A foodborne illness (also foodborne disease) is any illness resulting from the consumption of food. Although foodborne illness is commonly called food poisoning, this is often a misnomer. True food poisoning occurs when a person ingests a contaminating chemical or a natural toxin, while most cases of foodborne illness are actually food infection caused by a variety of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, viruses, prions or parasites.^[1] Such contamination usually arises from improper handling, preparation, or food storage. Good hygiene practices before, during, and after food preparation can reduce the chances of contracting an illness. The action of monitoring food to ensure that it will not cause foodborne illness is known as food safety. Foodborne disease can also be caused by a large variety of toxins that affect the environment. For foodborne illness caused by chemicals, see Food contaminants. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... The Disease Bold textDatabase is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. ... eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ... This article needs more context around or a better explanation of technical details to make it more accessible to general readers and technical readers outside the specialty, without removing technical details. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... A pathogen or infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host. ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... Groups I: dsDNA viruses II: ssDNA viruses III: dsRNA viruses IV: (+)ssRNA viruses V: (-)ssRNA viruses VI: ssRNA-RT viruses VII: dsDNA-RT viruses A virus (from the Latin noun virus, meaning toxin or poison) is a microscopic particle (ranging in size from 20 - 300 nm) that can infect the... A prion (IPA: [1] ) — short for proteinaceous infectious particle (-on by analogy to virion) — is a type of infectious agent composed only of protein. ... A parasite is an organism that spends a significant portion of its life in or on the living tissue of a host organism and which causes harm to the host without immediately killing it. ... Food caches, Hooper Bay, Alaska, 1929. ... Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness. ... Food safety is a scientific discipline describing the handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent Foodborne illness. ... Food contamination refers to the presence in food of harmful chemicals and microorganisms which can cause consumer illness. ...

Transmission

Ill food handlers are one of the most common sources of foodborne illnesses. Some common diseases are occasionally transmitted to food through the water vector. These include infections caused by Shigella, Hepatitis A and the parasites Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum. Contact between food and pests, especially flies, rodents and cockroaches, are other food contamination vectors. In epidemiology, a vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another. ... An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ... Species S. boydii S. dysenteriae S. flexneri S. sonnei This article is about the bacteria. ... Hepatitis A (formerly known as infectious hepatitis) is an acute infectious liver disease caused by the hepatovirus hepatitis A virus. ... Binomial name (Kunstler, 1882) Giardia lamblia (formerly also Lamblia intestinalis and also known as Giardia duodenalis and Giardia intestinalis) is a flagellated protozoan parasite that infects the gastrointestinal tract and causes giardiasis. ... Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease affecting the intestines of mammals that is caused by Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa. ... Larval form of some beetle is damaging specimen of Sceliphron destillatorius in entomogical collection. ... Suborders Nematocera (includes Eudiptera) Brachycera Wikispecies has information related to: Diptera True flies are insects of the Order Diptera (Greek: di = two, and pteron = wing), possessing a single pair of wings on the mesothorax and a pair of halteres, derived from the hind wings, on the metathorax. ... Suborders Sciuromorpha Castorimorpha Myomorpha Anomaluromorpha Hystricomorpha Rodentia is an order of mammals also known as rodents. ... It has been suggested that Blattellidae be merged into this article or section. ...

Foodborne illness can also be caused by the presence of pesticides or medicines in food, or by unintentionally consuming naturally toxic substances like poisonous mushrooms or reef fish. A cropduster spreading pesticide. ... Medicine is the science and art of maintaining andor restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of patients. ... The current version of the article or section is written like a magazine article instead of the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia. ...

Symptoms and mortality

Symptoms typically begin several hours to several days after ingestion and depending on the agent involved, can include one or more of the following: nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, fever, headache or fatigue. In most cases the body is able to permanently recover after a short period of acute discomfort and illness. However, foodborne illness can result in permanent health problems or even death, especially in babies, pregnant women (and their fetuses), elderly people, sick people and others with weak immune systems. Foodborne illness is a major cause of reactive arthritis, which typically occurs 1–3 weeks afterward. Similarly, people with liver disease are especially susceptible to infections from Vibrio vulnificus, which can be found in oysters or crabs. Typically food poisoning is evident when uncooked, or unprepared food is eaten. The term symptom (from the Greek meaning chance, mishap or casualty, itself derived from συμπιπτω meaning to fall upon or to happen to) has two similar meanings in the context of physical and mental health: Strictly, a symptom is a sensation or change in health function experienced by a patient. ... // For eat or EAT as an abbreviation or acronym, see EAT. In general terms, eating (formally, ingestion) is the process of consuming nutrition, i. ... For other uses, see Nausea (disambiguation). ... Abdominal pain can be one of the symptoms associated with transient disorders or serious disease. ... Vomiting (also throwing up or emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of ones stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose. ... Types 5-7 on the Bristol Stool Chart are often associated with diarrhea Diarrhea (in American English) or diarrhoea (in British English) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the Greek word διάρροια; literally meaning through-flowing). Acute infectious diarrhea is a common cause... Gastroenteritis involves diarrhea or vomiting, with noninflammatory infection of the upper small bowel, or inflammatory infection of the colon, both part of the gastrointestinal tract. ... Fever is also the name of an album by Kylie Minogue. ... A headache (cephalalgia in medical terminology) is a condition of pain in the head; sometimes neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted as a headache. ... The word fatigue is used in everyday living to describe a range of afflictions, varying from a general state of lethargy to a specific work induced burning sensation within muscle. ... In medicine, an acute disease is a disease with either or both of: a rapid onset; a short course (as opposed to a chronic course). ... The term baby can refer to: an infant a very early computer—the Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby a musician – Brian Williams – who performs under the name Baby. ... A pregnant woman Pregnancy is the process by which a mammalian female carries a live offspring from conception until it develops to the point where the offspring is capable of living outside the womb. ... Image of a woman on the Pioneer plaque sent to outer space. ... “Unborn child” redirects here. ... Old age consists of ages nearing the average lifespan of human beings, and thus the end of the human life cycle. ... Look up sick in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange). ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Crassostrea gigas, Marennes-Oléron Crassostrea gigas, Marennes-Oléron Crassostrea gigas, Marennes-Oléron, opened The name oyster is used for a number of different groups of mollusks which grow for the most part in marine or brackish water. ...

