 閩東語, SLC: Mỉng Tòyng ngỹ) is the language mainly spoken in the eastern part of Fujian Province (Chinese: 福建, SLC: Huk Kyŏng). ...


For Fuzhou dialect
    Bàng-uâ-cê Fuzhou dialect (Chinese characters: 福州話, Foochow Romanized: Hók-ciÅ­-uâ), also known as Foochow, Foochow dialect or Foochowese, is considered the standard dialect of Min Dong, which is a branch of Chinese mainly spoken in the Eastern part of Fujian Province. ...

Hakka Hakka (Simplified Chinese: 客家话, Traditional Chinese: 客家話, Pronunciation in Hakka: Hak-ka-fa/-va, Pinyin: Kèjiāhuà) is a spoken variation of the Chinese language spoken predominantly in southern China by the Hakka ethnic group and descendants in diaspora throughout East and Southeast Asia and around the world. ...


For Moiyan dialect
    Kejiahua Pinyin Fang'an
For Siyen dialect
    Phak-fa-s Meixian (梅縣; Hakka: Moi-yen or Moi-yan) is a county in north eastern Guangdong province, Peoples Republic of China. ... Guangdong Romanization refers to the four romanization schemes published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960 for transliterating the Standard Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka, and Hainanese spoken varieties of Chinese. ... Hakka (Simplified Chinese: 客家话, Traditional Chinese: 客家話, Pronunciation in Hakka: Hak-ka-fa/-va, Pinyin: Kèjiāhuà) is a spoken variation of the Chinese language spoken predominantly in southern China by the Hakka ethnic group and descendants in diaspora throughout East and Southeast Asia and around the world. ... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ...

See also:
   General Chinese (Chao Yuenren)
   Cyrillization
   Xiao'erjing
   Zhuyin
   Romanisation in Singapore General Chinese (GC) is a phonetic system invented by Yuen Ren Chao to represent the pronunciations of all major Chinese dialects. ... Cyrillization of Chinese from Pinyin It is known as the Palladiy system and is the official Cyrillization of Chinese language in Russia. ... A Chinese-Arabic-Xiaoerjing dictionary from the early days of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Zhuyin fuhao (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Tongyong Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chu-yin fu-hao), or Symbols for Annotating Sounds, often abbreviated as Zhuyin, or known as Bopomofo (ㄅㄆㄇㄈ) after the first four letters of this Chinese phonemic alphabet (bo po mo fo), is the national phonetic system of the... The romanisation of the Chinese language in Singapore is not dictated by a single policy, nor is policy implimentation consistent, as the local Chinese community is composed of a myriad of dialect groups. ...

This box: view  talk  edit
Because of technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article.

Bàng-uâ-cê (BUC) (Chinese characters: 平話字), also known as Foochow Romanized, is a romanized orthography for the Fuzhou dialect adopted in the middle of 19th century by Western missionaries. Unlike its counterpart Pe̍h-ōe-jī for Min Nan, Bàng-uâ-cê is little known outside of Church circles, and even in its prime days, it was by no means universally understood by Christians. An example of a web browser (Internet Explorer), displaying the English Wikipedia main page. ... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... In linguistics, romanization (or Latinization, also spelled romanisation or Latinisation) is the representation of a word or language with the Roman (Latin) alphabet, or a system for doing so, where the original word or language uses a different writing system. ... The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of writing in that language. ... Fuzhou dialect (Chinese characters: 福州話, Foochow Romanized: Hók-ciÅ­-uâ), also known as Foochow, Foochow dialect or Foochowese, is considered the standard dialect of Min Dong, which is a branch of Chinese mainly spoken in the Eastern part of Fujian Province. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... Mǐn N n (Chinese: 閩南語), also spelt as Minnan or Min-nan; native name B ; literally means Southern Min or Southern Fujian and refers to the local language/dialect of southern Fujian province, China. ...

