FACTOID # 81: Two-thirds of the world's kidnappings occur in Colombia.
 
 Home   Encyclopedia   Statistics   Countries A-Z   Flags   Maps   Education   Forum   FAQ   About 
 
WHAT'S NEW
RECENT ARTICLES
More Recent Articles »
 

SEARCH ALL

FACTS & STATISTICS    Advanced view

Search encyclopedia, statistics and forums:

 

 

(* = Graphable)

 

 


Encyclopedia > Football Association of Ireland
Founded 1921
FIFA affiliation 1923
UEFA affiliation 1958
President
David Blood

The Football Association of Ireland (FAI; Irish: Cumann Peile na h-Éireann) is the organising body for the sport of association football (soccer) in the Republic of Ireland. It should not be confused with the Irish Football Association (IFA), which is the organising body for the sport in Northern Ireland. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... The International Federation of Football Association (French: ), commonly known by its acronym, FIFA, is the international governing body of association football. ... Year 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Union of European Football Associations, almost always referred to by the acronym UEFA (pronounced (you-AY-fuh) or (oo-Ay-fuh) or ), is the administrative and controlling body for European football. ... Year 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A player (wearing the red kit) has penetrated the defence (in the white kit) and is taking a shot at goal. ... The Irish Football Association (IFA) is the organising body for football in Northern Ireland. ... Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 km², about a sixth of the islands total area). ...

Contents

Organisation

The door of the FAI offices in Merrion Square, Dublin.
The door of the FAI offices in Merrion Square, Dublin.

The FAI has an Executive Committee of five unpaid members under the President, as well as a paid administrative staff led by the General Secretary. There is also a General Council of delegates who vote at the AGM. As well as the senior clubs, the General Council includes delegates from a variety of affiliated organisations:[1] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1608x2314, 1716 KB) Door of Football Association of Ireland HQ, 80 Merrion Square, Dublin 2, Ireland File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Football Association of Ireland Metadata... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1608x2314, 1716 KB) Door of Football Association of Ireland HQ, 80 Merrion Square, Dublin 2, Ireland File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Football Association of Ireland Metadata...

The structure has been criticized as unnecessarily complicated, promoting turf wars and duplication of effort between different groups and affiliates.[2] The Football League of Ireland, representing the country's senior clubs, had an important place in the FAI council prior to 2006, when it was abolished as a separate organisation and its league reorganised as the FAI League of Ireland. This was in line with the recommendations of the "Genesis II" report of 2005.[3] During late Gaelic and early historic times Ireland was divided into provinces to replace the earlier system of the tuatha. ... Statistics Area: 17,713. ... Statistics Area: 24,481 km² Population (2006 estimate) 1,993,918 Ulster (Irish: Cúige Uladh, IPA: ) forms one of the four traditional provinces of Ireland. ... The Womens Football Association of Ireland or WFAI was organized in 1973, as a constellation of local leagues throughout the Republic of Ireland, and invited to governance under the Football Association of Ireland (FAI) in 1990. ... A referee presides over a game of association football (soccer). ... The Irish Defence Forces are the army, navy and air force of the Republic of Ireland. ... The Football League of Ireland, usually known simply as the League of Ireland or the eircom League (from the leagues sponsorship by Irish telecommunications company eircom), is a league of football clubs in Ireland. ... The FAI eircom League of Ireland (Irish: Curadh na hÉireann Cumann Peile na hÉireann) is the Republic of Irelands new national football league system created following the merging of the FAI and the League of Ireland. ...