Incubation period

The delay between consumption of a contaminated food and appearance of the first symptoms of illness is called the incubation period. This ranges from hours to days (and rarely months or even years, such as in the case of Listeriosis or Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease), depending on the agent, and on how much was consumed. If symptoms occur within 1–6 hours after eating the food, it suggests that it is caused by a bacterial toxin or a chemical rather than live bacteria. The term symptom (from the Greek meaning chance, mishap or casualty, itself derived from συμπιπτω meaning to fall upon or to happen to) has two similar meanings in the context of physical and mental health: Strictly, a symptom is a sensation or change in health function experienced by a patient. ... Incubation period, also called the latent period or latency period, is the time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism, or chemical or radiation, and when symptoms and signs are first apparent. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

During the incubation period, microbes pass through the stomach into the intestine, attach to the cells lining the intestinal walls, and begin to multiply there. Some types of microbes stay in the intestine, some produce a toxin that is absorbed into the bloodstream, and some can directly invade the deeper body tissues. The symptoms produced depend on the type of microbe. [1] A microorganism or microbe is an organism that is so small that it is microscopic (invisible to the naked eye). ... In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ... In anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine (or colon). ... Drawing of the structure of cork as it appeared under the microscope to Robert Hooke from Micrographia which is the origin of the word cell being used to describe the smallest unit of a living organism Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) The cell is the... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Human blood smear: a - erythrocytes; b - neutrophil; c - eosinophil; d - lymphocyte. ...

Infectious dose

The infectious dose is the amount of agent that must be consumed to give rise to symptoms of foodborne illness. The infective dose varies according to the agent and consumer's age and overall health. In the case of Salmonella, in healthy human volunteers, a relatively large inoculum of 1 million to 1 billion organisms is necessary to produce symptoms[2], as Salmonellae are very acid sensitive. So, an artificially lower stomach pH level greatly reduces the number of bacteria required to cause symptoms (by 10- to a 100-fold). Species Salmonella bongori Salmonella enterica Salmonella arizonae Salmonella enteritidis Salmonella typhi Salmonella typhimurium Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria that causes typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and foodborne illness. ...

Pathogenic agents

See also: Pathogen

An early theory on the causes of food poisoning involved ptomaines, alkaloids found in decaying animal and vegetable matter. While some poisonous alkaloids are the cause of poisoning, the discovery of bacteria left the ptomaine theory obsolete. A pathogen or infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host. ... Chemical structure of ephedrine, a phenethylamine alkaloid An alkaloid is, strictly speaking, a naturally occurring amine produced by a plant,[1] but amines produced by animals and fungi are also called alkaloids. ...

Bacteria

Bacteria are a common cause of foodborne illness. In the United Kingdom during 2000 the individual bacteria involved were as follows: Campylobacter jejuni 77.3%, Salmonella 20.9%, Escherichia coli O157:H7 1.4%, and all others less than 0.1% [3]. In the past, bacterial infections were thought to be more prevalent because few places had the capability to test for norovirus and no active surveillance was being done for this particular organism. Symptoms for bacterial infections are delayed because the bacteria need time to multiply. They are usually not seen until 12–72 hours or more after eating contaminated food. Phyla Actinobacteria Aquificae Chlamydiae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Lentisphaerae Nitrospirae Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Verrucomicrobia Bacteria (singular: bacterium) are unicellular microorganisms. ... 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Binomial name Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacter jejuni is a species of curved, rod-shaped bacterium commonly found in animal faeces. ... Species Salmonella bongori Salmonella enterica Salmonella arizonae Salmonella enteritidis Salmonella typhi Salmonella typhimurium Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria that causes typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and foodborne illness. ... Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an emerging cause of foodborne illness. ... The hour (symbol: h) is a unit of time. ...

Common bacterial foodborne pathogens are:

• Bacillus cereus
• Campylobacter jejuni which can lead to secondary Guillain-Barré syndrome
• Escherichia coli O157:H7 enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) which causes hemolytic-uremic syndrome
• Escherichia coli - enteroinvasive (EIEC)
• Escherichia coli - enteropathogenic (EPEC)
• Escherichia coli - enterotoxigenic (ETEC)
• Escherichia coli - enteroaggregative (EAEC or EAgEC)

Salmonella

• Listeria monocytogenes
• Salmonella spp. - its S. Typhimurium infection is caused by consumption of eggs that are not adequately cooked or by other interactive human-animal pathogens ^{[2], [3], [4]}.
• Shigella spp.
• Streptococcus
• Vibrio cholerae, including O1 and non-O1
• Vibrio parahaemolyticus
• Vibrio vulnificus
• Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

Less common bacterial agents: Binomial name Bacillus cereus Frankland & Frankland 1887 Bacillus cereus is an endemic, soil-dwelling, Gram-positive, rod shaped, beta hemolytic bacteria that causes foodborne illness. ... Species C. fetus C. jejuni Campylobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. ... Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) or acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy is an acute, autoimmune disease that affects the peripheral nervous system and is usually triggered by an acute infectious process. ... Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an emerging cause of foodborne illness. ... In medicine, Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (or haemolytic-uraemic syndrome, abbreviated HUS) is a disease characterised by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, acute renal failure and a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia). ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2100x1761, 1696 KB) Color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph showing Salmonella typhimurium (red) invading cultured human cells Credit: Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH Source: NIAID: File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2100x1761, 1696 KB) Color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph showing Salmonella typhimurium (red) invading cultured human cells Credit: Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH Source: NIAID: File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to... Binomial name Listeria monocytogenes Murray , 1926 Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium, in the division Firmicutes, named for Joseph Lister. ... Species Salmonella bongori Salmonella enterica Salmonella arizonae Salmonella enteritidis Salmonella typhi Salmonella typhimurium Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria that causes typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and foodborne illness. ... Species S. boydii S. dysenteriae S. flexneri S. sonnei This article is about the bacteria. ... Streptococcus is a genus of spherical shaped Gram-positive bacteria, belonging to the phylum Firmicutes[1] and the lactic acid bacteria group. ... Binomial name Vibrio cholerae Pacini 1854 Vibrio cholerae is a gram negative bacterium with a curved-rod shape that causes cholera in humans. ... Vibrio parahaemolyticus food infection, an acute form of gastroenteritis, was first described in Japan more than 30 years ago. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Binomial name Yersinia enterocolitica (Schleifstein & Coleman 1939) Yersinia enterocolitica is a species of gram-negative coccobacillus-shaped bacterium, belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ...

