This article deals with the history and development of the different sports around the world known as "football". For links to articles on each of these codes of football, please see the list in the Football today section of this article. Jump to: navigation, search This article deals with the history and development of the different sports around the world known as football. For links to articles on each of these codes of football, please see the list in the Football today section of this article. ...

Football is the name given to a number of different team sports. The most popular of these world wide is Association football, which is also widely known as soccer. However the term is also applied to Rugby football (Rugby union and Rugby league), American football, Australian rules football, Gaelic football, and Canadian football. Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Asian Football Confederation (AFC) Confederation of African Football (CAF) Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL) Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) The Current Laws of the Game (LOTG) The Rec. ... Jump to: navigation, search Argentina-France Rugby Union match Rugby football refers to sports descendent from a common form of football developed at Rugby school. ... Jump to: navigation, search Rugby Union is a team sport that was developed from the rules used to play football at Rugby School in England. ... Rugby league is one of the two codes of rugby, the other being rugby union. ... United States simply as football, is a competitive team sport that is both fast-paced and strategic. ... Jump to: navigation, search Australian rules football at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. ... Gaelic football (Irish: peil ghaelach) is a form of football played mainly in Ireland. ... Jump to: navigation, search Canadian football is a sport in which two teams of twelve players each compete for territorial control of a field of play 110 yards (100. ...

An Australian rules football match at the Richmond Paddock, Melbourne, in 1866. (A wood engraving by Robert Bruce.)

When the English language word "football" originated, it referred to a wide variety of games in medieval Europe, which were played on foot — that is, by peasants — as opposed to the games played by horse-riding aristocrats. Therefore the name has always implied a variety of games played by people on foot, not just those that involved kicking a ball. Download high resolution version (1000x698, 198 KB)An Australian rules football match at the Richmond Paddock, Melbourne, in about 1866. ... Download high resolution version (1000x698, 198 KB)An Australian rules football match at the Richmond Paddock, Melbourne, in about 1866. ... Jump to: navigation, search Australian rules football at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. ... Jump to: navigation, search Melbourne is the capital and largest city of the state of Victoria, and the second largest city in Australia (after Sydney), with a population of 3. ... 1866 is a common year starting on Monday. ... Wood engraving is, simply, the craft, or technique, of engraving, using the medium of wood. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The word football may mean any one of several games, in different parts of the English-speaking world. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... In a detail of Brueghels Land of Cockaigne (1567) a soft-boiled egg has little feet to rush to the luxuriating peasant who catches drops of honey on his tongue, while roast pigs roam wild: the 16th century was a good time for European peasants A peasant, from 15th... horse, see Horse (disambiguation). ... Aristocracy is a form of government in which rulership is in the hands of an upper class known as aristocrats. ...

All football games involve scoring points with a spherical or ellipsoidal ball (itself called a football), by moving the ball into, onto, or over a goal area or line defended by the opposing team. Many of the modern games have their origins in England, but — since ancient times — many peoples around the world have played games which involved kicking and/or carrying a ball. A sphere is a perfectly symmetrical geometrical object. ... Jump to: navigation, search Egg-shaped. ... Jump to: navigation, search The football as used in football/soccer. ... In Association Football (soccer), the term goal refers to both the result of a score and the physical structure that defines when a score has occurred. ... Jump to: navigation, search Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population - Total (mid-2004) - Density Ranked 1st UK...

The object of all football games is to advance the ball by kicking, running with, or passing and catching, either to the opponent's end of the field where points or goals can be scored by, depending on the game, putting the ball across the goal line between posts and under a crossbar, putting the ball between upright posts (and possibly over a crossbar), or advancing the ball across the opponent's goal line while maintaining possession of the ball.

In all football games, the winning team is the one that has the most points or goals when a specified length of time has elapsed. Goal is a graffiti artist who is a member of the crew 1134 http://en. ...

History

Throughout the history of mankind the urge to kick at stones and other such objects must have inevitably led to many early activities involving kicking and/or running with a ball. Football-like games undoubtedly predate recorded history in all parts of the world and the earliest forms of football can only be guessed at.

Ancient games

Documented evidence of what is possibly the oldest organised activity resembling football can be found in a Chinese military manual written during the Han Dynasty in about 2nd century BC. Jump to: navigation, search Han commanderies and kingdoms AD 2. ...

It describes a practice known as tsu chu (Traditional Chinese:蹴鞠 or 蹴踘 ; Pinyin: cù jū) which involved kicking a leather ball through a hole in a piece of silk cloth strung between two 30 foot poles. It was not a game as such but more of a spectacle for the amusement of the Emperor and it may have been performed as long as 3000 years ago. Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Jump to: navigation, search Pinyin (Chinese: 拼音, pÄ«nyÄ«n) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to HànyÇ” PÄ«nyÄ«n (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonemic notation and transcription to...

Another Asian ball-kicking game, which may have been influenced by tsu chu, is kemari. This is known to have been played within the Japanese imperial court in Kyoto from about 600AD. In kemari several individuals stand in a circle and kick a ball to each other, trying not to let the ball drop to the ground (much like keepie uppie). The game survived through many years but appears to have died out sometime before the mid 19th century. In 1903 in a bid to restore ancient traditions the game was revived and it can now be seen played for the benefit of tourists at a number of festivals. Jump to: navigation, search World map showing Asia (geographically) Asia is the central and eastern part of Eurasia and worlds largest continent. ... Kemari is a sport that was popular in Japan in the Heian Age. ... Jump to: navigation, search This page is about the city Kyoto. ... For other uses, see number 600. ... Keepie uppie is the art of juggling with a football using feet, knees, chest, shoulders, and head. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1903 has the latest occurring solstices and equinoxes for 400 years, because the Gregorian calendar hasnt had a leap year for seven years or a century leap year since 1600. ...

The Greeks and Romans are known to have played many ball games some of which involved the use of the feet. The Roman writer Cicero describes the case of a man who was killed whilst having a shave when a ball was kicked into a barbers shop. The Roman game of Harpastu is believed to have been adapted from a team game known as "επισκυρος" (episkyros) or pheninda that is mentioned by Greek playwright, Antiphanes (388-311BC) and later referred to by Clement of Alexandria. The game appears to have vaguely resembled rugby. Jump to: navigation, search Ancient Rome was a civilization that existed in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East between 753 BC and its downfall in AD 476. ... Marcus Tullius Cicero (January 3, 106 BC – December 7, 43 BC) was an orator and statesman of Ancient Rome, and is generally considered the greatest Latin prose stylist. ... Antiphanes, the most important writer of the Middle Attic comedy with the exception of Alexis, lived from about 408 to 334 BC. He was apparently a foreigner who settled in Athens, where he began to write about 387. ... Clement of Alexandria (Titus Flavius Clemens), was the first member of the Church of Alexandria to be more than a name, and one of its most distinguished teachers. ... Jump to: navigation, search Argentina-France Rugby Union match Rugby football refers to sports descendent from a common form of football developed at Rugby school. ...