Contents

History of Bàng-uâ-cê

After Fuzhou became one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened by the Treaty of Nanjing at the end of First Opium War (from 1839 to 1842), many Western missionaries arrived in the city. In order to preach effectively these missionaries had to learn the Fuzhou dialect, and to facilitate this (and communication with their congregations) they invented a new romanization writing system for it.   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fu-chou; BUC: Hók-ciÅ­; EFEO: Fou-Tcheou; also seen as Foochow or Fuchow) is the provincial seat and the largest prefecture-level city of Fujian (福建) province, Peoples Republic of China. ... Nanking, August 29, 1842, Peace Treaty between the Queen of Great Britain and the Emperor of China The Treaty of Nanking (南京條約) is the agreement which marked the end of the First Opium War between the United Kingdom and China. ... Nanking, August 29, 1842, Peace Treaty between the Queen of Great Britain and the Emperor of China The Treaty of Nanking (南京條約) is the agreement which marked the end of the First Opium War between the United Kingdom and China. ... Combatants Qing China British East India Company Commanders Daoguang Emperor Charles Elliot, Anthony Blaxland Stransham The First Opium War or the First Anglo-Chinese War was fought between Great Britain and the Qing Empire in China from 1839 to 1842 with the aim of forcing China to import British opium. ... 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...


Because there are three front rounded vowels in the Fuzhou dialect (IPA: /y/, /ø/ and /œ/), the letters of the default Latin alphabet were considered insufficient to render all the phonemes in the Fuzhou dialect. Therefore, they borrowed German umlaut letters "Ä", "Ö" and "Ü", and invented a new letter "Ë". "Ä", "Ë", "Ö" and "Ü" stand for /ɛ/, /ø/, /ɔ/, and /y/ respectively. Not to be confused with the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The word umlaut is used in both linguistic and typographic senses. ... Ä, or ä, is a glyph which represents either a letter from several extended Latin alphabets, the letter A with umlaut, or a letter A with diaeresis. ... Ö, or ö, is a glyph that represents either a letter from several extended Latin alphabets, the letter O with umlaut, or a letter O with diaeresis. ... Ü, or ü, is a glyph which represents either a letter from several extended Latin alphabets, the letter U with umlaut, or a letter U with diaeresis. ... In linguistics, a diaeresis or dieresis (AE) (from Greek diairein, to divide) is the modification of a syllable by distinctly pronouncing one of its vowels. ...


Later, the two points were shifted to underneath the letters as "A̤" "E̤" "O̤" "Ṳ", so that the tone symbols could be marked on top of the letters. This modification brought the BUC romanization scheme to its current form. Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ...


Romanization scheme

The sample characters are taken from the phonetics book Qīlínbāyīn (《戚林八音》, BUC: Chék-lìng-báik-ĭng), a renowned phonology book about the Fuzhou dialect written in the Qing Dynasty. The pronunciations are recorded in standard IPA symbols. The Qing Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ching chao; Manchu: daicing gurun; Mongolian: Манж Чин), occasionally known as the Manchu Dynasty, was the ruling dynasty of China from 1644 to 1912. ... Not to be confused with the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ...


Initials

BUC
Sample character
Pronunciation
b
/p/
p
/pʰ/
m
/m/
d
/t/
t
/tʰ/
n
/n/
l
/l/
g
/k/
k
/kʰ/
ng
/ŋ/
h
/h/
c
/ts/
ch
/tsʰ/
s
/s/
None
Null Initial

Rimes

Rimes without codas

BUC
Sample character
Traditional pronunciation
Modern pronunciation
a
/a/
/a/ or /ɑ/
ia
/ia/
/ia/ or /iɑ/
ua
/ua/
/ua/ or /uɑ/
西
/ɛ/
/ɛ/ or /ɑ/
ie
/ie/
/ie/ or /iɛ/
/ɔ/
/o/ or /ɔ/
io
/io/
/yo/ or /yɔ/
uo
/uo/
/uo/ or /uɔ/
e̤ / ae̤
/ø/ or /aø/
/œ/ or /ɔ/
au
/au/
/au/ or /ɑu/
eu / aiu
/eu/ or /aiu/
/ɛu/ or /ɑu/
ieu
/ieu/
/iu/ or /iɛu/
iu / eu
/iu/ or /eu/
/iu/ or /iɛu/
oi / o̤i
/oi/ or /ɔi/
/øy/ or /ɔy/
ai
/ai/
/ai/ or /ɑi/
uai
/uai/
/uai/ or /uɑi/
uoi
/uoi/
/ui/ or /uoi/
ui / oi
/ui/ or /oi/
/ui/ or /uoi/
i / e
/i/ or /ei/
/i/ or /ɛi/
u / o
/u/ or /ou/
/u/ or /ou/
ṳ / e̤ṳ
/y/ or /øy/
/y/ or /øy/

Note: This page contains phonetic information presented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using Unicode. ...