• Brucella spp.
• Corynebacterium ulcerans
• Coxiella burnetii or Q fever
• Plesiomonas shigelloides

Species B. abortus B. melitensis Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. ... Subclasses Acidimicrobidae Actinobacteridae Coriobacteridae Rubrobacteridae Sphaerobacteridae The Actinobacteria or Actinomycetes are a group of Gram-positive bacteria. ... The infectious organism is commonly found in cattle, sheep, goats and other domestic mammals, including cats and dogs. ... Binomial name Plesiomonas shigelloides (Bader 1954) Habs & Schubert 1962 Plesiomonas shigelloides is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium which has been isolated from freshwater, freshwater fish, and shellfish and from many types of animals including cattle, goats, swine, cats, dogs, monkeys, vultures, phillip, and toads. ...

Exotoxins

In addition to disease caused by direct bacterial infection, some foodborne illnesses are caused by exotoxins which are excreted by the cell as the bacterium grows. Exotoxins can produce illness even when the microbes that produced them have been killed. Symptoms typically appear after 1–6 hours depending on the amount of toxin ingested. An exotoxin is a soluble chemical excreted by a microorganism, including bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. ... Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of metabolism and other materials that are of no use. ...

• Clostridium botulinum
• Clostridium perfringens
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Bacillus cereus

For example Staphylococcus aureus produces a toxin that causes intense vomiting. The rare but potentially deadly disease botulism occurs when the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum grows in improperly canned low-acid foods and produces botulin, a powerful paralytic toxin. Binomial name Clostridium botulinum van Ermengem, 1896 Clostridium botulinum is a bacterium that produces the toxin botulin, the causative agent in botulism. ... Binomial name Clostridium perfringens Veillon & Zuber 1898 Hauduroy 1937 Clostridium perfringens (formerly known as Clostridium welchii) is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium of the genus Clostridium[1]. is ubiquitous in nature and can be found as a normal component of decaying vegetation, marine sediment, the intestinal... Binomial name Rosenbach 1884 Staphylococcus aureus , (literally Golden Cluster Seed) the most common cause of staph infections, is a spherical bacterium, frequently living on the skin or in the nose of a person, that can cause a range of illnesses from minor skin infections (such as pimples, boils, and cellulitis... Binomial name Bacillus cereus Frankland & Frankland 1887 Bacillus cereus is an endemic, soil-dwelling, Gram-positive, rod shaped, beta hemolytic bacteria that causes foodborne illness. ... Binomial name Rosenbach 1884 Staphylococcus aureus , (literally Golden Cluster Seed) the most common cause of staph infections, is a spherical bacterium, frequently living on the skin or in the nose of a person, that can cause a range of illnesses from minor skin infections (such as pimples, boils, and cellulitis... Vomiting (also throwing up or emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of ones stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose. ... Botulism (Latin, botulus, sausage) is a rare, but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin, botulin, that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. ... Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be identified by growning them in liquid culture: 1: Obligate aerobic bacteria gather at the top of the test tube in order to absorb maximal amount of oxygen. ... Binomial name Clostridium botulinum van Ermengem, 1896 Clostridium botulinum is a bacterium that produces the toxin botulin, the causative agent in botulism. ... Botulin toxin or botox is the toxic compound produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. ...

Mycotoxins & alimentary mycotoxicoses

The term alimentary mycotoxicoses refers to the effect of poisoning by Mycotoxins through food consumption. Mycotoxins have prominently affected on human and animal health in such ways that an outbreak occurred in the UK in 1960 caused the death of 100,000 turkeys which had consumed aflatoxin-contaminated peanut meal and the death of 5000 human life by Alimentary toxic aleukia (ALA) in the USSR in World War II is a well known case of mycotoxicoses ^[5]. The common foodborne Mycotoxins include Mycotoxin is a toxin produced by a fungus under special conditions of moisture and temperature. ... Mycotoxin is a toxin produced by a fungus under special conditions of moisture and temperature. ... Chemical structure of aflatoxin B1 Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus, a fungus, most notably Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Mycotoxin is a toxin produced by a fungus under special conditions of moisture and temperature. ...

• Aflatoxins - originated from Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus. They are frequently found in tree nuts, peanuts, maize, sorghum and other oilseeds, including corn and cottonseeds. The pronounced forms of Aflatoxins are those of B1, B2, G1, and G2, amongst which Aflatoxin B1 usually predominantly target living being's liver, which will result in necrosis, cirrhosis, and carcinoma ^{[6], [7]}. In the US, the acceptable level of total aflatoxins in foods has to be less than 20 μg/Kg, among which Aflatoxin M1 in milk should be less than 0.5 μg/Kg ^[8]. The official document can be found at FDA's website ^{[9], [10]}.

• Altertoxins - are those of Alternariol (AOH), Alternariol methyl ether (AME), Altenuene (ALT), Altertoxin-1 (ATX-1), Tenuazonic acid (TeA) and Radicinin (RAD), originated from Alternaria spp. Some of the toxins can be present in sorghum, ragi, wheat and tomatoes ^{[11], [12], [13]}. A few researches have showed that the toxins can be easily cross-contaminated between grain commodities, suggesting that manufacturing and storage of grain commodities is a critical practice ^[14].

• Citrinin -

• Citreoviridin -

• Cyclopiazonic acid -

• Cytochalasins

• Ergot alkaloids / Ergopeptine alkaloids - Ergotamine

• Fumonisins - Crop corn can be easily contaminated by the fungi Fusarium moniliforme, and its Fumonisin B1 will cause Leukoencephalomalacia (LEM) in horses, Pulmonary edema syndrome (PES) in pigs, liver cancer in rats and Esophageal cancer in humans ^{[15], [16]}. For human and animal health, Both FDA and EC have regulated the content levels of the toxins in food and animal feeds ^{[17], [18]}.

• Fusaric acid -

• Fusarochromanone -

• Kojic acid - ?

• Lolitrem alkaloids -

• Moniliformin -

• 3-Nitropropionic acid -

• Nivalenol -

• Ochratoxins - In Australia, The Limit of Reporting (LOR) level for Ochratoxin A (OTA) analyses in 20th Australian Total Diet Survey was 1 µg/kg ^[19], whereas EC restricts the content of OTA to 5 µg/kg in cereal commodities, 3 µg/kg in the processed products and 10 µg/kg in dried vine fruits ^[20].