There are a number of less well-documented references to prehistoric, ancient or traditional ball games, played by indigenous peoples all around the world. For example, William Strachey of the Jamestown settlement is the first to record a game played by the Native Americans called Pahsaheman, in 1610. In Victoria, Australia, Indigenous Australians played a game called Marn Grook. An 1878 book by Robert Brough-Smyth, The Aborigines of Victoria, quotes a man called Richard Thomas as saying, in about 1841, that he had witnessed Aboriginal people playing the game: "Mr Thomas describes how the foremost player will drop kick a ball made from the skin of a possum and how other players leap into the air in order to catch it." It is widely believed that Marn Grook had an influence on the development of Australian Rules Football (see below). In northern Canada and/or Alaska, the Inuit (Eskimos) played a game on ice called Aqsaqtuk. Each match began with two teams facing each other in parallel lines, before attempting to kick the ball through each other team's line and then at a goal. The ancient Aztec game of ollamalitzli also involved kicking a ball, but it generally had more similarities to basketball. Prehistory (Greek words προ = before and ιστορία = history) is the period of human history prior to the advent of writing (which marks the beginning of recorded history). ... For the span of recorded history starting roughly 5,000-5,500 years ago, see Ancient history. ... Jump to: navigation, search The word tradition, comes from the Latin word bimbolimbo which means to hand down or to hand over. ... The word indigenous is an adjective derived from the Latin word indigena, meaning native, belonging to, aboriginal; and has several applications: Indigenous peoples, communities and cultures native or indigenous to a territory; Indigenous (band), the Native American blues-rock band; In biology, indigenous means native to a place or biota... Jamestown was a village on an island in the James River in Virginia, about 45 miles southeast of where Richmond, Virginia, is now. ... Native Americans (also Indians, Aboriginal Peoples, American Indians, First Nations, Alaskan Natives, Amerindians, or Indigenous Peoples of America) are the indigenous inhabitants of The Americas prior to the European colonization, and their modern descendants. ... // Events January 7 - Galileo Galilei discovers the Galilean moons of Jupiter. ... Motto: Peace and Prosperity Other Australian states and territories Capital Melbourne Governor HE Mr John Landy Premier Steve Bracks (ALP) Area 237,629 km² (6th)  - Land 227,416 km²  - Water 10,213 km² (4. ... Jump to: navigation, search A 19th century engraving of an indigenous Australian encampment. ... Marn Grook is the name of an Australian Aborginal ball game which is thought by some to be the basis on which the modern game of Australian Rules Football is based. ... 1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... A possum is any of about 25 small to medium-sized arboreal marsupials native to Australia. ... Jump to: navigation, search Australian rules football at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: The Last Frontier, The Land of the Midnight Sun Other U.S. States Capital Juneau Largest city Anchorage Governor Frank Murkowski (R) Senators Ted Stevens (R) Lisa Murkowski (R) Official languages English Area 1,067,653 mi² / 1,717,854 km² (1st)  - Land 1... Jump to: navigation, search Inuit woman Inuit (Inuktitut syllabics: ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, singular Inuk or Inuq / ᐃᓄᒃ) is a general term for a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic coasts of Alaska, the eastern islands of the Canadian Arctic, Labrador, and the ice-free coasts of Greenland. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican people of central Mexico in the 14th, 15th and 16th century. ... Ulama is a ball game played in Latin America, a variety of the Mesoamerican ballgame descended from an Aztec game ritual. ... Jump to: navigation, search Basketball is very popular in U.S. colleges. ...

These games and others may well stretch far back into antiquity and have influenced football over the centuries. However, the route towards the development of modern football games appears to lie in Western Europe and particularly England. Jump to: navigation, search Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population - Total (mid-2004) - Density Ranked 1st UK...

Mediæval football

The Middle Ages saw a huge rise in popularity of annual Shrovetide football matches throughout Europe, particularly in England. The game played in England at this time may have arrived with the Roman occupation, but there is little evidence to indicate this. Reports of a game played in Brittany, Normandy and Picardy, known as Choule or Soule, suggest that some of these football games could have arrived in England as a result of the Norman Conquest. The name mediæval football is used for a wide variety of localised games which were invented and played during the Middle Ages in Europe. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... The Pre-Lenten Season (see also Septuagesima) is the liturgical season of the Roman Catholic Church lasting from Septuagesima Sunday until Shrove Tuesday. ... Principal sites in Roman Britain Roman Britain is the term applied to that part of Britain lying within the Roman Empire (which never extended to the whole island). ... Jump to: navigation, search Traditional coat of arms This article is about the historical duchy and French province, as well as the cultural area of Brittany. ... Jump to: navigation, search Mont Saint Michel is a historic pilgrimage site and a symbol of Normandy Normandy is a geographical region in northern France. ... Coat of arms of Picardy Picardy (French: Picardie) is an historical province of France, in the north of France. ... Bayeux Tapestry depicting events leading to the Battle of Hastings The Norman Conquest of England was the conquest of the Kingdom of England by William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy), in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings and the subsequent Norman control of England. ...

These chaotic forms of football would be played between neighbouring towns and villages, involving an unlimited number of players on opposing teams, who would clash in a heaving mass of people struggling to drag an inflated pig's bladder by any means possible to markers at each end of a town. A legend that these games in England evolved from a more ancient and bloody ritual of kicking the "Dane's head" is unlikely to be true. Shrovetide games survive in a number of English towns (see below). Jump to: navigation, search Species Sus barbatus Sus bucculentus Sus cebifrons Sus celebensis Sus domesticus Sus heureni Sus philippensis Sus salvanius Sus scrofa Sus timoriensis Sus verrucosus Pigs are ungulates native to Eurasia collectively grouped under the genus Sus within the Suidae family. ...

The first description of football in England was given by William FitzStephen (c. 1174-1183). He described the activities of London youths during the annual festival of Shrove Tuesday. Jump to: navigation, search The clock tower of the Palace of Westminster, which contains Big Ben London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... In the Christian calendar, Shrove Tuesday is the English name for the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday, which in turn marks the beginning of Lent. ...

After lunch all the youth of the city go out into the fields to take part in a ball game. The students of each school have their own ball; the workers from each city craft are also carrying their balls. Older citizens, fathers, and wealthy citizens come on horseback to watch their juniors competing, and to relive their own youth vicariously: you can see their inner passions aroused as they watch the action and get caught up in the fun being had by the carefree adolescents.[1]

Most of the early references to the game speak simply of "ball play" or "playing at ball" and not "football" leading to speculation that the games played at the time did not necessarily involve the ball being kicked. However, in 1424, James I of Scotland issued an edict to ban the playing of "fute-ball". Events August 17 - Battle of Verneuil - An English force under John, Duke of Bedford defeats a larger French army under the Duke of Alençon, John Stuart, and Earl Archibald of Douglas. ... James I (December 10, 1394 – February 21, 1437) reigned as king of Scotland from April 4, 1406 until February 21, 1437. ...

The first reference to football in Ireland occurs in the Statute of Galway of 1527, which allowed the playing of football and archery but banned "hokie' — the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves" as well as other sports. (The earliest recorded football match in Ireland was one between Louth and Meath, at Slane, in 1712.) Events January 5 - Felix Manz, co-founder of the Swiss Anabaptists, was drowned in the Limmat River in Zürich by the Zürich Reformed state church. ... Jump to: navigation, search Archers in Competition Archery is the practice of using a bow to shoot arrows. ... Jump to: navigation, search For the Cornish sport of hurling, see Hurling the Silver Ball. ... County Louth (An Lú in Irish) is a county on the east coast of Ireland. ... Meath (An Mhí in Irish) is a county in the Republic of Ireland, the county is often informally called The Royal County. ... Slane (Baile Shláine in Irish) is an ancient town on the River Boyne in County Meath, Ireland. ... // Events Treaty of Aargau signed between Catholic and Protestants. ...

Calcio Fiorentino

Main article: Calcio Fiorentino

In the 16th century, the city of Florence celebrated the period between Epiphany and Lent by playing a game known as "o Calcio storico" ("kickball in costume") in the Piazza della Novere or the Piazza Santa Croce. The young aristocrats of the city would dress up in fine silk costumes and embroil themselves in a violent form of football. For example, calcio players could punch, shoulder charge, and kick opponents. Blows below the belt were allowed. The game is said to have originated as a military training exercise. Calcio Fiorentino was an early form of football that originated in 16th century Italy. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Jump to: navigation, search Founded 59 BC as Florentia Region Tuscany Mayor Leonardo Domenici (Democratici di Sinistra) Area  - City Proper  102 km² Population  - City (2004)  - Metropolitan  - Density (city proper) 356,000 almost 500,000 3,453/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Latitude Longitude 43°47 N 11°15 E... This article is about the Christian feast. ... Look up Lent on Wiktionary, the free dictionary In Western Christianity, Lent is the period before the Christian holy day of Easter. ...

The most famous match took place on February 17, 1530. While the troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor were besieging Florence, a game of calcio was organised as a show of defiance. In 1580, Count Giovanni de' Bardi di Vernio wrote Discorso sopra 'l giuoco del Calcio Fiorentino. This is sometimes credited as the earliest known published rules of any football game. The game was not played between January 1739 and May 1930, when it was revived to celebrate the 400th anniversary of the match mentioned above. Calcio is still played, mostly as a tourist attraction. Jump to: navigation, search February 17 is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events June 25 - Augsburg confession presented to Charles V of Holy Roman Empire. ... Jump to: navigation, search Charles V Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain Charles V (Spanish: Carlos I, Dutch: Karel V, German: Karl V.) (24 February 1500–21 September 1558) is considered (the first) King of Spain though in fact his son was the first to use that title. ... Events March 1 - Michel de Montaigne signs the preface to his most significant work, Essays. ... Events March 20 - Nadir Shah occupies Delhi in India and sacks the city stealing the jewels of the Peacock Throne, including the Koh-i-Noor September 9 - Stono Rebellion erupts near Charleston September 18 - Treaty of Belgrade signed October 3 - Treaty of Nissa signed October 23 - Great Britain declares war... Jump to: navigation, search 1930 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ...