Activity

The League of Ireland actually predated the FAI by three months. The FAI Cup was immediately established along the lines of the FA Cup and Scottish Cup competitions. A second cup competition was formed in 1974 called the FAI League Cup. The FAI Junior Cup and FAI Intermediate Cup are for non-League of Ireland teams. The Setanta Cup was inaugurated in 2005 as cross-border competition between FAI clubs from the League of Ireland and IFA clubs from the Irish League. The FAI Cup is a knock-out football competition contested annually by teams from the Republic of Ireland. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... The Scottish Cup The Scottish Football Association Challenge Cup, also known as The Scottish Cup, is the national cup knockout competition in Scottish football. ... A single-elimination tournament, also called a knockout or sudden death tournament, is a type of tournament where the loser of each match is immediately eliminated from winning the championship or first prize in the event. ... The FAI League Cup is a football competition open to all Football League of Ireland clubs. ... FAI Intermediate Cup is an annual knock-out association football competition contested annually by teams from the Republic of Ireland outside of the League of Ireland (senior level) and also not open to clubs who play in leagues permitting the use of public pitches (junior level). ... The Setanta Cup is a football competition featuring clubs from both political entities on the island of Ireland. ... A map of Ireland (the majority of the United Kingdom is not shown), showing the Republic of Ireland-United Kingdom border. ... The Irish Football League (IFL), or Irish League, is a league of football (soccer) clubs in Northern Ireland. ...


The FAI also organises schools competitions, and international teams, including the senior team, underage teams, and the Olympic team. This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...


History

Split from the IFA

The FAI was formed in September 1921 by the Football League of Ireland, founded the previous June, as well as the Leinster FA and the Munster FA, which had withdrawn from the IFA in June. This was the climax of a series of disputes about the alleged Belfast bias of the IFA. The IFA had been founded in 1880 in Belfast as the governing body for football on the island of Ireland, which was then a single part ("Home Nation") of the United Kingdom. All but two clubs in the Irish League were based in what would become Northern Ireland, and never more than four of the eleven players selected for the Ireland team were from outside Ulster. While this largely reflected the balance of footballing strength within Ireland, southern clubs felt the IFA was doing little to promote the game outside the professional clubs in its heartland. Elsewhere soccer was under pressure from the Gaelic Athletic Association, which banned members from playing or watching soccer as being a "foreign" game. World War I increased the gulf as the Irish League was suspended and replaced by regional leagues, foreshadowing the ultimate split. The Belfast members were mainly Unionist, while the Dublin members were largely Nationalist. Tensions were exacerbated by the Irish War of Independence of 1919-21, which disrupted contact between northern and southern clubs and prevented resumption of the Irish League. The security situation prompted the IFA to order the April 1921 Irish Cup semi-final replay between Glenavon and Shelbourne to be replayed in Belfast, rather than Dublin as convention dictated. This proved the final straw.[4] The Football League of Ireland, usually known simply as the League of Ireland or the eircom League (from the leagues sponsorship by Irish telecommunications company eircom), is a league of football clubs in Ireland. ... Statistics Area: 19,774. ... Statistics Area: 24,607. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: , Statistics Province: Northern Ireland County: District: Belfast UK Parliament: Belfast North Belfast South Belfast East Belfast West European Parliament: Northern Ireland Dialling Code: 028, +44 28 posttown = Belfast Postal District(s): BT1-BT17, BT29 (part of), BT58 Area: 115 km² Population (2001) Website: www. ... The Home Nations is a name to collectively describe the four nations of the United Kingdom: the countries of England, Scotland and Wales, and the province of Northern Ireland. ... A stylised Celtic cross serves as the traditional logo of the GAA. The Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael) is an organisation which is mostly focussed on promoting Gaelic Games - traditional Irish sports, such as hurling, camogie, Gaelic football, handball, and rounders. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... In the Irish context, Unionists form a group of largely (though not exclusively) Protestant people in Ireland, of all social classes, who wish to see the continuation of the Act of Union, as amended by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, under which the Northern Ireland provincial state created in... Irish nationalism refers to political movements that desire greater autonomy or the independence of Ireland from Great Britain. ... Combatants Irish Republic United Kingdom Commanders Michael Collins Richard Mulcahy Cathal Brugha Important local IRA leaders Henry Hugh Tudor Strength Irish Republican Army c. ... The Irish Cup is the national cup knock-out competition in Northern Irish football. ... Glenavon F.C. is a Northern Ireland football club playing in the Irish Premier League. ... Shelbourne Football Club is an Irish football club playing in the FAI National League. ...