• Oosporeine -

• Patulin - Currently, this toxin has been advisably regulated on fruit products. EC and FDA have tightened it within 50 µg/kg for fruit juice and fruit nectar, while the limits of 25 µg/kg for solid-contained fruit products and 10 µg/kg for baby foods were specified by EC ^{[20], [21]}

• Phomopsins -

• Sporidesmin A -

• Sterigmatocystin -

• Tremorgenic mycotoxins - Five of them have been reported to be associated with molds found in fermented meats. These are Fumitremorgen B, Paxilline, Penitrem A, Verrucosidin, and Verruculogen ^[22].

• Trichothecenes - sourced from Cephalosporium, Fusarium, Myrothecium, Stachybotrys and Trichoderma. The toxins are usually found in molded maize, wheat, corn, peanuts and rice, or animal feed of hay and straw ^{[23], [24]}. Four trichothecenes, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and deoxynivalenol (DON) have been most prominently encountered by humans and animals. The consequences of oral intake of, or dermal exposure to, the toxins will result in the illness of Alimentary toxic aleukia, neutropenia, aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia and skin irritaion ^{[25], [26], [27]}. In 1993, FDA issued a document for the content limits of DON in food and animal feeds at an advisory level ^[28]. In 2003, US published a patent that is very promising for farmers to produce a trichothecene-resistant crop ^[29].

• Zearalenone -

• Zearalenols -

Chemical structure of Aflatoxin B1 Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that act as carcinogens and are produced by two types of mold, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. ... Aspergillus parasiticus is a mold known to produce aflatoxin, although strains of it exist that do not produce this carcinogen. ... Binomial name Johann Heinrich Friedrich Aspergillus flavus is a mold fungus. ... Chemical structure of Aflatoxin B1 Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that act as carcinogens and are produced by two types of mold, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. ... Necrosis (in Greek Νεκρός = Death) is the name given to accidental death of cells and living tissue. ... Cirrhosis of the liver is a consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrotic scar tissue as well as regenerative nodules, leading to progressive loss of liver function. ... In medicine, carcinoma apanting dog named rufis It is malignant by definition: carcinomas invade surrounding tissues and organs, and may spread to lymph nodes and distal sites (metastasis). ... hi “FDA” redirects here. ... Species Many, see text Alternaria is a genus of ascomycete fungi. ... Binomial name Eleusine coracana L. Finger millet (Eleusine coracana, Amharic ቶኩሶ tōkūsō), also known as African millet or Ragi (Kannada: ರಾಗಿ, Marathi: नाचणी), is an annual plant widely grown as a cereal in the arid areas of Africa and Asia. ... Citrinin is a mycotoxin which is produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium citrinum, and related species, which contaminate grain. ... Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is a toxic fungal secondary methabolite. ... Cytochalasins are fungal metabolites that have the ability to bind to actin filaments and block polymerization and the elongation of actin. ... Species About 50, including: Claviceps africanum Claviceps fusiformis Claviceps paspali Claviceps purpurea Ergot is the common name of a fungus in the genus Claviceps that is parasitic on certain grains and grasses. ... Ergoline is a chemical compound whose structural skeleton is contained in a diverse range of alkaloids and a few psychedelic drugs (ololiuhqui, LSD). ... An alkaloid is a nitrogenous organic molecule that has a pharmacological effect on humans and other animals. ... Ergotamine is a vasoconstrictor used for migraine prevention and is sometimes mixed with caffeine. ... Fumonisins can refer to: Fumonisin B1 Fumonisin B2 Category: ... Binomial name (Sawada) Wollenw. ... Fumonisine B1 is an inhibitor of ceramide synthase. ... Esophageal cancer is malignancy of the esophagus. ... hi “FDA” redirects here. ... The Commission seat in Brussels The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive body of the European Union. ... Kojic acid (C6H6O4; 5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-pyrone) is a chelation agent produced by several species of fungus, especially Aspergillus oryzae, which has the Japanese common name koji. ... Chemical structure of Ochratoxin A Ochratoxin A, B, and C are mycotoxins produced by some Aspergillus species and Penicillium species, like or , with ochratoxin A as the most prevalent and relevant fungal toxin of this group. ... Ochratoxin A, a toxin produced by Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium verrucosum, is one of the most abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins in the world. ... The Commission seat in Brussels The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive body of the European Union. ... Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by a variety of molds, particularly Aspergillus and Penicillium. ... The Commission seat in Brussels The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive body of the European Union. ... hi “FDA” redirects here. ... The Commission seat in Brussels The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive body of the European Union. ... Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus aspergillus. ... Mycotoxin is a toxin produced by a fungus under special conditions of moisture and temperature. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Chemical structure of Trichothecenes Trichothecenes are a group of sesquiterpenes produced by various Fusarium species like F. graminearum, F. sporotrichioides, F. poae or F. equiseti. ... Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous fungi widely distributed in soil and in association with plants. ... Species S. chartarum Stachybotrys is a genus of molds, or asexually-reproducing, filamentous fungi. ... Diversity about 35 species; see List of Trichoderma species Trichoderma are in nearly all soils, where they are the most prevalent culturable fungi. ... Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) is a type B trichothecene, an epoxy-sesquiter-penoid. ... Neutropenia (or neutropaenia, adjective neutrop(a)enic) is a hematological disorder characterized by an abnormally low number of neutrophil granulocytes (a type of white blood cell). ... Aplastic anemia is a condition where bone marrow does not produce sufficient new cells to replenish blood cells. ... Thrombocytopenia (or -paenia, or thrombopenia in short) is the presence of relatively few platelets in blood. ... hi “FDA” redirects here. ... Zearalenone, also known as RAL and F-2 mycotoxin, is a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Fusarium species. ...

Emerging foodborne pathogens

Much is still not known about foodborne illness. Approximately sixty percent of outbreaks are still caused by unknown sources.

• Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas sobria

Binomial name Aeromonas hydrophila (Chester, 1901) Stanier, 1943 Aeromonas hydrophila is a heterotrophic, gram-negative bacterium, mainly found in areas where the climate is really warm. ...