Official disapproval and attempts to ban football

Numerous attempts have been made throughout history to ban football games, particularly the most rowdy and disruptive forms. Between 1324 and 1667, football was banned in England alone by more than 30 royal and local laws. King Edward II was so troubled by the unruliness of football in London that on April 13, 1314 he issued a proclamation banning it: Edward II, (April 25, 1284 – September 21, 1327), of Caernarvon, was King of England from 1307 until deposed in January, 1327. ... Jump to: navigation, search The clock tower of the Palace of Westminster, which contains Big Ben London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... Jump to: navigation, search April 13 is the 103rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (104th in leap years). ... Events June 24 - Battle of Bannockburn. ...

Forasmuch as there is great noise in the city caused by hustling over large balls from which many evils may arise which God forbid; we command and forbid, on behalf of the King, on pain of imprisonment, such game to be used in the city in the future.

The reasons for the ban by Edward III, on June 12, 1349, were explicit: football and other recreations distracted the populace from practising archery, which was necessary for war, and after the great loss of life that had occurred during the Black Death, England needed as many archers as possible. Edward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377) was one of the most successful English kings of medieval times. ... Jump to: navigation, search June 12 is the 163rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (164th in leap years), with 202 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search // Events August 24 - Black Death outbreak in Elbing (modern-day Elblag in Poland) October 20 - Pope Clement VI publishes a papal bull that condemns the Flagellants The bubonic plague is spread to Norway when an English ship with everyone dead on board floats to Bergen Births... Jump to: navigation, search Archers in Competition Archery is the practice of using a bow to shoot arrows. ... Jump to: navigation, search Illustration of the Black Death from the Toggenburg Bible (1411). ...

Football featured in similar attempts by monarchs to ban recreational sport across Europe. In France it was banned by Phillippe V in 1319, and again by Charles V in 1369. In England, the outlawing of sport was attempted by Richard II in 1389 and Henry IV in 1401. In Scotland, football was banned by James I in 1424 and by James II in 1457. Despite evidence that Henry VIII of England played the game — in 1526, he ordered the first known pair of football boots — in 1540 Henry also attempted a ban. All of these attempts failed to curb the people's desire to play the game. A monarch is a type of ruler or head of state, whose titles and ascent are often inherited, not earned, and who represents a larger monarchical system which has established rules and customs regarding succession, duties, and powers. ... Philip V the Tall (French: Philippe V le Long) (1293 - January 3, 1322) was King of France from 1316 to 1322, a member of the Capetian dynasty. ... Jump to: navigation, search Events Magnus VII ascends the throne of Norway and unites the country with Sweden. ... Charles V the Wise (French: Charles V le Sage) (January 31, 1338 – September 16, 1380) was king of France (1364 to 1380) and a member of the Valois Dynasty. ... Events King Charles V of France renounces the treaty of Brétigny and war is declared between France and England. ... Richard II (January 6, 1367 – February 14, 1400) was the son of Edward the Black Prince, Prince of Wales, and Joan The Fair Maid of Kent. He was born at Bordeaux and became his fathers heir when his elder brother died in infancy. ... Events February 24 - Margaret I seizes Albert, thus becoming ruler of Denmark, Norway and Sweden June 28 - Battle of Kosovo between Serbs and Ottomans. ... Henry IV (April 3, 1367 – March 20, 1413) was born at boilingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire, -=hence the other name by which he was known, Henry of boilingbroke. His father, John of Gaunt was the third and oldest surviving son of King Edward III of England, and enjoyed a position of... Events The Lollards, a religious sect taught by John Wycliffe, were persecuted for their beliefs. ... Timeline of Scottish history Caledonia List of not fully sovereign nations Subdivisions of Scotland National parks (Scotland) Traditional music of Scotland Flower of Scotland Wars of Scottish Independence National Trust for Scotland Historic houses in Scotland Castles in Scotland Scottish sundial — the ancient renaissance sundials of Scotland. ... James I (December 10, 1394 – February 21, 1437) reigned as king of Scotland from April 4, 1406 until February 21, 1437. ... Events August 17 - Battle of Verneuil - An English force under John, Duke of Bedford defeats a larger French army under the Duke of Alençon, John Stuart, and Earl Archibald of Douglas. ... James II of Scotland (October 16, 1430 – August 3, 1460) was king of Scotland from 1437 to 1460. ... Events University of Freiburg founded. ... Jump to: navigation, search Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England and Lord of Ireland (later King of Ireland) from 22 April 1509 until his death. ... Football boots, like all footwear, come in various sizes and styles. ... Events January 6 - King Henry VIII of England marries Anne of Cleves, his fourth Queen consort. ...

By 1608, the local authorities in Manchester were complaining that: Events March 18 - Sissinios formally crowned Emperor of Ethiopia May 14 - Protestant Union founded in Auhausen. ... Jump to: navigation, search Manchester Town Hall is an example of the Victorian architecture found in Manchester and is the home of Manchester City Council Manchester is a large conurbation in the North West of England and is home to 2. ...

With the ffotebale...[there] hath beene greate disorder in our towne of Manchester we are told, and glasse windowes broken yearlye and spoyled by a companie of lewd and disordered persons using that unlawful exercise of playing with the ffotebale in ye streets of the said towne, breaking many men's windows and glasse at their pleasure and other great inormyties.[2]

That same year, the modern spelling of the word "football" is first recorded, when it was used disapprovingly by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare's play King Lear (which was first published in 1608) contains the line: "Nor tripped neither, you base football player" (Act I Scene 4). Shakespeare also mentions the game in A Comedy of Errors (Act II Scene 1): Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

Am I so round with you as you with me,

That like a football you do spurn me thus?

You spurn me hence, and he will spurn me hither:

If I last in this service, you must case me in leather.

("Spurn" literally means to kick away, thus implying that the game involved kicking a ball between players.)

In the period following the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell had some success in suppressing football games, although they became even more popular following the Restoration, in 1660. Charles II of England gave the game royal approval in 1681 when he attended a fixture between the Royal Household and the Duke of Albemarle's servants. Jump to: navigation, search The term English Civil War (or Wars) refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651. ... Jump to: navigation, search Unfinished portrait miniature of Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper, 1657. ... Jump to: navigation, search The English Restoration or simply Restoration was an episode in the history of Great Britain beginning in 1660 when the monarchy was restored under King Charles II after the English Civil War. ... Events Expulsion of the Carib indigenous people from Martinique by French occupying forces. ... Jump to: navigation, search Charles II (29 May 1630–6 February 1685) was the King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 30 January 1649 (retrospectively de jure) or 29 May 1660 (de facto) until his death. ... Events March 4 - Charles II of England grants a land charter to William Penn for the area that will later become Pennsylvania. ... George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle by Sir Peter Lely, painted 1665–1666. ...

Even in the early modern era, efforts were made to ban football at a local level, and force it off the streets. In 1827, the annual Alnwick Shrove Tuesday game proceeded only after the Duke of Northumberland provided a field for the game to be played on. (The Duke also presented the ball before the match — a ritual that continues to this day.) In 1835, the British Highways Act banned the playing of football on public highways, with a maximum penalty of forty shillings. 1827 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The town of Alnwick, nestling behind Alnwick Castle For the parish in New Brunswick, see Alnwick, New Brunswick Alnwick (pronounced ) is a small market town in north Northumberland, in the north-east of England. ... Hugh Percy, 3rd Duke of Northumberland (20 April 1795 - 11 February 1847) was a British aristocrat and Tory politician who served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland under the Duke of Wellington from 1829 to 1830 Categories: Stub | Lords Lieutenant of Ireland | Peers | Knights of the Garter | 1795 births | 1847 deaths... 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

The establishment of modern codes of football

English public schools

Match at Winchester College around 1840.

The earliest evidence that games resembling football were being played at English public schools — attended by boys from the upper, upper-middle and professional classes — comes from the Vulgaria by William Horman in 1519. Horman had been headmaster at Eton College and Winchester and his Latin textbook includes a translation exercise with the phrase "We wyll playe with a ball full of wynde". The first specific mention of football can be found in a Latin poem by Robert Matthew, a Winchester scholar from 1643 to 1647. He describes how "...we may play quoits, or hand-ball, or bat-and-ball, or football; these games are innocent and lawful...". A document from 1766 (Nugae Etonenses by T. Frankland) mentions the "Football Fields" of Eton. Image File history File links Winchester_football_(1840). ... Image File history File links Winchester_football_(1840). ... Winchester College is a public school in the city of Winchester in Hampshire, in the south of England. ... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... A public school, in current English, Welsh and Northern Ireland usage, is a (usually) prestigious independent school, for children usually between the ages of 11 or 13 and 18, which charges fees and is not financed by the state. ... Events March 4 - Hernán Cortés lands in Mexico. ... The Kings College of Our Lady of Eton beside Windsor, commonly known as Eton College or just Eton, is a public school (that is, an independent, fee-charging secondary school) for boys. ... Winchester College is a public school in the city of Winchester in Hampshire, in the south of England. ... Jump to: navigation, search Latin is an Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...

