Foreign born (also non-native) is a term used to describe a person born outside of their country of residence. Foreign born are often non-citizens, but are also frequently naturalized citizens of a country. Naturalization is the process whereby a person becomes a national of a nation, or a citizen of a country, other than the one of his birth. ... The word citizen may refer to: A person with a citizenship Citizen Watch Co. ...

The term foreign born encompasses both immigrants and expatriates but is not synonymous with either. Foreign born may, like immigrants, have committed to living in a country permanently or, like expatriates, live abroad for a significant period with the plan to return to their birth-country eventually. Immigration is the act of moving to or settling in another country or region, temporarily or permanently. ... An expatriate (in abbreviated form expat) is someone temporarily or permanently in a country and culture other than that of their upbringing and/or legal residence. ...

The status of foreign born — particularly their access to citizenship — differs globally. The large groups of foreign born guest workers in the Gulf States, for example, have no right to citizenship no matter the length of their residence. In Canada and the United States, by contrast, foreign born are often citizens or in the process of becoming citizens. Certain countries have intermediary rules: in Germany and Japan it is often difficult but not impossible for the foreign born to become citizens. Gulf States refers to the United States states along the Gulf of Mexico: Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida. ...

Foreign Born Scientist and Engineer Statistics

• 55% of Ph.D. students in engineering in the United States are foreign born (2004).^[1]
• Between 1980 and 2000, the percentage of Ph.D. scientists and engineers employed in the United States who were born abroad has increased from 24% to 37%.^[1]
• 45% of Ph.D. physicists working in the United States are foreign born (2004).^[1]
• 80% of total post-doctoral chemical and materials engineering in the United States are foreign-born (1988).^[2]
• At the undergraduate level, US-born engineering students constitute upwards of 90-95% of the student population since most foreign born candidates for engineering graduate schools are trained in their home countries. Yet, the size of the pool of BS engineering graduates with US citizenship is much larger than the number who apply to engineering graduate schools including foreign born engineers and scientist.^[2]
• the proportion of foreign-born engineers among assistant professors younger than 35 years has increased from 10% in 1972 to 50%-55% in 1983-1985, illustrating a dramatic increase on US dependence on foreign-born students in the US college system. The increase in non-citizen assistant professors of engineering is the result of the fact that, in recent years, foreign-born engineers received close to 50 percent of newly awarded engineering doctorates (naturalized citizens acmcounted for about 4 percent) and, furthermore, they entered academe in disproportionately large numbers.^[2]
• 33% of all U.S. Ph.D.s in science and engineering are now awarded to foreign born graduate students (2004). ^[1]
• In 1982, foreign-born engineers constituted about 3.6% of all engineers empolyed in the United States, 13.9% of which were naturalized; and foreign-born Phds in Engineering contituted 15% and 20% were naturalized.^[2]
• In 1985, foreign-borned Phds represented almost 33% of the engineering post-doctorate researchers in US universities. Foreign-born Phd engineers often accept postdoctoratal position because other empolyment is unavailable until green card is obtained. ^[2] A system that further incentivising replacement of US-citizens in the upper echlons of academic and private sector engineering firms due to higher educational attainment relative to native-born engineer who for the most part do train beyond undergraduate level.^[3]
• In recent years, The number of applicants for faculty openings at research universities have increased dramatically. Numbers of 50 to 200 applications for a single faculty opening have become typical, yet even with such high numbers of applicants have yielded a foreign-born component in excess of 50%.^[2]
• Among 1985 foreign-born engineering doctorate holders, about 40% expected to work in the United States after graduating. An additional 17 percent planned to stay on as post-doctorates, and most of these are likely to remain permanently in the United States. Those, almost 60% of foreign-born enginering doctorate holders are likely to become part of the US engineering labor force within a few years after graduating. The other approximately 40% of foreign born engineering Phds mostly likely find empolyment worling for Multinational corporations outside of the US.^[2]
• Selection for admission to US graduate schools continue to be made by committees dominated by faculty member.(1985) Foreign born facility now accounts for over 50% of facility in engineering (1994).^[2]
• Large numbers of foreign-born engineering graduate students serve as TAs in undergrad classes at universities and colleges, many of these students have inadequate command of the English Language and a cultural background that have provided disincentives for native-born students. In addition, US universities including many foreign-born undergraduate professors have speak English very poorly.Questions have been raised bout the effectiveness of many of these people in the classroom.^[2]
• At the undergraduate level, US-born engineering students constitute upwards of 90-95% of the student population since most foreign born candidates for engineering graduate schools are trained in their home countries. The size of the pool of BS engineering graduates with US citizenship is much larger than the number who apply to engineering graduate schools. ^[2]
• 1993 Median Salaries of U.S. Recipients of Ph.D.s in Science and Engineering: Foreign-Born vs. Native-Born:^[4]

Chemical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the application of physical science (e. ... Materials engineering is a discipline related to materials science which focusses on materials design, processing techniques (casting, rolling, welding, ion implantation, crystal growth, thin film deposition, sintering, glassblowing, etc. ... A multinational corporation (MNC) or transnational corporation (TNC) is one that spans multiple nations; these corporations are often very large. ... A teaching assistant (TA) is a junior scholar employed on a temporary contract by a college or university for the purpose of assisting a professor by teaching students in recitation or discussion sessions, holding office hours, grading homework or exams, supervising labs (in science and engineering courses), and sometimes teaching...

