The following is a chronicle of ancient Egyptian foreign contacts up through 343 BC. Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... Centuries: 5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC Decades: 390s BC - 380s BC - 370s BC - 360s BC - 350s BC - 340s BC _ 330s BC - 320s BC - 310s BC - 300s BC - 290s BC 348 BC 347 BC 346 BC 345 BC 344 BC 343 BC 342 BC 341 BC...

Predynastic Naqada (c. 4400-3100 BC)

Evidence of Naqadan contacts include pottery and other artifacts from the Levant that have been found in ancient Egypt^[1] and obsidian from Ethiopia and the Aegean.^[2] Egyptian artifacts dating to this era have been found in Canaan^[3] and other regions of the Near East, including Tell Brak^[4] and Uruk and Susa^[5] in Mesopotamia. Naqada or Naquada is a village on the west bank of the Nile in southern Egypt. ... Unfired green ware pottery on a traditional drying rack at Conner Prairie living history museum. ... I archaeology, an artifact or artefact is any object made or modified by a human culture, and often one later recovered by some archaeological endeavor. ... The Levant Levant is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east. ... Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... Obsidian from Lake County, Oregon Top stone is obsidian, below that is pumice and in lower right hand is rhyolite (light color) Obsidian is a type of naturally occurring glass, produced by volcanoes (igneous origin) when a felsic lava cools rapidly and freezes without sufficient time for crystal growth (see... Aegean civilization is a general term for the Bronze Age civilizations of Greece and the Aegean. ... I archaeology, an artifact or artefact is any object made or modified by a human culture, and often one later recovered by some archaeological endeavor. ... For other uses, see Canaan (disambiguation). ... The Near East is a term commonly used by archaeologists, geographers and historians, less commonly by journalists and commentators, to refer to the region encompassing the Levant (modern Israel, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon), Turkey, Mesopotamia (Iraq and eastern Syria). ... Nagar was an ancient pre-Akkadian and Akkadian city on the Khabur River in northeastern Syria which is now represented by the mound named Tell Brak. ... Uruk (Sumerian Unug, Biblical Erech, Greek Orchoë and Arabic وركاء Warka), was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates, on the line of the ancient Nil canal, in a region of marshes, about 140 miles (230 km) SSE from Baghdad. ... Winged sphinx from the palace of Darius the Great at Susa. ... Mesopotamia refers to the region now occupied by modern Iraq, eastern Syria, and southeastern Turkey. ...

Early Dynastic (before c. 2575 BC)

Evidence of Early Dynastic contacts are basically a continuation of the predynastic above with further extensions into Sudan^[6]. There are also some indications of contact with the Aegean and Crete in this time period, but this evidence is weak.^[7] The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt is taken to include the First and Second Dynasties, lasting from 2920 BC, following the Protodynastic Period of Egypt, until 2575 BC, or the beginning of the Old Kingdom. ... The Predynastic Period of Egypt (prior to 3100 BC) is the period that culminates in the rise of the Old Kingdom and the first of the thirty dynasties based on royal residences, by which Egyptologists divide the history of pharaonic civilization using a schedule laid out first by Manethos... Aegean civilization is a general term for the Bronze Age civilizations of Greece and the Aegean. ... // Prehistoric Crete Little is known about the rise of ancient Cretan society, because very few written records remain. ...

Some First Dynasty Egyptian pottery has been found in southern Canaan,^[8] including some bearing the name of Narmer.^[9] Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the First Dynasty. ... For other uses, see Canaan (disambiguation). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Other reflections of Near Eastern contact particularly include a design of a flint knife.^[10] The Near East is a term commonly used by archaeologists, geographers and historians, less commonly by journalists and commentators, to refer to the region encompassing the Levant (modern Israel, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon), Turkey, Mesopotamia (Iraq and eastern Syria). ... Pebble beach made up of flint nodules eroded out of the nearby chalk cliffs, Cape Arkona, Rügen Flint (or flintstone) is a hard, sedimentary cryptocrystalline silica rock with a glassy appearance. ... Traditional Finnish puukko knife A knife is a sharp-edged hand tool used for cutting. ...