By the early 19th century, (before the Factory Act of 1850), most working class people in Britain had to work six days a week, often for over twelve hours a day. They had neither the time nor the inclination to engage in sport for recreation and, at the time, many children were part of the labour force. Feast day football on the public highway was at an end. Thus the public school boys, who were free from constant toil, became the inventors of organised football games with formal codes of rules. These gradually evolved into the modern football games that we know today. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... The term working class is used to denote a social class. ... In economics the labor force is the group of people who have a potential for being employed. ... The calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organising a liturgical year on the level of days by associating each day with a saint, and referring to the day as the saints day of that saint. ...

Football had come to be adopted by a number of public schools as a way of encouraging competitiveness and keeping youths fit. Each school drafted their own rules as they saw fit and they often varied widely and were changed over time with each new intake of pupils. In 1823 William Webb Ellis, a pupil at Rugby School, is said to have "showed a fine disregard for the rules of football, as played in his time" by picking up the ball and running to the opponents' goal, but the evidence for this bold act does not stand up to close examination. However, by 1841 (some sources say 1842), running with the ball had become acceptable at Rugby, as long as a player gathered the ball on the full or from a bounce, he was not offside and he did not pass the ball. 1823 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Statue of William Webb Ellis outside Rugby School William Webb Ellis (November 24, 1806 - January 24, 1872) is often credited with the invention of Rugby football. ... A view of Rugby School from the rear, including the playing field, where according to legend Rugby football was invented Rugby School, located in the town of Rugby in Warwickshire, is one of the oldest public schools in the United Kingdom and is perhaps one of the top co-educational... 1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Offside, off-side or off side can mean: The offside rule that occurs in a number of field sports including most versions of football (see offside law (football)), ice hockey (see offside (hockey)) and, until recently, in field hockey. ...

Soon, two schools of thought about how football should be played had developed. Some favoured a game in which the ball could be carried (as at Rugby, Marlborough and Cheltenham), whilst others preferred a game where kicking and dribbling the ball was promoted (as at Eton, Harrow, Westminster and Charterhouse). The division into these two camps was partly the result of circumstances in which the games were played. At Charterhouse and Westminster the boys were confined to playing their ball game within the cloisters making the rough and tumble of the handling game difficult. Marlborough College is a British boarding school in the county of Wiltshire, founded in 1843 for the education of the sons of Church of England clergy, although it now accepts both boys and girls of all beliefs. ... Cheltenham College chapel and library (Big Modern) Introduction Cheltenham College opened in July 1841, in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England. ... Harrow School Crest Harrow School is a British public school, located in Harrow on the Hill, in North West London. ... Jump to: navigation, search Motto: Dat Deus Incrementum The Royal College of St. ... Jump to: navigation, search Charterhouse School is a British public school, located in Godalming in the county of Surrey. ...

During this period, the Rugby School rules appear to have spread at least as far, perhaps further, than the other schools' games. For example, it is said that the world's first "football club" (that is one which was not part of a school or university), was the Guy's Hospital Football Club, founded in London in 1843. The club is said to have played the Rugby School game. However, some have argued that this club is too poorly documented to be considered to have existed since that time. 1843 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

With the coming of the railways people were able to travel further and with less inconvenience than they ever had before. Inter-school sporting competitions became possible. Whilst local rules for athletics and some other sports with simple rules could be easily understood by visiting schools, it was nearly impossible for schools to play each other at football as each school played by their own idiosyncratic rules. Athletics, also known as track and field or track and field athletics, is a collection of sport events. ...

The Cambridge Rules

In 1848 at Cambridge University, Mr. H. de Winton and Mr. J.C. Thring, who were both formerly at Shrewsbury School, called a meeting at Trinity College, Cambridge with 12 other representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury. An eight-hour meeting produced what amounted to the first set of modern rules, known as the Cambridge Rules. No copy of these rules now exists, but a revised version from ~1856 is held in the library of Shrewsbury School. The rules clearly favour the kicking game. Handling was only allowed for a player to take a clean catch entitling them to a free kick and there was a primitive offside rule, disallowing players from "loitering" around the opponents' goal. However the Cambridge Rules were far from universally adopted. The Cambridge Rules, drawn up in 1848 by H. de Winton and J. C. Thring, were the first formal set of rules governing association football. ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... REDIRECT [1] ... H. de Winton and J. C. (John Charles) Thring were the two footballer players from Cambridge University (formerly of Shrewsbury School) responsible for the first formal set of rules for association football. ... Shrewsbury School is a leading British boys public school (UK), located in Shrewsbury in the county of Shropshire. ... Full name The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity Motto Virtus vera nobilitas Virtue is true Nobility Named after The Holy Trinity Previous names Kings Hall and Michaelhouse (until merged in 1546) Established 1546 Sister College Christ Church Master Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow Location Trinity Street... Winchester College is a public school in the city of Winchester in Hampshire, in the south of England. ...

Other developments in the 1850s

The increasing interest and development of the various English football games was shown in 1851, when William Gilbert, a shoemaker from Rugby, exhibited both round and oval-shaped balls at the Great Exhibition in London. Jump to: navigation, search 1851 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... William Gilbert (1799-1877) was a cobbler in Rugby, Warwickshire, England. ... The Great Exhibition was an international exhibition held in Hyde Park London, from 1 May to 15 October 1851 and the first in a series of Worlds Fair exhibitions of culture and industry that were to be a popular 19th century feature. ...

Dublin University Football Club — founded at Trinity College, Dublin in 1854 and later famous as a bastion of the Rugby School game — is arguably the world's oldest football club in any code. Jump to: navigation, search The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin or more commonly Trinity College, Dublin was founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I, and is the only constituent college of the University of Dublin, Irelands oldest university. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1854 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The title of the worlds oldest football club, or the oldest club in a particular country, is often disputed, or is claimed by several different clubs, sometimes across several codes of football. ...

Sheffield Football Club also has a claim to be the world's oldest football club, in the sense of a club not attached to a school or university. It was founded by former Harrow School pupils Nathaniel Creswick and William Prest, in 1857. Creswick and Prest devised their own version of football: the Sheffield Rules. There were some similarities to the Cambridge Rules, but players were allowed to push or hit the ball with their hands, and there was no offside rule at all, so that players known as 'kick throughs' could be permanently positioned near the opponents' goal. (How long this set of rules lasted is unclear, but by 1866, when Sheffield played a combined FA side, they were employing their own version of offside that differed from the FA rule. In 1867 the Sheffield Football Association was formed by a number of clubs in the local area and the Sheffield clubs continued to play by their own rules until they decided to fall in line with the FA in 1878.) Sheffield F.C. is probably the worlds oldest club playing any kind of football, having been founded in 1857. ... 1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1866 is a common year starting on Monday. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1867 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Sheffield & Hallamshire Football Association (originally called Sheffield FA) was formed in 1867 was the first County Football Association in England. ... 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

By the end of the 1850s, many clubs had been formed throughout the English-speaking world, to play various codes of football. (For more details see: Oldest football clubs.) The title of the worlds oldest football club, or the oldest club in a particular country, is often disputed, or is claimed by several different clubs, sometimes across several codes of football. ...

Australian Rules football

Main article: Australian Rules football

Tom Wills began to develop Australian Rules Football in Melbourne during 1858. Wills had been educated in England, at Rugby School and had played cricket for Cambridge University. The extent to which Wills was directly influenced by British and Irish football games is unknown, but there were similarities between some of them and his game. There were pronounced similarities between Wills's game and Gaelic football (as it would be codified in 1887). It appears that Australian Rules also has some similarities to the Indigenous Australian game of Marn Grook (see above). Jump to: navigation, search Australian rules football at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. ... Thomas Wentworth Wills was an Australian sportsman who is credited along with Henry Harrison as one of the inventors of Australian rules football. ... Jump to: navigation, search Australian rules football at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. ... The City of Melbournes coat of arms The central business district of Melbourne, viewed from the north Alternate meanings: Melbourne (disambiguation) Melbourne is the capital and largest city of the state of Victoria, and the second largest city in Australia, with a population of 52,117 in the Central... Jump to: navigation, search 1858 is a common year starting on Friday. ... Jump to: navigation, search A cricket match in progress. ... Gaelic football (Irish: peil ghaelach) is a form of football played mainly in Ireland. ... Jump to: navigation, search A 19th century engraving of an indigenous Australian encampment. ... Marn Grook is the name of an Australian Aborginal ball game which is thought by some to be the basis on which the modern game of Australian Rules Football is based. ...