Rimes with coda [-ʔ]

BUC
Traditional pronunciation
Modern pronunciation
ah
/aʔ/
/aʔ/ or /ɑʔ/
iah
/iaʔ/
/iaʔ/ or /iɑʔ/
uah
/uaʔ/
/uaʔ/ or /uɑʔ/
a̤h
/ɛʔ/
/eʔ/ or /ɛʔ/
ieh
/ieʔ/
/ieʔ/ or /iɛʔ/
o̤h
/ɔʔ/
/oʔ/ or /ɔʔ/
ioh
/ioʔ/
/yoʔ/ or /yɔʔ/
uoh
/uoʔ/
/uoʔ/ or /uɔʔ/
e̤h
/øʔ/
/øʔ/ or /œʔ/

Rimes with codas [-ŋ] and [-k]

BUC
Sample character
Traditional pronunciation
Modern pronunciation
ang
/aŋ/
/aŋ/ or /ɑŋ/
iang
/iaŋ/
/iaŋ/ or /iɑŋ/
uang
/uaŋ/
/uaŋ/ or /uɑŋ/
ieng
/ieŋ/
/ieŋ/ or /iɛŋ/
iong
/ioŋ/
/yoŋ/ or /yɔŋ/
uong
/uoŋ/
/uoŋ/ or /uɔŋ/
ing / eng
/iŋ/ or /eiŋ/
/iŋ/ or /ɛiŋ/
ung / ong
/uŋ/ or /ouŋ/
/uŋ/ or /ouŋ/
ṳng / e̤ṳng
/yŋ/ or /øyŋ/
/yŋ/ or /øyŋ/
eng / aing
/eiŋ/ or /aiŋ/
/eiŋ/ or /aiŋ/
ong / aung
/ouŋ/ or /auŋ/
/ouŋ/ or /auŋ/
e̤ng / ae̤ng
/øŋ/ or /aøŋ/
/øyŋ/ or /ɔyŋ/

Tones

Name Tonal value BUC symbol Example
Yīnpíng (陰平, BUC: Ĭng-bìng) 55 ˘ Gŭng
Shǎngshēng (上聲, BUC: Siōng-siăng) 33 - Gūng
Yīnqù (陰去, BUC: Ĭng-ké̤ṳ) 213 ˊ Góng
Yīnrù (陰入, BUC: Ĭng-ĭk) 24 ˊ Gók
Yángpíng (陽平, BUC: Iòng-bìng) 53 ` Gùng
Yángqù (陽去, BUC: Iòng-ké̤ṳ) 242 ^ Gông
Yángrù (陽入, BUC: Iòng-ĭk) 5 ˘ Gŭk

Sample text

See the Min Dong Wikipedia.


Books published

Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect, published in 1870.
  • Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect
  • The Old and the New Testament
  • The New Testament
  • Matthew's Gospel

1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

See also

Fuzhou dialect (Chinese characters: 福州話, Foochow Romanized: Hók-ciŭ-uâ), also known as Foochow, Foochow dialect or Foochowese, is considered the standard dialect of Min Dong, which is a branch of Chinese mainly spoken in the Eastern part of Fujian Province. ... Min Dong Language (or Eastern Min Language, Chinese: 閩東語, SLC: Mỉng Tòyng ngỹ) is the language mainly spoken in the eastern part of Fujian Province (Chinese: 福建, SLC: Huk Kyŏng). ... Pe̍h-oē-jī (POJ) (Chinese: 白話字; pinyin: ) is an orthography in the Latin alphabet created and introduced to Taiwan by Presbyterian missionaries in the 19th century. ...

External links

Bàng-uâ-cê edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect
  • Everything You Want To Know About Foochow Romanized (in Chinese)
  • GÔ IÓK CṲ̆: The Old Testament, in Foochow Romanized.
  • SĬNG IÓK CṲ̆: The New Testament, in Foochow Romanized.


 

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