Old Kingdom (before c. 2134 BC)

Evidence of Old Kingdom trade (external map here) extends southward to Nubia (in modern Sudan and Ethiopia) and Punt (probably modern Ethiopia/Eritrea or the Eritreo-Sudanese borderlands, possibly Somalia), eastward to the Near East (Byblos and Ebla, Syria), northward to the Aegean and the Greek islands, and westward (limited evidence) with Libya.^[11] The Old Kingdom is the name commonly given to that period in the 3rd millennium BC when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization complexity and achievement - this was the first of three so-called Kingdom periods, which mark the high points of civilization in the Nile Valley (the... Today Nubia is the region in the south of Egypt, along the Nile and in northern Sudan, but in ancient times it was an independent kingdom. ... The Land of Punt, which the Ancient Egyptians called Ta Netjeru, meaning Land of the Gods, was a fabled and exotic site in eastern Africa, which carried on extensive trade with Ancient Egypt, China and Arabia. ... The Near East is a term commonly used by archaeologists, geographers and historians, less commonly by journalists and commentators, to refer to the region encompassing the Levant (modern Israel, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon), Turkey, Mesopotamia (Iraq and eastern Syria). ... The ruins of the Crusader castle in Byblos. ... Ebla is not to be confused with Elba. ... Aegean civilization is a general term for the Bronze Age civilizations of Greece and the Aegean. ... This is a list of some of the 1400 islands of Greece, of which 227 are inhabited. ...

Middle Kingdom (before c. 1648 BC)

Evidence of Middle Kingdom contacts (external map here) reaches southward to Nubia, in particular Buhen^[12] and Kerma.^[13] Nubians also lived in ancient Egypt in this time period.^[14] The Middle Kingdom is a period in the history of ancient Egypt stretching from the establishment of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Fourteenth Dynasty, roughly between 1991 BC and 1648 BC. The Eleventh Dynasty Information needed. ... Today Nubia is the region in the south of Egypt, along the Nile and in northern Sudan, but in ancient times it was an independent kingdom. ... Buhen was an ancient Egyptian settlement situated below the Second Cataract. ... Kerma can refer to: Kerma was a city in Ancient Nubia and the capital of the Kingdom of Kerma. ... Today Nubia is the region in the south of Egypt, along the Nile and in northern Sudan, but in ancient times it was an independent kingdom. ... Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ...

Eastward contacts are represented by objects and motific works of ancient Egypt found in the Near East, including modern Anatolia and Byblos and those ancient regions around Palestine and Syria. Some kings of Byblos have been found buried with Egyptian items.^[15] Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... The Near East is a term commonly used by archaeologists, geographers and historians, less commonly by journalists and commentators, to refer to the region encompassing the Levant (modern Israel, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon), Turkey, Mesopotamia (Iraq and eastern Syria). ... Anatolia lies east of the Bosphorus, between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Anatolia (or Anatolian Peninsula) is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asiatic portion of Turkey, as opposed to the European portion, the Thrace. ... The ruins of the Crusader castle in Byblos. ... Map of the British Mandate of Palestine. ... Look up monarch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The ruins of the Crusader castle in Byblos. ...

Westward, evidence of contact with Libya is generally limited to military expeditions.^[16]

Northward, evidence of contact with the Aegean includes Minoan relics found in Egypt.^[17] Aegean civilization is a general term for the Bronze Age civilizations of Greece and the Aegean. ... // Prehistoric Crete Little is known about the rise of ancient Cretan society, because very few written records remain. ...

New Kingdom (before c. 1070 BC)

New Kingdom contacts (everywhere except Greece) seem to have been dominated by military activities. Strong northerly contacts with Crete, Mycenea and the Helladic (on the Aegean islands) seem to have persisted during this time.^[18] Southward, Egypt conquered Nubia.^[19] The New Kingdom is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BCE and the 11th century BC, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt. ... // Prehistoric Crete Little is known about the rise of ancient Cretan society, because very few written records remain. ... The ancient Greek world circa 550 BC Ancient Greece is the period in Greek history which lasted for around one thousand years and ended with the rise of Christianity. ... The Helladic is a period of ancient Greek Civilization. ... Aegean civilization is a general term for the Bronze Age civilizations of Greece and the Aegean. ... Today Nubia is the region in the south of Egypt, along the Nile and in northern Sudan, but in ancient times it was an independent kingdom. ...