The Melbourne Football Club was also founded in 1858 and is the oldest surviving Australian football club, but the rules it used during its first season are unknown. The club's rules of 1859 are the oldest surviving set of laws for Australian Rules. They were drawn up at the Parade Hotel, East Melbourne on May 17, by Wills, W. J. Hammersley, J. B. Thompson and Thomas Smith (some sources include H. C. A. Harrison). These men had similar backgrounds to Wills and their code had pronounced similarities to the Sheffield rules, most notably in the absence of an offside rule. A free kick was awarded for a mark (clean catch). However, running while holding the ball was allowed and although it was not specified in the rules, an oval ball (like those later used in rugby) was used. The club had a strong and long-standing association with the Melbourne Cricket Club and cricket ovals — which vary in size and are much larger than the fields used in other forms of football — became the standard playing field. The 1859 rules did not include some elements which would soon become important to the game, such as the requirement to bounce the ball while running. The Melbourne Football Club, nicknamed The Demons since 1933, is an Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League, based in Melbourne, Victoria. ... 1859 is a common year starting on Saturday. ... Jump to: navigation, search May 17 is the 137th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (138th in leap years). ... The Melbourne Cricket Club (MCC) is a sporting club based in Melbourne, Australia. ...

Australian Rules is sometimes said to be the first form of football to be codified but — as was the case in all kinds of football at the time, there was no official body supporting the rules — and play varied from one club to another. By 1866, however, several other clubs in the Colony of Victoria had agreed to play an updated version of the Melbourne FC rules, which were later known as "Victorian Rules" and/or "Australasian Rules", before the present name was settled on). 1866 is a common year starting on Monday. ... Motto: Peace and Prosperity Other Australian states and territories Capital Melbourne Governor HE Mr John Landy Premier Steve Bracks (ALP) Area 237,629 km² (6th)  - Land 227,416 km²  - Water 10,213 km² (4. ... Australasia Australasia is the area that includes Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, and the many smaller islands in the vicinity, most of which are the eastern part of Indonesia. ...

The Football Association

The first football international, Scotland versus England. Once kept by the Rugby Football Union as an early example of rugby football.

In 1862, J. C. Thring, who had been one of the driving forces behind the original Cambridge Rules, was now a master at Uppingham School and he issued his own rules of what he called "The Simplest Game" (these are also known as the Uppingham Rules). In early October of 1863 a new revised set of Cambridge Rules rules were drawn up by a seven man committee representing former pupils from Harrow, Shrewsbury, Eton, Rugby, Marlborough and Westminster. This later revised version of the Cambridge Rules rules were to form the basis of what eventually became the rules adopted by The Football Association. Image File history File links England_v_Scotland_(1872). ... Image File history File links England_v_Scotland_(1872). ... Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Asian Football Confederation (AFC) Confederation of African Football (CAF) Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL) Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) The Current Laws of the Game (LOTG) The Rec. ... Jump to: navigation, search First International Scotland 0 - 0 England (Partick, Scotland; 30 November 1872) Largest win Scotland 9 - 0 Wales (Glasgow, Scotland; 23 March 1878) Worst defeat Uruguay 7 - 0 Scotland (Basel, Switzerland; 19 June 1954) World Cup Appearances 8 (First in 1954) Best result Round 1, all European... Jump to: navigation, search First International Scotland 0 - 0 England (Partick, Scotland; 30 November 1872) Largest win Ireland 0 - 13 England (Belfast, Northern Ireland; 18 February 1882) Worst defeat Hungary 7 - 1 England (Budapest, Hungary; 23 May 1954) World Cup Appearances 12 (First in 1950) Best result Winners, 1966 European... The Rugby Football Union (RFU) is the rugby union governing body in England. ... Jump to: navigation, search Argentina-France Rugby Union match Rugby football refers to sports descendent from a common form of football developed at Rugby school. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Uppingham School is an English public school in the small town of Uppingham in Rutland. ... 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... The Football Association (The FA) is the governing body of football in England (and the Crown dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man). ...

On the evening of October 26, 1863 at the Freemason's Tavern in Great Queen Street, London, The Football Association (FA) met for the first time. It was the world's first official football body. The meeting had been called, not by public school figures, but by members of several football clubs in the London Metropolitan area. Charterhouse was the only school represented at that first meeting. The aim was to produce a single code of football that everybody could agree to and to set up a governing body for the regulation of the game. The first meeting resulted in the issuing of a request for representatives of the public schools to join the association. With the exception of Thring at Uppingham, most schools declined. Rugby, Eton and Winchester did not even reply. In total, six meetings were held between October and December 1863. At the close of the third meeting, a draft set of rules were published that most of the delegates were happy to endorse, but this agreement was not to last. At the beginning of the fourth meeting, attention was drawn to the fact that a number of newspapers had recently published the Cambridge Rules of 1863. The Cambridge rules differed from the draft FA rules in two significant areas; namely 'running with the ball' and 'hacking' (kicking an opponent in the shins). The two contentious draft rules were as follows: Jump to: navigation, search October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining. ... 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Jump to: navigation, search The clock tower of the Palace of Westminster, which contains Big Ben London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... The Football Association (The FA) is the governing body of football in England (and the Crown dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man). ... Jump to: navigation, search The clock tower of the Palace of Westminster, which contains Big Ben London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... Jump to: navigation, search October is the tenth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... Jump to: navigation, search December is the twelfth and last month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ...

IX.A player shall be entitled to run with the ball towards his adversaries' goal if he makes a fair catch, or catches the ball on the first bound; but in case of a fair catch, if he makes his mark he shall not run.

X.If any player shall run with the ball towards his adversaries' goal, any player on the opposite side shall be at liberty to charge, hold, trip or hack him, or to wrest the ball from him, but no player shall be held and hacked at the same time.

At the fifth meeting a motion was proposed that these two rules be expunged from the FA rules. Most of the delegates were favourable to this suggestion but F. W. Campbell, the representative from Blackheath and the first FA treasurer, objected strongly. He said, "hacking is the true football". The motion was carried nonetheless but at the final meeting, Campbell withdrew his club from the FA. After the final meeting on 8 December the FA published the "Laws of Football", the first comprehensive set of rules for the game later known as Association football (or, colloquially, soccer). These first FA rules still contained elements that are recognisable in other games for instance, a player could make a fair catch and claim a mark and if a player touched the ball behind the opponents' goal line, his side was entitled to a free kick at the goal 15 yards from the goal line. History Early history Blackheath Rugby Club (BRC) was founded in 1858 by old boys of Blackheath Propietary School who played a carrying game of football made popular by Rugby School. ... Jump to: navigation, search December 8 is the 342nd day (343rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Laws of the Game (LOTG for short, also known as the Laws of Football) are the rules governing the play of Association football (soccer). ... The striker (wearing red jersey) has run past the defender (in white jersey) and is about to take a shot at the goal, while the goalkeeper positions himself to stop the ball. ...

Rugby football

1871 engraving of the game

In Britain, by 1870, there were about 75 clubs playing variations of the Rugby School game, including Blackheath (founded in 1858 and arguably the world's oldest surviving, non-university rugby club). There were also "rugby" clubs in Ireland, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. However, there was no generally accepted set of rules for rugby until 1871, when 21 clubs in England came together to form the Rugby Football Union (RFU). (Ironically, Blackheath now lobbied to ban hacking.) The first official RFU rules were adopted in June 1871.
A Match at Football: The Last Scrimmage. Wood engraving from the London Illustrated News, 1871 This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... A Match at Football: The Last Scrimmage. Wood engraving from the London Illustrated News, 1871 This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Jump to: navigation, search Argentina-France Rugby Union match Rugby football refers to sports descendent from a common form of football developed at Rugby school. ... This article covers the history of rugby union. ... Jump to: navigation, search Blackheath Rugby Club (BRC) is a rugby football club originally based in Blackheath in south-east London, but now playing at the Rectory Field in neighbouring Charlton. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1858 is a common year starting on Friday. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1871 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Rugby Football Union (RFU) is the rugby union governing body in England. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1871 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

North American football

Rutgers College Football Team, 1882

Main articles: American Football, Canadian football, History of American football