Both bodies initially claimed to represent the entire island. The split between Southern Ireland (which in 1922 became the Irish Free State) and Northern Ireland did not produce a split in the governing bodies of other sports, such as the Irish Rugby Football Union. The Falls League, based in the Falls Road of nationalist West Belfast, affiliated to the FAI, and from there Alton United won the FAI Cup in 1923. However, when the FAI applied to join FIFA in 1923, it was admitted as the FAIFS (Football Association of the Irish Free State) based on a 26-county jurisdiction. (This jurisdiction remains, although Derry City FC, from Northern Ireland, were given an exemption, by agreement of FIFA and the IFA, to join the League of Ireland in 1985.) Attempts at reconciliation followed: at a 1923 meeting, the IFA rejected an FAIFS proposal for it to be an autonomous subsiary of the FAIFS. A 1924 meeting in Liverpool, brokered by the English FA, almost reached agreement on a federated solution, but the IFA insisted on providing the chairman of the International team selection committee. A 1932 meeting agreed on sharing this role, but foundered when the FAIFS demanded one of the IFA's two places on the International Football Association Board.[5] Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Capital Dublin Head of State King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Head of Government Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Chairman of the Provisional Government from Jan 1922. ... Territory of the Irish Free State Capital Dublin Language(s) Irish, English Government Constitutional monarchy Monarch  - 1922–1936 George V  - 1936–1936 George VI President of the Executive Council  - 1922–1932 W.T. Cosgrave  - 1932–1937 Eamon de Valera Legislature Oireachtas  - Upper house Seanad Éireann  - Lower house Dáil Éireann... The Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU) is the body managing rugby union in Ireland. ... The Falls Road (Bóthar na bhFál in Irish, meaning road of the hedgerows) is the main road through West Belfast in Northern Ireland; from Divis Street and Castle Place in Belfast City Centre to Andersonstown in the suburbs. ... West Belfast is a Parliamentary Constituency in the House of Commons and also an Assembly constituency in the Northern Ireland Assembly. ... The FAI Cup is a knock-out football competition contested annually by teams from the Republic of Ireland. ... The International Federation of Football Association (French: ), commonly known by its acronym, FIFA, is the international governing body of association football. ... For much of its history, the island of Ireland was divided into 32 counties (Irish language contae or condae, pronounced IPA: ). Two historical counties, County Desmond and County Coleraine, no longer exist. ... Derry City FC is a Irish football club playing in the Football League of Ireland, it is also the only club in the league from Northern Ireland. ... Location within England Coordinates: , Sovereign state United Kingdom Constituent country England Region North West England Ceremonial county Historic county Merseyside Lancashire Admin HQ Liverpool City Centre Founded 1207 City Status 1880 Government  - Type Metropolitan borough, City  - Governing body Liverpool City Council Area  - Borough & City 43. ... The Football Association (The FA) is the governing body of football in England and the Crown dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man. ... The International Football Association Board (IFAB) (also known as or simply The International Board) is the body that determines the Laws of the Game of association football (soccer). ...


The IFA did not feel obliged to refrain from selecting Free State players for its international team. The name Football Association of Ireland was readopted by the FAIFS in 1936, in anticipation of the change of the state's name in the pending Constitution of Ireland, and the FAI began to select players from Northern Ireland based on the Constitution's claim to sovereignty there.[6] A number of players played for both the FAI "Ireland" (against FIFA members from mainland Europe) and the IFA "Ireland" (in the British Home Championship, whose members had withdrawn from FIFA in 1920).[7] Shortly after the IFA rejoined FIFA in 1946, the FAI stopped selecting Northern players.[8] The IFA stopped selecting southern players after the FAI complained to FIFA in 1950.[9] Éire, the official Irish name of the state since 1937, appears on all Irish euro coins. ... The Constitution of Ireland (Irish: Bunreacht na hÉireann)[1] is the founding legal document of the state known today both as Ireland and as the Republic of Ireland. ... Article 2 and Article 3 of Bunreacht na hÉireann, the constitution of the Republic of Ireland, were adopted with the constitution as a whole in 1937, but completely revised by means of the Nineteenth Amendment which took full effect in 1999. ... First international  Italy 3 - 0 Ireland (FAI) (Turin, Italy; 21 March 1926) Biggest win Republic of Ireland 8 - 0 Malta  (Dalymount Park, Republic of Ireland; 16 November 1983) Biggest defeat  Brazil 7 - 0 Republic of Ireland (Uberlândia, Brazil; 27 May 1982) World Cup Appearances 3 (First in 1990) Best... First international Ireland 0 - 13  England (Belfast, February 18, 1882) Biggest win Ireland 7 - 0  Wales (Belfast, February 1, 1930) Biggest defeat Ireland 0 - 13  England (Belfast, February 18, 1882) Ireland national football team was the national association football team that represented Ireland from 1882 until 1950. ... The British Home Championship (also known as the Home International Championship) was an annual football competition contested between the UKs four national teams, England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland (Northern Ireland after 1921-1922), from the 1883-1884 season until the 1983-1984 season. ...