Preventing bacterial food poisoning

The prevention is mainly the role of the state, through the definition of strict rules of hygiene and a public service of veterinary survey of the food chain, from farming to the transformation industry and the delivery (shops and restaurants). This regulation includes: Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness. ... Public services is a term usually used to mean services provided by government to its citizens, either directly (through the public sector) or by financing private provision of services. ... Veterinary medicine is the application of medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife, and production animals. ... Farming, ploughing rice paddy, in Indonesia Agriculture is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and other desired products by cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals (livestock). ... Toms Restaurant, a restaurant in New York made familiar by Suzanne Vega and the television sitcom Seinfeld A restaurant is an establishment that serves prepared food and beverages to order, to be consumed on the premises. ...

• traceability: in a final product, it must be possible to know the origin of the ingredients (originating farm, identification of the harvesting or of the animal) and where and when it was processed; the origin of the illness can thus be tracked and solved (and possibly penalized), and the final products can be removed from the sale if a problem is detected;
• respect of hygiene procedures like HACCP and the "cold chain";
• power of control and of law enforcement of the veterinarians.

At home, the prevention mainly consists of good food safety practices. Traceability refers to the completeness of the information about every step in a process chain. ... Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) is a systematic method used in the food industry to identify potential food safety hazards, so that key actions, known as Critical Control Points (CCPs), can be taken to reduce or eliminate the risk of the hazards being realised. ... Cold Chain is the term used to refer to a temperature-controlled supply chain. ... Look up veterinarian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Food safety is a scientific discipline describing the handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent Foodborne illness. ...

In August 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved Phage therapy which involves spraying meat with viruses that infect bacteria, and thus prevents infection with bacteria. This has raised concerns since without mandatory labelling consumers won't be aware that meat and poultry products have been treated with the spray. [4] hi “FDA” redirects here. ... A 3D rendering showing T4 type bacteriophages landing on a bacterium to inject genetic material. ... Phyla Actinobacteria Aquificae Chlamydiae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Lentisphaerae Nitrospirae Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Verrucomicrobia Bacteria (singular: bacterium) are unicellular microorganisms. ... Mandatory labelling of consumer products enables moral purchasing and avoidance of health problems like allergies. ...

Viruses

Viral infections make up perhaps one third of cases of food poisoning in developed countries. In the US, more than 50% of cases are viral and noroviruses are the most common foodborne illness, causing 57% of outbreaks in 2004. Foodborne viral infection are usually of intermediate (1–3 days) incubation period, causing illnesses which are self-limited in otherwise healthy individuals, and are similar to the bacterial forms described above. Groups I: dsDNA viruses II: ssDNA viruses III: dsRNA viruses IV: (+)ssRNA viruses V: (-)ssRNA viruses VI: ssRNA-RT viruses VII: dsDNA-RT viruses A virus (from the Latin noun virus, meaning toxin or poison) is a microscopic particle (ranging in size from 20 - 300 nm) that can infect the... Norwalk virus is the prototype virus of the genus Norovirus of the family Caliciviridae. ... Incubation period, also called the latent period or latency period, is the time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism, or chemical or radiation, and when symptoms and signs are first apparent. ...

Rotavirus

• Enterovirus
• Hepatitis A is distinguished from other viral causes by its prolonged (2–6 week) incubation period and its ability to spread beyond the stomach and intestines, into the liver. It often induces jaundice, or yellowing of the skin, and rarely leads to chronic liver dysfunction. The virus has been found to cause the infection due to the consumption of fresh-cut produce which has fecal contamination ^{[30], [31]}.
• Hepatitis E
• Norovirus
• Rotavirus

From http://www. ... From http://www. ... Species Bovine enterovirus Coxsackie virus Human enterovirus A Human enterovirus B Human enterovirus C Human enterovirus D Human enterovirus E Poliovirus Porcine enterovirus A Porcine enterovirus B Swine vesicular disease virus The enteroviruses are a genus of (+)ssRNA viruses associated with several human and mammalian diseases. ... Hepatitis A (formerly known as infectious hepatitis) is an acute infectious liver disease caused by the hepatovirus hepatitis A virus. ... Incubation period, also called the latent period or latency period, is the time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism, or chemical or radiation, and when symptoms and signs are first apparent. ... The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... Jaundice, also known as icterus (attributive adjective: icteric), is a yellowing of the skin, conjunctiva (a clear covering over the sclera, or whites of the eyes) and mucous membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia (increased levels of bilirubin in red blooded animals). ... Hepatitis E is an acute viral hepatitis (liver inflammation) caused by infection with a virus called hepatitis E virus (HEV). ... Norovirus is a genus of viruses of the family Caliciviridae. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Parasites

Most foodborne parasites are zoonoses. A parasite is an organism that spends a significant portion of its life in or on the living tissue of a host organism and which causes harm to the host without immediately killing it. ... Zoonosis (pronounced ) is any infectious disease that may be transmitted from other animals, both wild and domestic, to humans or from humans to animals (the latter is sometimes called reverse zoonosis). ...

Platyhelminthes: Classes Monogenea Trematoda Cestoda Turbellaria The flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Greek platy: flat; helminth: worm) are a phylum of relatively simple soft-bodied invertebrate animals. ...

• Diphyllobothrium sp.

The scolex of Tenia solium

• Nanophyetus sp.
• Taenia saginata
• Taenia solium
• Fasciola hepatica

See also: Tapeworm and Flatworm Species Diphyllobothriasis is caused by the infestation of tapeworms, of the genus Diphyllobothrium. ... Tenia solium, a parasitic cestode worm, showing its scolex. ... Tenia solium, a parasitic cestode worm, showing its scolex. ... Binomial name Taenia saginata Goeze, 1782 Taenia saginata proglottid stained to show uterine branches. ... Stained proglottid. ... Binomial name Fasciola hepatica The Fasciola hepatica, commonly known as the liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm of the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes that infects the hepatic bile ducts of sheep and cattle, sometimes also humans, causing fascioliasis also known as fasciolosis. ... Orders Subclass Cestodaria Amphilinidea Gyrocotylidea Subclass Eucestoda Aporidea Caryophyllidea Cyclophyllidea Diphyllidea Lecanicephalidea Litobothridea Nippotaeniidea Proteocephalidea Pseudophyllidea Spathebothriidea Tetraphyllidea Trypanorhyncha In biology, Cestoda is the class of parasitic flatworms, called cestodes or tapeworms, that live in the digestive tract of vertebrates as adults and often in the bodies of various animals... Classes Monogenea Trematoda Cestoda Turbellaria Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Platyhelminthes Wikispecies has information related to: Platyhelminthes The flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes from the Greek platy, meaning flat and helminth, meaning worm) are a phylum of relatively simple soft-bodied invertebrate animals. ...