The first recorded "football" match in Canada, and perhaps the first in North America, was a game played at University College, University of Toronto on November 9, 1861. A football club was formed at the university soon afterwards, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear: it is not known whether they played a kicking or handling game, or both, and its members mostly played against each other. picture of 1882 Rutgers College Football team File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... picture of 1882 Rutgers College Football team File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... United States simply as football, is a competitive team sport that is both fast-paced and strategic. ... Jump to: navigation, search Canadian football is a sport in which two teams of twelve players each compete for territorial control of a field of play 110 yards (100. ... Jump to: navigation, search The history of American football is an important part of both the culture of the United States and the broader history of various football games around the world, in which a ball is kicked at a goal and/or or carried over a line. ... Jump to: navigation, search World map showing North America (geographically) A satellite composite image of North America North America is a continent in the northern hemisphere, bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and... UC during winter time University College, University of Toronto (abbreviated as UC) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Toronto. ... Jump to: navigation, search Founded in 1827, the University of Toronto (U of T), in Toronto, Ontario, is the largest university in Canada. ... Jump to: navigation, search November 9 is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 52 days remaining. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

The first "football club" in the USA was the short-lived Oneida Football Club in Boston, Massachusetts, founded in 1862. It has often been said that this club was the first to play soccer outside Britain. However, the rules that the Oneida club used are also unknown, and it was formed before the FA rules were formulated. The club may have invented the "Boston Game", a running code which was being played several years later in Massachusetts. The history of American soccer finds a prominent place in New England which was one of the 3 major hotbeds of US soccer for much of the earlier part of the 20th century, and the later part of the 19th. ... Jump to: navigation, search City nickname: Beantown, The Hub (of the Solar System), Athens of America Location Location in Massachusetts Government Counties Suffolk County Mayor Thomas Menino (Dem) Physical characteristics Area      Land      Water 89. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1864, at Trinity College, Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland and Frederick A. Bethune devised rules based on the Rugby School game. However, the first game of "rugby" in Canada is generally said to have taken place in Montreal, in 1865, when British Army officers played local civilians. The game gradually gained a following, and the Montreal Football Club was formed in 1868, the first recorded football club in Canada. Jump to: navigation, search Trinity College main building The University of Trinity College, or simply Trinity College is one of the federated colleges making up the modern University of Toronto. ... Jump to: navigation, search City motto: Concordia Salus (Latin: Well-being through harmony) Province Quebec Mayor Gérald Tremblay Area  - % water 500. ... Jump to: navigation, search The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. ...

The first match generally said to have occurred under English FA (soccer) rules in the USA was a game between Princeton and Rutgers in 1869. This is also often considered to be the first US game of college football, in the sense of a game between colleges (albeit under very different rules to the eventual form of American football). Jump to: navigation, search For other Princetons, see Princeton. ... Jump to: navigation, search Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey is the largest institution for higher education in the U.S. state of New Jersey. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1869 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search A college football game between Colorado State University and the Air Force Academy. ...

Modern American football grew out of a series of matches between McGill University of Montreal, and Harvard University in 1874. At the time, Harvard students are reported to have played the "Boston Game" — a running code — rather than the FA-based kicking games favored by US universities. This made it easy for Harvard to adapt to the rugby-based game played by McGill and the two teams alternated between their respective sets of rules. Within a few years, however, Harvard had both adopted rules closely resembling rugby and had persuaded other US university teams to do the same. In 1876, at the Massasoit Convention, it was agreed by these universities to adopt most of the Rugby Football Union rules. However, a touch-down (as it was also known in rugby football at the time) only counted toward the score if neither side kicked a field goal. The convention decided that, in the US game, four touchdowns would be worth one goal; in the event of a tied score, a goal converted from a touchdown would take precedence over four touch-downs. United States simply as football, is a competitive team sport that is both fast-paced and strategic. ... Jump to: navigation, search McGill University is a publicly funded, research-intensive, non-denominational, co-educational, international university located in the city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ... Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1874 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1876 is a leap year starting on Saturday. ... The Rugby Football Union (RFU) is the rugby union governing body in England. ...

Princeton, Rutgers and others continued to compete using soccer-based rules for a few years before switching to the rugby-based rules of Harvard and its competitors. US colleges did not generally return to soccer until the early twentieth century.

In 1880, Yale coach Walter Camp, devised a number of major changes to the American game, beginning with the reduction of teams from 15 to 11 players, followed by reduction of the field area by almost half, and; the introduction of the scrimmage, in which a player heeled the ball backwards, to begin a game. These were complemented in 1882 by another of Camp's innovations: a team had to surrender possession if they did not gain five yards after three downs (i.e. successful tackles). Jump to: navigation, search 1880 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Yale (disambiguation). ... Walter Camp (April 7, 1859 – March 14, 1925) was a football coach called the Father of American Football. Camp was born in the city of New Haven, Connecticut, the son of Leverett L. and Ellen Cornwell Camp. ... 1882 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

Over the years Canadian football absorbed some developments in American football, but also retained many unique characteristics. One of these was that Canadian football, for many years, did not officially distinguish itself from rugby. For example, the Canadian Rugby Football Union, founded in 1884 was the forerunner of the Canadian Football League, rather than a Rugby Union body. (The Canadian Rugby Union was not formed until 1965.) American football was also frequently described as "rugby" in the 1880s. 1884 is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar). ... The Canadian Football League (CFL; French: Ligue Canadienne de Football) is a professional league located entirely in Canada that plays Canadian football. ... The current Rugby Canada, the administrative body for rugby union in Canada, has its origins in the Rugby Union of Canada, founded in about 1929. ...

Gaelic football

There does not appear to have been any serious attempt to unify and codify Irish varieties of football, until the establishment of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in 1884. Football codes from overseas were growing in popularity in Ireland by this time and were having a significant influence on local games. The GAA sought to promote traditional Irish sports, such as hurling and to reject "foreign" (particularly English) imports. The first Gaelic football rules, showing the influence of hurling — for example in their lack of an offside rule — were drawn up by Maurice Davan and published in the United Ireland magazine on February 7, 1887. The Gaelic Athletic Association (The GAA) (Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael) is an organisation which is mostly focussed on promoting Irish sports, such as hurling and camogie, Gaelic football and handball, and rounders. ... 1884 is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search For the Cornish sport of hurling, see Hurling the Silver Ball. ... Gaelic football (Irish: peil ghaelach) is a form of football played mainly in Ireland. ... February 7 is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1887 is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar). ...

The split in rugby football

The International Rugby Football Board (IRFB) was founded in 1886, but rifts were beginning to emerge in the code. Professionalism was beginning to creep into the various codes of football. In Britain, by the 1890s, a long-standing Rugby Football Union ban on professional players was causing regional tensions within rugby football, as many players in northern England were working class and could not afford to take time off to train, travel, play and recover from injuries. In 1895 representatives of the northern clubs met in Huddersfield to form the Northern Rugby Football Union (NRFU), a professional competition. The history of rugby league began with the schism of 1895 in the sport of rugby football. ... The International Rugby Board (IRB), headquartered in Dublin, Ireland, is the world governing and law-making body for the game of Rugby Union (as opposed to Rugby League—see the respective entries for differences between the two). ... Professional sports are sports in which the participants receive payment for playing, as opposed to amateur sports where they are not. ... The 1890s were sometimes referred to as the Mauve Decade, because William Henry Perkins aniline dye allowed the widespread use of that colour in fashion, and also as the Gay Nineties, under the then-current usage of the word gay which referred simply to merriment and frivolity, with no... The Rugby Football Union (RFU) is the rugby union governing body in England. ... The term working class is used to denote a social class. ... 1895 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search // Huddersfield viewed from Castle Hill Huddersfield is the largest town in Europe and situated in the county of West Yorkshire in England, near the confluence of the River Colne and the River Holme. ... The Rugby Football League (RFL) is the governing body for Rugby League in the United Kingdom. ...

Within a few years the NRFU rules had started to diverge from the RFU, most notably with the abolition of the line out. The separate Lancashire and Yorkshire competitions of the NRFU merged in 1901, forming the Northern Rugby League, the first time the name Rugby League was used officially. Eventually, to differentiate the two codes of rugby, the code played by clubs which remained members of national federations affiliated to the IRFB became known as Rugby Union. Jump to: navigation, search 1901 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Rugby league is one of the two codes of rugby, the other being rugby union. ... Jump to: navigation, search Rugby Union is a team sport that was developed from the rules used to play football at Rugby School in England. ...