Consolidation

For many years, soccer was largely confined to Dublin and a few provincial towns. In some towns the game had been started by British Army teams, leading to the derisory nickname the "garrison game". Soccer was played in relatively few schools: middle-class schools favoured rugby union while others, especially those run by the Christian Brothers, favoured Gaelic Games. From the late 1960s, soccer began to achieve more widespread popularity. Minister Donagh O'Malley began a new program of state-funded schools in 1966, many with soccer pitches and teams. The Gaelic Athletic Association's ban on members playing "foreign" games was lifted in 1971. RTÉ television, founded in 1962, and British television on cable from the 1970s, broadcast soccer regularly. Above all, the increasing success of the international side from the late 1980s gave increased television exposure, more fans, and more funds to the FAI. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. ... A rugby union scrum. ... Note: This page needs to be cleaned up to be brought into conformance with the Manual of Style. ... Gaelic games are the native sports of Ireland: principally Hurling, Gaelic Football and Camogie. ... Donagh Brendan OMalley (1921– March 10, 1968) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. ... A stylised Celtic cross serves as the traditional logo of the GAA. The Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael) is an organisation which is mostly focussed on promoting Gaelic Games - traditional Irish sports, such as hurling, camogie, Gaelic football, handball, and rounders. ... Radio Telefís Éireann[1] (RTÉ; IPA: ,  ) is the Public Service Broadcaster of the Republic of Ireland. ... British television broadcasting has a range of different broadcasters, broadcasting multiple channels over a variety of distribution media. ... Coaxial cable is often used to transmit cable television into the house. ...


Recent history

However, increased media exposure also highlighted some inadequacies of its hitherto largely amateur organisation.


The "Merriongate" controversy broke in 1996 when the media reported that in the 1990 and 1994 World Cups, the FAI had sought to acquire extra tickets for Ireland's matches by exchanging tickets it had been allocated for other games; sometimes with the relevant FAs, but sometimes with scalpers. The FAI was left with many unsold tickets and heavy losses from these transactions.[10] ("Merriongate" refers to the FAI headquarters in Merrion Square, Dublin). Qualifying countries The 1990 FIFA World Cup, the 14th staging of the World Cup, was held in Italy from June 8 to July 8. ... Qualifying countries The 1994 FIFA World Cup, the 15th staging of the FIFA World Cup, was held in the United States from June 17 to July 17, 1994. ... The scalp is the skin on your head from which hair grows. ... Merrion Square is situated on the south side of Dublin city centre and is considered one of the citys finest Georgian squares. ...


In January 1999, the FAI announced a planned national soccer stadium, to be called Eircom Park after primary sponsors Eircom. This was to be a 45,000 seat stadium in City West, modelled on the Gelredome in Arnhem. It gradually became apparent that the initial forecasts of cost and revenue had been very optimistic. FAI and public support for project was also undermined by the announcement of the National Stadium in Abbotstown, which would have 65,000 seats and be available free to the FAI, being funded by the state. The Eircom Park project was finally abandoned in March 2001, amid much rancour within the FAI.[11] eircom Group plc is the largest telecommunications operator in the Republic of Ireland. ... The Gelredome is the home stadium of Vitesse in Arnhem. ... Arnhem ( ) (South Guelderish: Èrnem) is a city and municipality in the east of the Netherlands, and capital of province Gelderland. ... A national stadium is a stadium that typically serves as the primary or exclusive home for one or more of a countrys national representative sports teams. ...