Theory of Incentivised Replacement

At the undergraduate level, US-born engineering students constitute upwards of 90-95% of the US population with BS degrees in engineering and science. Thus, the pool of US-born canidates with BS degrees is much larger than the number of foreign-born who apply to engineering graduate schools to attain advanced degrees for MS and PhDs. Yet, foreign-born are accepted in great disproportion to available US-born canidates suitable for advanced degree study for MS and Phds in Engineering and Science^[2]

Walker has theorized that US immigration policy, rigid inflexibility of the academic system, and multinational interests have combined over the last 10 years to incentivize large scale replacement of US-born with a foreign-born population at the upper echelons of science and technology, rather than a more nature and balanced distribution. Even despite the fact that the United State produces more than enough US-born candidates with BS degrees who are suitable to continue advanced studies toward an MS or Phd level degree. Walker further discredits the established belief that it is K-12 education that is causing the dearth of US-born engineers and scientist with advanced degrees relative to the foreign born population. Walker's research suggests that the solution to the problem is simply to universally throw away the concept of BS degrees in engineering and science in the United States, stop granting BS degrees in this area, and convert all engineering programs to 6 year Phd only programs. Thus, automatically solving the problem of a shortage of US-born with advanced degrees and naturally balancing the workforce in the upper echelons to better represent the US population and national interests. ^[3]

Walker's theory is in direct opposition to former Intel CEO, and H1-B lobbiest, Craig Barrett, who believes that it is the K-12 education system in the United States that is causing the dearth of US-born advanced degree holders in material science and engineering. More recently, Bill Gates, has spoken about the problem as a K-12 problem in agreement with Craig Barrett. Walker suggests that this is merely an attempt by multinational interest to misdirect attention away from the real source of the problem: a system that incentivises the education of foreign born to the highest-level attainable in US universities, rather than forfilling the real charter of the US university system, that is to "serve the US population by educating the widest cross-section of the population to highest level of educational acheivement". Even if that means offering more birdge classes and training to get students to a higher level of achievement and pro-active recruitment into areas of critical industry need, or adding more flexibility without loss of academic rigor. Today, the Unveristy system completely fails in this regards Walker suggests, instead prefering to actively recruit almost exclusively from outside the US to fill upper level classes and positions in the US. Academic flexibility and academic rigor need not be mutually exclusive. Flexibility can be increased to better serve the US-born population while maintaining and increasing academic rigor and producing a highly suitable workforce with advanced skill sets and at the same time welcoming the foreign-born to study in the US.^[3] The H-1B is a non-immigrant visa category under the Immigration & Nationality Act, section 101(a)(15)(H). ... Craig Barrett can refer to Craig Barrett (Intel President) - United States business leader Craig Barrett (athlete) - New Zealand athlete This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... William Henry Gates III (born October 28, 1955) is an American entrepreneur and the co-founder, chairman, former chief software architect, and former CEO of Microsoft, the worlds largest software company. ... Craig Barrett can refer to Craig Barrett (Intel President) - United States business leader Craig Barrett (athlete) - New Zealand athlete This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

See also

• List of foreign born per cities
• Alien (law)
• Expatriate
• Immigration
• Naturalization

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Foreign born. ... In U.S. law, an alien is a person who is owing political allegiance to another country or government and not a native or naturalized citizen of the land where they are found. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Naturalization is the act whereby a person voluntarily and actively acquires a nationality which is not his or her nationality at birth. ...

Reference

1. ^ ^{a b c d} William A. Wulf, President, National Academy of Engineering, Speaking before the 109th US Congress, September 15,2005
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} 'Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues', Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel, 1988. online text
3. ^ ^{a b c} Walker, 'Incentivizing Replacement of Native Talent in the Upper Echelons of Science and Technology', Flattening the United States. 2004.
4. ^ Unpublished National Science Foundation tabulation of the 1993 Survey of Doctoral Recipients and the 1993 National Survey of College Graduates. Foreign-Born includes naturalized U.S. citizens, permanent residents and workers on temporary visas (including H-1B visas).

External links

• ForeignBorn - a resource for entering and living in the USA
• USA Census Bureau on foreign born population