Nematode: Classes Adenophorea    Subclass Enoplia    Subclass Chromadoria Secernentea    Subclass Rhabditia    Subclass Spiruria    Subclass Diplogasteria    Subclass Tylenchia The nematodes or roundworms (Phylum Nematoda from Greek (nema): thread + -ode like) are one of the most common phyla of animals, with over 20,000 different described species (over 15,000 are parasitic). ...

• Anisakis sp.
• Ascaris lumbricoides
• Eustrongylides sp.
• Trichinella spiralis
• Trichuris trichiura

Protozoa: Species Anisakis is a genus of parasitic nematodes, which have a life cycle involving fish and marine mammals. ... Binomial name Ascaris lumbricoides Ascaris lumbricoides is a human parasitic roundworm, which causes the disease of ascariasis. ... Trichinosis, also called trichinellosis, or trichiniasis, is a parasitic disease caused by eating raw or undercooked pork and wild game products infected with the larvae of a species of roundworm Trichinella spiralis, commonly called the trichina worm. ... Binomial name Trichuris trichiura The Whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) or Trichocephalus trichiuris, is a roundworm, which causes the disease of trichuriasis when it infects a human large intestine. ... Wikisource has an original article from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica about: Protozoa Protozoa (in Greek proto = first and zoa = animals) are single-celled eukaryotes (organisms whose cells have nuclei) that commonly show characteristics usually associated with animals, most notably mobility and heterotrophy. ...

Giardia lamblia

• Acanthamoeba and other free-living amoebae
• Cryptosporidium parvum
• Cyclospora cayetanensis
• Entamoeba histolytica
• Giardia lamblia
• Sarcocystis hominis
• Sarcocystis suihominis
• Toxoplasma gondii

Giardia lamblia, a parasitic flagellate that causes giardiasis. ... Giardia lamblia, a parasitic flagellate that causes giardiasis. ... Acanthamoeba is a genus of amoebae, one of the most common protozoa in soil, and also frequently found in freshwater and other habitats. ... Alternate meanings: Amoeboid, Amoebozoa For other uses, see Amoeba (disambiguation). ... Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease affecting the intestines of mammals that is caused by Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa. ... Cyclospora cayetanensis ... Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic parasitic protozoan, classified as an entamoebid. ... Binomial name (Kunstler, 1882) Giardia lamblia (formerly also Lamblia intestinalis and also known as Giardia duodenalis and Giardia intestinalis) is a flagellated protozoan parasite that infects the gastrointestinal tract and causes giardiasis. ... Binomial name Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle & Manceaux), 1908 Toxoplasma is a genus of parasitic protozoa whose definitive host is cats but which can be carried by the vast majority of warm-blooded animals, including humans. ...

Natural toxins

In contrast several foods can naturally contain toxins that are not produced by bacteria and occur naturally in foods, these include: For a list of biologically injurious substances, including toxins and other materials, as well as their effects, see poison. ...

• Alkaloids
• Ciguatera poisoning
• Grayanotoxin (honey intoxication)
• Mushroom toxins
• Phytohaemagglutinin (Red kidney bean poisoning)
• Pyrrolizidine alkaloid
• Shellfish toxin, including Paralytic shellfish poisoning, Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, Amnesic shellfish poisoning and Ciguatera fish poisoning
• Scombrotoxin
• Tetrodotoxin (Fugu fish poisoning)

Chemical structure of ephedrine, a phenethylamine alkaloid An alkaloid is, strictly speaking, a naturally occurring amine produced by a plant,[1] but amines produced by animals and fungi are also called alkaloids. ... Ciguatera is a foodborne illness poisoning in humans caused by eating marine species whose flesh is contaminated with a toxin known as ciguatoxin, that is present in many micro-organisms (particularly, the micro-algae Gambierdiscus toxicus) living in tropical waters. ... Grayanotoxin is a toxin found in rhododendrons and other plants of the family Ericaceae. ... A jar of honey, shown with a wooden honey server and scones/biscuits. ... The current version of the article or section is written like a magazine article instead of the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia. ... Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA, or phytohemagglutinin) is a lectin found in plants, especially beans, in the highest concentrations in the red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). ... Dry kidney beans The kidney bean is a medium-sized variety of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) with dark red skin. ... 4 distinct shellfish-poisoning syndromes have been identified: Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) Neurologic shellfish poisoning (NSP) Diarrheal shellfish poisoning (DSP) Amnestic shellfish poisoning (ASP) All 4 syndromes share some common features and primarily are associated with bivalve mollusks (eg, mussels, clams, oysters, scallops). ... Chemical structure of Domoic acid Domoic acid, which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), is an amino acid phycotoxin (algal toxin) found associated with certain algal blooms [1]. In 1958, domoic acid was originally isolated from the red alga called doumoi or hanayanagi (Chondria armata[2]) in Japan. ... Scombroid fish poisoning is an illness that results from eating spoiled (decayed) fish. ... Tetrodotoxin (anhydrotetrodotoxin 4-epitetrodotoxin, tetrodonic acid, TTX) is a potent neurotoxin with no known antidote, which blocks action potentials in nerves by binding to the pores of the voltage-gated, fast sodium channels in nerve cell membranes. ... Genera Amblyrhynchotes Arothron Auriglobus Canthigaster Carinotetraodon Chelonodon Colomesus Contusus Ephippion Feroxodon Fugu Gastrophysus Javichthys Lagocephalus Liosaccus Marilyna Monotretus Omegaphora Pelagocephalus Polyspina Reicheltia Sphoeroides Takifugu Tetractenos Tetraodon Torquigener Tylerius Xenopterus For species see Genera articles. ...

Other pathogenic agents

• Prions, resulting in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

A prion (IPA: [1] ) — short for proteinaceous infectious particle (-on by analogy to virion) — is a type of infectious agent composed only of protein. ... Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a very rare and incurable degenerative neurological disorder (brain disease) that is ultimately fatal. ...