The FAI made a joint bid with the Scottish FA to host the 2008 European Football Championship. This bid failed. There was some comment in Ireland that the bid involved wishful thinking by the FAI, in that the stadiums proposed for use were Eircom Park (which was cancelled), the National Stadium (which has been indefinitely postponed), Lansdowne Road (which will be demolished in 2007 and rebuilt by 2009) and Croke Park (which at the time of the bid was not open for playing soccer). The Scottish Football Association (SFA) is the governing body for the sport of football in Scotland. ... The 2008 European Football Championship will take place in Austria and Switzerland, from 7 June to 29 June 2008. ... A DART train passes under the Lansdowne Road Rugby Football Stadium and over the level crossing as it enters the station of the same name. ... Croke Park (Irish: Páirc an Chrócaigh) in Dublin, Ireland is the largest sports stadium in Ireland and the principal stadium and headquarters of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), Irelands biggest sporting organisation. ...


The FAI was criticised by Roy Keane after he quit the Irish team while preparing in Saipan for the 2002 World Cup. He felt the training facilities were inadequate, the players were being encouraged to take a laid-back approach, and the convenience of the FAI officers was being put before the needs of the players. Others felt Keane's decision to leave was due to lack of enthusiasm and his antipathy towards manager Mick McCarthy; public opinion in Ireland was divided. The FAI commissioned a report from consultants Genesis into its World Cup preparations. The "Genesis Report" agreed with many of Keane's criticisms and found the FAI structure was not conducive to good planning. It made a range of recommendations. The complete report was never published for legal reasons.[12] Brendan Menton resigned as FAI General Secretary at this time, and the media linked the two events,[13] though Menton denied this.[14] Roy Maurice Keane (born 10 August 1971, Cork, Ireland) is an Irish former professional footballer and the current manager of English Premier League club Sunderland, the winners of the 2006-07 Coca-Cola Championship. ... Roy Keane was captain of the Irish national football team. ... Saipan seen from the air A map of Saipan, Tinian & Aquijan Saipan (IPA: in English) is the largest island and capital of the United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), a chain of 15 tropical islands belonging to the Marianas archipelago in the western Pacific Ocean (15°10... The 2002 FIFA World Cup (Official name: 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan) was held in South Korea and Japan from May 31 to June 30. ... Michael Joseph McCarthy (born 7 February 1959) is a former professional football player who moved into club management with Millwall, the Republic of Ireland, Sunderland, and currently Wolverhampton Wanderers. ...


In 2002, the FAI announced a deal with British Sky Broadcasting to have Ireland's international matches, as well as domestic soccer, televised on its satellite subscription service. The general public felt it should be on RTÉ, the free-to-air terrestrial service, in spite of their offering much lower rates. Faced with the prospect of the government legislating to prevent any deal, the FAI agreed to accept an improved, but still lower, offer from RTÉ.[15] This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Radio Telefís Éireann[1] (RTÉ; IPA: ,  ) is the Public Service Broadcaster of the Republic of Ireland. ...


Following the respectable performance of the national team in the 2002 World Cup, the team's fortunes have subsequently declined, under the management of Mick McCarthy and his successors, first Brian Kerr, and then Steve Staunton. The FAI has been ascribed some of the blame by some commentators, in relation to any or all of these managers, for appointing him too hastily, or refusing to support him when criticised in the media, or for parting with him too quickly. Others have placed the blame elsewhere, with the managers themselves, or bad luck with injuries, or a simple decline in the quality of the players available. Michael Joseph McCarthy (born 7 February 1959) is a former professional football player who moved into club management with Millwall, the Republic of Ireland, Sunderland, and currently Wolverhampton Wanderers. ... This article refers to the former Republic of Ireland football team manager, there is also a current football player Brian Kerr. ... Stephen Staunton (born 19 January 1969 in Drogheda, Republic of Ireland) was a professional footballer who enjoyed a distinguished career with Liverpool and Aston Villa, he also became the Republic of Irelands most capped player. ...