The reform of American football

Both forms of rugby and American football were noted at the time for serious injuries, as well as the deaths of a significant number of players. By the early 20th century in the USA, this had resulted in national controversy and American football was banned by a number of colleges. Consequently, a series of meetings was held by 19 colleges in 1905-06. This occurred reputedly at the behest of President Theodore Roosevelt, who was considered to be a fancier of the game, but who had threatened to ban it, unless the rules were modified to reduce the numbers of deaths and disabilities. The meetings are now considered to be the origin of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Jump to: navigation, search 1906 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search Theodore Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was the 26th (1901–09) President of the United States of America. ... Jump to: navigation, search The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA, often pronounced NC-Double- A) is a voluntary and often controversial association of about 1200 institutions, conferences, organizations and individuals that organizes the athletics programs of many colleges and universities in the United States. ...

One proposed change was a widening of the playing field. However, Harvard University had just built a concrete stadium, objected and proposed instead legalisation of the forward pass. The report of the meetings introduced many restrictions on tackling and two more divergences from rugby: the banning of mass formation plays, as well as the forward pass. The changes did not immediately have the desired effect, and 33 American football players were killed during 1908 alone. However, the number of deaths and injuries did gradually decline.

The two rugby codes diverge further

Rugby league rules diverged significantly from rugby union in 1906, with the reduction of the team from 15 to 13 players, and the introduction of the play the ball (heeling the ball back after a tackle). In 1907, a New Zealand professional rugby team toured Australia and Britain, and as a result the New South Wales Rugby League was formed. However the rules of professional rugby varied from one country to another, and negotiations between various national bodies were required to fix the exact rules for each international match. This situation endured until 1948, when at the instigation of the French league, the Rugby League International Federation (RLIF) was formed at a meeting in Bordeaux. Jump to: navigation, search 1906 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1907 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... NSWRL Group 9 side Wagga Brothers in Action New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) is the governing body for the sport of Rugby League in New South Wales. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1948 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Rugby League International Federation (RLIF) is the world governing body for the sport of rugby league. ... Jump to: navigation, search For the wine, see Bordeaux Wine City motto: Lilia sola regunt lunam undas castra leonem. ...

Football today

Use of the word "football" in English-speaking countries

The word "football", when used in reference to a specific game can mean any one of those described above. Because of this, much friendly controversy has occurred over the term football, primarily because it is used in different ways in different parts of the English-speaking world. The word football may mean any one of several games, in different parts of the English-speaking world. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

In most English-speaking countries, the word "football" usually refers to Association football, also known as soccer (soccer originally being a slang abbreviation of Association). Of the 48 national FIFA affiliates in which English is an official or primary language, only five — Canada, the Marshall Islands, New Zealand, Samoa and the United States — use soccer in their name, while the rest use football. However, even in the countries where football is the official name of association football, this name may be at odds with common usage. Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Asian Football Confederation (AFC) Confederation of African Football (CAF) Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL) Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) The Current Laws of the Game (LOTG) The Rec. ... FIFA logo (usage restricted): For the Good of the Game Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) is the international governing body of the sport of association football (called simply football or soccer). ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

In other countries or regions within them, the word "football" may refer to American football, Australian rules football, Canadian football, Gaelic football, or one of the two codes of rugby football: rugby league or rugby union. United States simply as football, is a competitive team sport that is both fast-paced and strategic. ... Jump to: navigation, search Australian rules football at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. ... Jump to: navigation, search Canadian football is a sport in which two teams of twelve players each compete for territorial control of a field of play 110 yards (100. ... Gaelic football (Irish: peil ghaelach) is a form of football played mainly in Ireland. ... Jump to: navigation, search Argentina-France Rugby Union match Rugby football refers to sports descendent from a common form of football developed at Rugby school. ... Rugby league is one of the two codes of rugby, the other being rugby union. ... Jump to: navigation, search Rugby Union is a team sport that was developed from the rules used to play football at Rugby School in England. ...

The different codes are listed below and are described more fully in their own articles.

Games descended from the FA rules of 1863

• Association football, also known as soccer.
• Indoor varieties of Association football:
  • Five-a-side football - played throughout the world under various rules including:
    • Futsal — the FIFA-approved Five-a-side indoor game
  • Indoor soccer — the six-a-side indoor game as played in North America
• Paralympic Football — Association football for disabled competitors.
• Beach soccer — football played on sand, also known as Sand Soccer
• Pickup football an informal game normally played without a goalkeeper, and that uses bags to demarcate a smaller net.

Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Asian Football Confederation (AFC) Confederation of African Football (CAF) Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL) Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) The Current Laws of the Game (LOTG) The Rec. ... Jump to: navigation, search Five-a-side football is a variation of football in which each teams fields five players rather than the usual eleven. ... Jump to: navigation, search Futsal is the indoor version of association football (soccer) that is officially sanctioned by footballs international governing body, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), as well as the Asociacion Mundial de Futsal (AMF). ... FIFA logo (usage restricted): For the Good of the Game Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) is the international governing body of the sport of association football (called simply football or soccer). ... Indoor Soccer game in Mexico Indoor soccer is a game derived from association football (soccer), adapted for play in an indoor arena such as a turf-covered hockey arena or skating rink. ... Jump to: navigation, search World map showing North America (geographically) A satellite composite image of North America North America is a continent in the northern hemisphere, bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and... There are two types of football in the Paralympic Games, one is seven-a-side and the other is five-a-side. ... Beach football (or beach soccer) is a variation of association football (soccer) played barefoot on a beach or other sand surface. ...

Games descended from Rugby School rules

• Rugby football
  • Rugby League
  • Rugby Union
    • Rugby Sevens
  • Touch Rugby — a form of rugby union without tackles.
    • Tag Rugby a form of Touch Rugby, in which a velcro tag is taken to indicate a tackle.
  • Touch football (rugby league) — usually known simply as "Touch" or "Touch football".
    • OzTag — a form of Rugby League replacing tackles with tags.
  • Wheelchair Rugby
    • Wheelchair Power Tag Rugby
    • Quad Rugby

• American football — called "football" in the United States, and "gridiron" in Australia and New Zealand.
  • Arena football — an indoor version of American football
  • Touch football (American) — non-tackle American football.
    • Flag football — non-tackle American football, like touch football, in which a token is taken to indicate a tackle.

• Canadian football — called simply "football" in Canada.
  • Canadian flag football — non-tackle Canadian football.

Jump to: navigation, search Argentina-France Rugby Union match Rugby football refers to sports descendent from a common form of football developed at Rugby school. ... Rugby league is one of the two codes of rugby, the other being rugby union. ... Jump to: navigation, search Rugby Union is a team sport that was developed from the rules used to play football at Rugby School in England. ... Rugby sevens is a variant of rugby football in which only seven players per side feature. ... Touch rugby is a superfast derivative of rugby union in which players do not tackle in the traditional highly physical way, but instead substitute any light contact. ... Tag Rugby evolved from Touch Rugby and retained all of the attributes of the game. ... The names Touch (with a capital T), touch football and touch rugby are used for derivatives of rugby football where touching an opposing player replaces a tackle, avoiding the physical nature of the full contact game. ... Tag Rugby evolved from Touch Rugby and retained all of the attributes of the game. ... Wheelchair rugby refers to the adaptation of the game rugby for wheelchair users. ... Wheelchair rugby refers to the adaptation of the game rugby for wheelchair users. ... Wheelchair rugby refers to the adaptation of the game rugby for wheelchair users. ... United States simply as football, is a competitive team sport that is both fast-paced and strategic. ... Jump to: navigation, search Arena football is a sport invented by Jim Foster, a former executive of the United States Football League and the National Football League. ... Jump to: navigation, search Touch football is a version of American football originally developed by the U.S. Navy in the 1940s in which the players tackle the individual carrying the ball only by touching him with one or two hands, based on whether one is playing the one... Flag football is a version of American football that is popular across the United States and Europe. ... Jump to: navigation, search Canadian football is a sport in which two teams of twelve players each compete for territorial control of a field of play 110 yards (100. ... NFL/CFL Flag Football is a non-contact form of Canadian football. ...

Irish and Australian varieties of football

• Gaelic football
• Australian rules football (or Aussie rules) — sometimes (erroneously) referred to as "AFL"
  • Rec Footy — "Recreational Football" - a modified non-contact touch variation of Australian Football replacing tackles with tags.
  • 9-a-side — a popular more open running style of Australian Football requiring less players on the field (9 a side or 18 in total)
  • Auskick — a version of Australian rules designed for young children
  • Samoa Rules — localised version adapted to the conditions of the island Samoa and played on rectangular rugby fields.
• International Rules — a compromise code used for games between Gaelic and Australian Rules players.
• Austus — a compromise between Australian rules and American football, invented in Melbourne during World War II.