Eastward, the Egyptians attempted (unsuccessfully) to conquer ancient regions of Palestine and Syria, being opposed by the Mitanni and the Hittites. Although, limited trade between the regions seems to have continued, culminating in the world's earliest known peace treaty, between Ramesses II and the Hittites.^[20] Map of the British Mandate of Palestine. ... Mitanni or Mittani (in Assyrian sources Hanilgalbat, Khanigalbat) was a Hurrian kingdom in northern Syria from ca. ... Relief of Suppiluliuma II, last known king of the Hittite Empire The Hittites were an ancient people who spoke an Indo-European language, and established a kingdom centered at Hattusa (Hittite URU) in north-central Anatolia from the 18th century BC. In the 14th century BC, the Hittite empire was... A peace treaty is an agreement (a peace treaty) between two hostile parties, usually countries or governments, that formally ends a war or armed conflict. ... Usermaatre-setepenre The Justice of Re is Powerful, Chosen of Re Nomen Ramesses (meryamun) Born of Re, (Beloved of Amun) Horus name Kanakht Merymaa Nebty name Mekkemetwafkhasut Golden Horus Userrenput-aanehktu Consort(s) Isetnofret, Nefertari Maathorneferure Issues Bintanath, Khaemweset, Merneptah, Amun-her-khepsef Meritamen Father Seti I Mother Queen Tuya...

Westward, contact with Libya is again generally limited to military activities.^[21]

Late Period (before c. 343 BC)

Foreign contacts in the Late Period of Ancient Egypt seem to have been mere extensions of those of the New Kingdom. Military expeditions again persist, everywhere but in ancient Greece. In fact, there is in this time period evidence of Greek soldiers fighting for Egyptian pharaoahs and the establishment of a Greek trading post, called Naucratis, within Egypt.^[22] ôľĎÚ The Late Period of Egypt refers to the last flowering of native Egyptian rulers after the Third Intermediate Period, and before the Persian conquests. ... The New Kingdom is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BCE and the 11th century BC, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt. ... The ancient Greek world circa 550 BC Ancient Greece is the period in Greek history which lasted for around one thousand years and ended with the rise of Christianity. ... A soldier is a person who serves in an armed force for pay. ... This article refers to the historical Pharaoh. ... Naucratis (nŏk´retĬs), was an ancient city of Egypt, on the Canopic branch of the Nile, 45 mi (72 km) SE of Alexandria. ...

Nubia is dominated by ancient Egypt in this time period. Eventually, however, by the 25th dynasty, Nubia conquers and controls Egypt, only themselves to become later ousted by the Assyrians. Further, some scholars believe the Assyrians were then later driven out by the Napatans.^[23] Today Nubia is the region in the south of Egypt, along the Nile and in northern Sudan, but in ancient times it was an independent kingdom. ... Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty. ... Relief from Assyrian capital of Dur Sharrukin, showing transport of Lebanese cedar (8th c. ... Napata was a city on the west bank of the Nile river, some 400 km north of the present capital of Sudan. ...

Eastward, Egypt gains control over Cyprus but, despite numerous attempts, never the ancient Palestine regions.^[24] Map of the British Mandate of Palestine. ...