In September 2006, Lars-Christer Olsson, CEO of UEFA, was quoted[16] as anticipating that Lansdowne Road in Dublin (actually owned by the Irish Rugby Football Union) would stage the UEFA Cup Final in 2010, and that the FAI and the IFA would co-host the 2011 European Under-21 Championship. ... The Union of European Football Associations, almost always referred to by the acronym UEFA (pronounced (you-AY-fuh) or (oo-Ay-fuh) or ), is the administrative and controlling body for European football. ... A DART train passes under the Lansdowne Road Rugby Football Stadium and over the level crossing as it enters the station of the same name. ... The Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU) is the body managing rugby union in Ireland. ... The UEFA Cup is a football competition for European club teams, organized by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). ... European Under-21 Football Championship logo The European Under-21 Football Championship is football competition organised by the sports European governing body, UEFA. It is held every two years. ...


The 2007 season saw the FAI start the new FAI National League after merging with the League of Ireland. There was controversy over the manner in which clubs were allocated between the two divisions of the new League, as simple promotion and relegation from the previous season's leagues was not used, but rather a weighting of results, infrastructure and finances. The FAI National League is the Republic of Irelands new national football league system created following the merging of the FAI and the League of Ireland. ... The Football League of Ireland, usually known simply as the League of Ireland or the Eircom League (from the leagues sponsorship by Irish telcom Eircom), is a league of football clubs in the Republic of Ireland. ... In many sports leagues around the world (with North American and Australian professional leagues being the most notable exceptions), relegation (or demotion) means the mandated transfer of the least successful team(s) of a higher division into a lower division at the end of the season. ...


References

  1. ^ FAI affiliates
  2. ^ Menton, op.cit. pp. 343-4
  3. ^ FAI / eircomLeague Implementation Committee Proposals on the strategic direction of the National League 2007-2012 (PDF: 217K)
  4. ^ Garnham, Neal (2004). Association Football and society in pre-partition Ireland. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation. ISBN 1-903688-34-5.  Chapter 6: "The game 1914-24: decline and division"
  5. ^ Ryan, Sean (1997). The Boys in Green: the FAI international story. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 1-85158-939-2.  pp. 23-5
  6. ^ Ryan, op. cit. pg 33
  7. ^ Players Appearing for Two or More Countries
  8. ^ Ryan, op. cit. pg 50
  9. ^ Ryan, op. cit. pg 61
  10. ^ Menton, Brendan (2003). Beyond the Green Door: Six years inside the FAI. Dublin: Blackwater Press. ISBN 1-84131-636-9. : Chapter 1: "Merriongate"
  11. ^ Menton, op.cit. Chapter 2: "Eircom Park and the National Stadium"
  12. ^ Menton, op.cit. pp 349-50
  13. ^ "FAI chief Menton resigns" BBC Sport, 12 November, 2002
  14. ^ Menton, op.cit. pp 349-50
  15. ^ Menton, op.cit. Chapter 6: "The Sky TV Deal"
  16. ^ "Lansdowne may host 2010 UEFA final" from Radio Telefís Éireann, 28 September 2006

PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... Radio Telefís Éireann[1] (RTÉ; IPA: ,  ) is the Public Service Broadcaster of the Republic of Ireland. ... is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links



 

COMMENTARY     


Share your thoughts, questions and commentary here
Your name
Your comments
Please enter the 5-letter protection code

Want to know more?
Search encyclopedia, statistics and forums:

 


Lesson Plans | Student Area | Student FAQ | Reviews | Press Releases |  Feeds | Contact
The Wikipedia article included on this page is licensed under the GFDL.
Images may be subject to relevant owners' copyright.
All other elements are (c) copyright NationMaster.com 2003-5. All Rights Reserved.
Usage implies agreement with terms.