Global Impact

In modern times, rapid globalization of food production and trade has increased the potential likelihood of food contamination. Many outbreaks of foodborne diseases that were once contained within a small community may now take place on global dimensions. Food safety authorities all over the world have acknowledged that ensuring food safety must not only be tackled at the national level but also through closer linkages among food safety authorities at the international level. This is important for exchanging routine information on food safety issues and to have rapid access to information in case of food safety emergencies." Food safety is a scientific discipline describing the handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent Foodborne illness. ...

It is difficult to estimate the global incidence of foodbourne disease, but it has been reported that in the year 2000 about 2.1 million people died from diarrhoeal diseases. Many of these cases have been attributed to contamination of food and drinking water. Additionally, diarrhoea is a major cause of malnutrition in infants and young children.

Even in industrialized countries, up to 30% of the population of people have been reported to suffer from foodborne diseases every year. In the U.S, around 76 million cases of foodborne diseases, which resulted in 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths, are estimated to occur each year. Developing countries in particular, are worst affected by foodborne illnesses due to the presence of a wide range of dieases, including those caused by parasites. Foodborne illnesses can and did inflict serious and extensive harm on society. In 1994, an outbreak of salmonellosis due to contaminated ice cream occurred in the USA, affecting an estimated 224,000 persons. In 1988, an outbreak of hepatitis A, resulting from the consumption of contaminated clams, affected some 300,000 individuals in China.

Food contamination creates an enormous social and economic strain on societies. In the U.S., diseases caused by the major pathogens alone are estimated to cost up to US $35 billion annually (1997) in medical costs and lost productivity. The re-emergence of cholera in Peru in 1991 resulted in the loss of US $500 million in fish and fishery product exports that year.

Statistics

Every year there are about 76 million foodborne illnesses in the United States (26,000 cases for 100,000 inhabitants), 2 million in the United Kingdom (3,400 cases for 100,000 inhabitants) and 750,000 in France (1,210 cases for 100,000 inhabitants).

United States

In the United States, there are approximately 76 million foodborne illnesses (26,000 cases for 100,000 inhabitants):^[32]

• 325,000 were hospitalized (111 per 100,000 inhabitants);
• 5,000 people died (1.7 per 100,000 inhabitants.).
• Major pathogens from food borne illness in the United States cost upwards of US $35 billion dollars in medical costs and lost productivity (1997)

This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

France

In France, for 750,000 cases (1,210 per 100,000 inhabitants):

• 70,000 people consulted in the emergency department of an hospital (113 per 100,000 inhab.);
• 113,000 people were hospitalized (24 per 100,000 inhabitants);
• 400 people died (0.9 per 100,000 inhabitants).

Australia

In Australia, there are an estimated 5.4 million cases of food-borne illness every year, causing:^[33]

• 18,000 hospitalisations
• 120 deaths
• 2.1 million lost days off work
• 1.2 million doctor consultations
• 300,000 prescriptions for antibiotics

Species Salmonella bongori Salmonella enterica Salmonella arizonae Salmonella enteritidis Salmonella typhi Salmonella typhimurium Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria that causes typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and foodborne illness. ... Species C. fetus C. jejuni Campylobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. ... A parasite is an organism that spends a significant portion of its life in or on the living tissue of a host organism and which causes harm to the host without immediately killing it. ... Binomial name Toxoplasma gondi (Nicolle & Manceaux), 1908 Toxoplasma gondii is a species of parasitic protozoa, belonging to the Apicomplexa, that can cause the disease toxoplasmosis in humans. ... Species Listeria monocytogenes Listeria ivanovii Listeria innocua Listeria welshimeri Listeria seegligeri Listeria grayi Listeria innocua Listeria is a bacterial genus containing six species. ... Hepatitis A (formerly known as infectious hepatitis) is an acute infectious liver disease caused by the hepatovirus hepatitis A virus. ... Species Salmonella bongori Salmonella enterica Salmonella arizonae Salmonella enteritidis Salmonella typhi Salmonella typhimurium Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria that causes typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and foodborne illness. ... Species Listeria monocytogenes Listeria ivanovii Listeria innocua Listeria welshimeri Listeria seegligeri Listeria grayi Listeria innocua Listeria is a bacterial genus containing six species. ... A parasite is an organism that spends a significant portion of its life in or on the living tissue of a host organism and which causes harm to the host without immediately killing it. ... Binomial name Toxoplasma gondi (Nicolle & Manceaux), 1908 Toxoplasma gondii is a species of parasitic protozoa, belonging to the Apicomplexa, that can cause the disease toxoplasmosis in humans. ... Species C. fetus C. jejuni Campylobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. ... Hepatitis A (formerly known as infectious hepatitis) is an acute infectious liver disease caused by the hepatovirus hepatitis A virus. ...

Outbreaks

The vast majority of reported cases of foodborne illness occur as individual or sporadic cases. The origin of most sporadic cases is undetermined. In the United States, where people eat outside the home frequently, most outbreaks (58%) originate from commercial food facilities (2004 FoodNet data). An outbreak is defined as occurring when two or more people experience similar illness after consuming food from a common source. Category: ... Category: ...

Often, a combination of events contributes to an outbreak, for example, food might be left at room temperature for many hours, allowing bacteria to multiply which is compounded by inadequate cooking which results in a failure to kill the dangerously elevated bacterial levels. In mathematics, multiplication is an elementary arithmetic operation. ...

Outbreaks are usually identified when those affected know each other. However, more and more, outbreaks are identified by public health staff from unexpected increases in laboratory results for certain strains of bacteria. Outbreak detection and investigation in the United States is primarily handled by local health jurisdictions and is inconsistent from district to district. It is estimated that 1–2 % of outbreaks are detected. Public health is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. ...

Ptomaine

"Ptomaine" is a former name for a supposed group of chemical substances that were theorized to cause food poisoning. The word "ptomaine" is no longer used scientifically.

Political issues

United Kingdom

Since the 1970's, key changes in UK food safety law have taken place following serious outbreaks of foodborne illness. These included the death of 19 patients in the Stanley Royd Hospital outbreak [5]; and the death of 17 people in the 1996 Wishaw outbreak of E.coli O157 [6], which was a precursor to the establishment of the Food Standards Agency which, according to Tony Blair in the 1998 white paper A Force for Change Cm 3830 "would be powerful, open and dedicated to the interests of consumers". Food safety is a scientific discipline describing the handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent Foodborne illness. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... The Food Standards Agency is a non-ministerial government department of the Government of the United Kingdom. ... For other people of the same name, see Tony Blair (disambiguation) Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born May 6, 1953)[1] is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, First Lord of the Treasury, Minister for the Civil Service, Leader of the Labour Party, and Member of Parliament for the constituency... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... A white paper is an authoritative report. ...