Again Libyan contacts in this era are generally limited to military activities.^[25]

References

1. ↑  Branislav Andelkovic, 1995. The Relations between Early Bronze Age I Canaanites and Upper Egyptians, Belgrade, p. 58, map 2. Branislav Andelkovic, 2002. Southern Canaan as an Egyptian Protodynastic Colony. Cahiers Caribéens d`Egyptologie 3-4: 75-92.
2. ↑  Laurent Bavay, Thierry de Putter, Barbara Adams, Jacques Novez, Luc André, 2000. The Origin of Obsidian in Predynastic and Early Dynastic Upper Egypt, MDAIK 56 (2000), pp. 5-20.
3. ↑  Branislav Andelkovic, 1995, pp. 68-69, map 1; Branislav Andelkovic 2002.
4. ↑  Places where cylinder seals similar to that from Naqada tomb 1863 have been found.
5. ↑  Dominique Collon, 1987. First Impressions, Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East, London, pp. 13-14.
6. ↑  Foreign Relations in Pre- and Early Dynastic Egypt.
7. ↑  Peter Warren, 1969 and 1995. Minoan Stone Vases (1969), Cambridge, pp. 108-109. Minoan Crete and Pharaonic Egypt: in Egypt, the Aegean and the Levant. Interconnections in the Second Millennium BC (1995), edited by W. Vivian Davies and Louise Schofield, London, pp. 1-18.
8. ↑  Naomi Porat, 1986/87. Local Industry of Egyptian Pottery in Southern Palestine During the Early Bronze I Period, in Bulletin of the Egyptological, Seminar 8 (1986/87), pp. 109-129.
9. ↑  Wolfgang Helck, 1987. Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit, in Ägyptologische Abhandlungen, 45. Wiesbaden, p. 132.
10. ↑  H. S. Smith, 1992. The Making of Egypt: A Review of the Influence of Susa and Sumer on Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia in the 4th Millennium B.C., in The Followers of Horus: Studies dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman, 1944-1990, edited by Renee Friedman and Barbara Adams, Oxford.
11. ↑  William Stevenson Smith, 1965. Interconnections in the Ancient Near East, New Haven/London.
12. ↑  Buhen, some finds from the Middle Kingdom (about 2025-1700 BC).
13. ↑  Nubia: Kerma.
14. ↑  Nubia: Nubians in Egypt.
15. ↑  Foreign relations of Ancient Egypt: Palestine/Syria - Middle Kingdom Egypt.
16. ↑  Oric Bates, 1914. The Eastern Libyans, London.
17. ↑  Foreign relations in the Middle Kingdom (about 2025-1700 BC): Minoan Pottery in Egypt.
18. ↑  Contacts with the Aegean in the New Kingdom (about 1550 - 1069 BC).
19. ↑  William Y. Adams, 1977. Nubia, Corridor to Africa, London, pp. 217-245.
20. ↑  Asia: foreign relations with Egypt in the New Kingdom.
21. ↑  Oric Bates, 1914. The Eastern Libyans, London.
22. ↑  Naukratis.
23. ↑  Nubia: the Napatan Period.
24. ↑  Foreign relations of the Third Intermediate and Late Period.
25. ↑  Oric Bates, 1914. The Eastern Libyans, London.

Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... Bold text For at least ten thousand years, the Nile valley has been the site of one of the most Historical civilizations in the world. ... Ancient Egyptian art is five thousand years old. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... This page lists articles on dynasties of Ancient Egypt. ... General context: Ancient Egypt. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Egyptian mythology or Egyptian religion is the succession of tentative beliefs held by the people of Egypt for over three thousand years, prior to major exposure to Christianity and Islam. ... This article contains a list of the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt, from the Early Dynastic Period before 3000 BC through to the end of the Ptolemaic Dynasty, when Egypt became a province of Rome under Augustus Caesar in 30 BC. It should be noted that there are three women rulers... Map of Ancient Egypt List of Ancient Egyptian sites, throughout all of Egypt and Nubia Sites are listed with their classical name whenever possible, else their modern name and last if no other available their ancient name. ... The writing systems of ancient Egypt include: Egyptian hieroglyphs Cursive hieroglphs Hieratic Demotic the Coptic alphabet Other texts discovered in Egypt and dating to the period before Islam include those written in: the Greek alphabet the Latin alphabet the Cuneiform script the Old Persian cuneiform script Tifinagh the South Arabian... ... Egyptologist is the designation given to an archaeologist or historian who specialises in Egyptology, the scientific study of Ancient Egypt and its antiquities. ...