Gaelic football (Irish: peil ghaelach) is a form of football played mainly in Ireland. ... Jump to: navigation, search Australian rules football at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. ... Jump to: navigation, search This is a page about the national league in Australian Rules Football. ... International Rules football is a hybrid sport developed in the 1980s as a mixture of Australian rules football and Gaelic football. ... Austus football is one of the most scientific games ever devised, and is a combination of kicking, which features the Australian Rules game, and the forward passing attack, which is stressed in American football. ... Jump to: navigation, search Melbourne is the capital and largest city of the state of Victoria, and the second largest city in Australia (after Sydney), with a population of 3. ... Jump to: navigation, search World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atom bomb World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a mid-20th-century conflict that...

Surviving Mediæval ball games

• Traditional Shrove Tuesday matches in the UK -- annual town- or village-wide football games with their own rules. Alternative names include mob football, Shrovetide football and folk football.
  • Alnwick in Northumberland
  • Ashbourne in Derbyshire (known as Royal Shrovetide Football)
  • Atherstone in Warwickshire
  • Corfe Castle in Dorset The Shrove Tuesday Football Ceremony of the Purbeck Marblers
  • Haxey in Lincolnshire (the Haxey Hood, actually played on Epiphany)
  • Hurling the Silver Ball takes place at St Columb Major in Cornwall
  • Sedgefield in County Durham
  • In Scotland the Ba game ("Ball Game") is still popular around Christmas and Hogmanay at:
    • Duns, Berwickshire
    • Scone, Perthshire
    • Kirkwall in the Orkneys

• Outside the UK other Mediæval games include:
  • Calcio Fiorentino — a modern revival of Renaissance football from 16th century Florence.

For details of extinct varieties of football invented and/or played during the Middle Ages in Europe, see the medieval football article. In the Christian calendar, Shrove Tuesday is the English name for the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday, which in turn marks the beginning of Lent. ... The town of Alnwick, nestling behind Alnwick Castle For the parish in New Brunswick, see Alnwick, New Brunswick Alnwick (pronounced ) is a small market town in north Northumberland, in the north-east of England. ... For other places with this name, see Northumberland (disambiguation) Northumberland is a traditional, ceremonial and administrative county in northern England. ... ... Derbyshire (pronounced Dar-bee-shur) is a county in the East Midlands of England, which boasts some of Englands most attractive scenery. ... The Royal Shrovetide Football Match occurs annually on Shrove Tuesday and Ash Wednesday in the town of Ashbourne in Derbyshire, England. ... Map sources for Atherstone at grid reference SP3197 Atherstone is a town in Warwickshire, England, with a population of 8,293 (2001 census). ... Warwickshire (pronounced either /ˈwɔːɹɪkˌʃə/ or /ˈwɔːɹɪkˌʃɪə/) is a landlocked non-metropolitan county in central England. ... Corfe Castle from the south Corfe village and castle Corfe Castle, in Dorset, England, is a small village and ruined castle situated in a gap in the Purbeck Hills five miles south of Wareham. ... Dorset (pronounced Dorsit, sometimes in the past called Dorsetshire) is a county in the southwest of England, on the English Channel coast. ... Jump to: navigation, search Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the East Midlands of England. ... The Haxey Hood Game is a game of football traditionally played at Haxey in the English county of Lincolnshire on the afternoon of January 6th or Twelfth Day. ... This article is about the Christian feast. ... For the Irish sport of hurling, see Hurling Hurling the silver ball (Cornish: Hurlian) is an old sport found still in some parts of Cornwall, England. ... Location within the British Isles. ... Jump to: navigation, search Motto: Onan hag oll (Cornish: One and all) Cornwall, England Geography Status Ceremonial and (smaller) Non-metropolitan county Region South West England Area - Total - Admin. ... Location within the British Isles Sedgefield is a town in the borough of Sedgefield in County Durham, England. ... County Durham is a county in north-east England. ... Timeline of Scottish history Caledonia List of not fully sovereign nations Subdivisions of Scotland National parks (Scotland) Traditional music of Scotland Flower of Scotland Wars of Scottish Independence National Trust for Scotland Historic houses in Scotland Castles in Scotland Scottish sundial — the ancient renaissance sundials of Scotland. ... Medieval ball game played in Scotland and the Orkneys around Christmas and New Year. ... Hogmanay (pronounced — with the main stress on the last syllable) is the Scots word for the celebration of the New Year in the Scottish manner. ... Location within the British Isles Duns is a town in the Scottish Borders. ... Berwickshire (Siorrachd Bhearaig in Gaelic) is a traditional county and Lieutenancy area of Scotland, on the border with England. ... Jump to: navigation, search Scone is a large village, a mile north of Perth, Scotland. ... Kirkwall is the largest town and capital of the Orkney Islands, in northern Scotland. ... The Orkney Islands form one of 32 unitary council regions in Scotland, and are a Lieutenancy Area. ... Calcio Fiorentino was an early form of football that originated in 16th century Italy. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Jump to: navigation, search Founded 59 BC as Florentia Region Tuscany Mayor Leonardo Domenici (Democratici di Sinistra) Area  - City Proper  102 km² Population  - City (2004)  - Metropolitan  - Density (city proper) 356,000 almost 500,000 3,453/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Latitude Longitude 43°47 N 11°15 E... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... World map showing Europe (geographically) When considered a continent, Europe is the worlds second-smallest continent in terms of area, with an area of 10,600,000 km² (4,140,625 square miles), making it larger than Australia only. ... The name mediæval football is used for a wide variety of localised games which were invented and played during the Middle Ages in Europe. ...

Other surviving public school games

• Eton Field Game
• Eton Wall Game
• Harrow Football
• Winchester Football

The Field Game is one of Eton Colleges two brands of football, the other being the famous Eton Wall Game. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Eton Wall Game, which originates from Eton College, is a less-than-vigorous hybrid of rugby union and football played on a strip of ground 5 metres wide and 110 metres long next a slightly curved brick wall (which was erected in 1717). ... Harrow Football is a football style game played exclusively at Harrow School. ... Winchester College is a public school in the city of Winchester in Hampshire, in the south of England. ...

More recent inventions and derivations

• Based on Mediaeval football:
  • Murder Ball
• Based on FA rules:
  • Cubbies
  • Three sided football
  • Triskelion
• Based on Rugby:
  • Scuffleball
• Force em' Backs

An invented sport refers to a modern-day sport which is conceived and developed by a single person, team, or committee. ... This refers to Murder Ball also known as Death Ball, Murder-The-Man-With-The Ball, Mugby, Kill-the-Carrier, and Kill-the-Man (also accented as Killa Man) Murder Ball is a game involving two or more disabled players who struggle to take a ball (or similar object) across... Cubbies (or Cuppies) is a game originating in Merseyside played in Britain and parts of Sweden. ... Three-sided football is a variation of football with three teams instead of the usual two. ... Triskelion is a soccer-like ball game for three teams, apparently named after the triskelion of the Isle of Man. ... Scuffleball is a relatively new team game. ...

Tabletop games and other recreations

• Based on FA rules:
  • Soccer computer games
  • Subbuteo
  • Blow football
  • Foosball (also known as table football/soccer, babyfoot, bar football or gettone)
  • Fantasy football (soccer)
• Based on Rugby:
  • Paper football
• Based on American Football:
  • Blood Bowl
  • Fantasy football (American)

Subbuteo is a set of board games simulating team sports such as football, Rugby and hockey, although many people associate the name Subbuteo exclusively with the football version. ... Foosball (from the German Fußball = soccer - In German itself its called Kicker or Tischfußball) is also known as table soccer, table football, babyfoot, jitz, or gettone. ... Fantasy Football (Soccer) is a game in which the participants each assemble a team of real life players and then score points based on those players statistical performance on the field. ... Paper football refers to a table-top game, loosely based on American football, in which a sheet of paper folded into a small triangle is slid back and forth across a table top by two opponents. ... Blood Bowl is a tabletop board game created by Jervis Johnson for the British games company Games Workshop as a parody of American Football. ... Fantasy Football is a game in which the participants (called owners) each assemble a team of real life NFL players and then score points based on those players statistical performance on the field. ...

See also

Gallaudet University (invented the American Football huddle) Jump to: navigation, search Gallaudet University was the first school for the advanced education of the deaf and hard-of-hearing. ...

References

• Mandelbaum, Michael (2004); The Meaning of Sports; Public Affairs, ISBN 1586482521
• Green, Geoffrey (1953); The History of the Football Association; Naldrett Press, London
• Williams, Graham (1994); The Code War; Yore Publications, ISBN 1874427658

External links

• RFU Museum of Rugby: Chronology
• FIFA history page
• Association of Football Statisticians History of football pages
• Harvard University Football