United States

In 2001, the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) petitioned the United States Department of Agriculture to require meat packers to remove spinal cords before processing cattle carcasses for human consumption, a measure designed to lessen the risk of infection by variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The petition was supported by the American Public Health Association, the Consumer Federation of America, the Government Accountability Project, the National Consumers League, and Safe Tables Our Priority. This was opposed by the National Cattlemen's Beef Association, the National Renderers Association, the National Meat Association, the Pork Producers Council, sheep raisers, milk producers, the Turkey Federation, and eight other organizations from the animal-derived food industry. This was part of a larger controversy regarding the United States' violation of World Health Organization proscriptions to lessen the risk of infection by variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The United States Department of Agriculture (also called the Agriculture Department, or USDA) is a United States Federal Executive Department (or Cabinet Department). ... The Spinal cord nested in the vertebral column. ... Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a very rare and incurable degenerative neurological disorder (brain disease) that is ultimately fatal. ... The American Public Health Association (APHA) is a professional organization for public health professionals in the United States. ... The Consumer Federation of America (CFA) is a non-profit organization founded in 1968 to advance the consumer interest through research, education and advocacy. ... The Government Accountability Project (GAP) is a 29-year-old nonprofit public interest group that promotes government and corporate accountability by advancing occupational free speech, defending whistleblowers, and empowering citizen activists. ... The National Consumers League is a non-profit advocacy group acting on behalf of workers and consumers in the United States since the 1890s. ... Category: ... National Meat Association (NMA) is a non-profit, industry trade association headquartered in Oakland, California. ... The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health. ...

Organizations

World Health Organization Food Safety Department The WHO provides scientific advice for organizations and the public on issues concerning the safety of food. It serves as a medium linking the food safety systems in countries around the world. Food safety is currently one of WHO's top ten priorities.Food Safety is one of the major issues in our world today, and the Organization calls for more systematic and aggressive steps to be taken to significantly reduce the risk of foodborne diseases. Food safety is a scientific discipline describing the handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent Foodborne illness. ...

The Department of Food Safety, Zoonoses and Foodborne Diseases The Department of Food Safety, Zoonoses and Foodborne Diseases is a department under the WHO. Its mission is to: to reduce the serious negative impact of foodborne diseases worldwide. According to the WHO website, food and waterborne diarrhoeal diseases are leading causes of illness and death in less developed countries, killing approximately 1.8 million people annually, most of whom are children "WHO works closely with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to address food safety issues along the entire food production chain--from production to consumption--using new methods of risk analysis. These methods provide efficient, science-based tools to improve food safety, thereby benefiting both public health and economic development."

The International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN) This Network is is intended to complement and support the existing WHO Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) which includes a Chemical Alert and Response component.

Academic resources

Periodicals

• International Journal of Food Microbiology, ISSN: 0168-1605, Elsevier
• Mycopathologia, ISSN: 1573-0832 (electronic) 0301-486X (paper), Springer

Books

• Advances in Food Mycology (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology) (2006) by A.D. Hocking et al., ISBN-13: 978-0387283913 (electronic) 978-0387283852 (paper), Springer
• Foodborne Infections and Intoxications (2006) by Hans P. Riemann and Dean O. Cliver, ISBN 012588365X, Elsevier
• Foodborne Pathogens: Microbiology And Molecular Biology (2005) by Pina M. Fratamico et al., ISBN-10: 190445500X ISBN-13: 978-1904455004, Caister Academic Press

See also

See Wikinews article: E. coli outbreak kills 1, sickens nearly 100 In September 2006, there was an outbreak of food-borne illness caused by Escherichia coli () bacteria found in uncooked spinach[1] in 26 U.S. states. ... On November 1, 2006, former lieutenant colonel of the Russian Federations Federal Security Service Alexander Litvinenko suddenly fell ill and was hospitalised. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia, is recognized as the leading United States agency for protecting the public health and safety of people. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Food quality is the quality characteristics of food that is acceptable to consumers. ... Food safety is a scientific discipline describing the handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent Foodborne illness. ... Gastroenteritis involves diarrhea or vomiting, with noninflammatory infection of the upper small bowel, or inflammatory infection of the colon, both part of the gastrointestinal tract. ... Orange juice Juice is a liquid naturally contained in vegetable or fruit tissue. ... Human infectious diseases grouped by causative agent and alphabetically arranged. ... This is a list of poisonings in chronological order of victim. ... Foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States. ... Mycotoxicology is the branch of mycology that focus on analyzing and studying the toxins produced by fungus. ... Minamata disease ), sometimes referred to as Chisso-Minamata disease ), is a neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Risk assessment is a step in the risk management process. ...

Notes

is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 228th day of the year (229th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 228th day of the year (229th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...

External links

• Surveillance for Foodborne-Disease Outbreaks --- United States, 1998--2002
• Preventing Food Poisoning
• VeriPrime Food Safety Alliance New Farm to Fork Food Safety System
• Food Safety News FoodSQM.com
• Foodborne diseases, emerging, WHO, Fact sheet N°124, revised January 2002
• Foodborne illness information pages, NSW Food Authority
• Food safety and foodborne illness, WHO, Fact sheet N°237, revised January 2002
• UK Health protection Agency
• US PulseNet
• Nottingham Trent University Foodborne illness research data
• Safe Tables Our Priority (S.T.O.P.)
• Food and Drink Federation Guide
• Salmonella food poisoning
• Bacterial Food Poisoning
• BBC Information
• Medline
• UK NHS Information
• Food Safety Network
• Open Directory Food and Water Borne Diseases Category
• Food poisoning basics
• The World Health Organization
• The United States FDA
• Food Standard Agency website
• The Canadian Food Inspection Agency Website
• Genome information for some of the organisms causing foodborne illness (diarrheagenic E. coli and Salmonella) is available from the NIAID Enteropathogen Resource Integration Center (ERIC)

This article contains material from the CDC (Center for Disease Control) website which, as a US government publication, is in the public domain. Look up who in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... Look up who in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... Safe Tables Our Priority (S.T.O.P.) is the only non-profit organization in the United States that has dedicated itself to making food safer from dangerous contamination. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...