NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Foreign relations of India

The Republic of India, the second most populous country and one of the fastest growing economies in the world, is considered as a major power and a potential superpower. It is India's growing international influence that gives it a prominent voice in global affairs. There are three prominent events leading up to Indian independence from British Colonial Rule. ... The Preamble of the Constitution of India â€” Indias fundamental and supreme law The Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties are sections of the Constitution of India that prescribe the fundamental obligations of the State to its citizens and the duties of the citizens to the... The President of India is the head of state and first citizen of India and the Supreme Commander of the Indian armed forces. ... Dr. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (Tamil: à®….à®ª.à®œ. à®…à®ªà¯à®¤à¯à®²à¯ à®•à®²à®¾à®®à¯; Hindi: à¤…à¤µà¥à¤² à¤ªà¤•à¤¿à¤° à¤œà¥ˆà¤¨à¥à¤²à¤¾à¤…à¤¬à¤¦à¥€à¤¨ à¤…à¤¬à¥à¤¦à¥à¤² à¤•à¤²à¤¾à¤®; Urdu: Ø§Ø¨Ùˆ Ø§Ù„ÙÙ‚ÛŒØ± Ø²ÛŒÙ† Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ÛŒÙ† Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯Ù„ Ú©Ù„Ø§Ù…), born October 15, 1931, Tamil Nadu, India, usually referred to as Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, is the President of India. ... The Vice-President of India is second behind the President in the Executive branch of the Government of India. ... Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (born 1923) is the Vice-President of India. ... The Prime Minister of India is, in practice, the most powerful person in the government of India. ... Manmohan Singh (Punjabi: , Hindi: , translation: Charming Lion) is the 14th and current Prime Minister of India. ... The Deputy Prime Minister of India is a member of the Indian cabinet in the Indian government. ... List of Indian ministers in the current government elected in 2004: Names in italics are women ministers. ... Sansad Bhavan, The Parliament of India The Parliament of India (or Sansad) is bicameral. ... Executive President Vice-President Prime Minister Dy. ... The Vice-President of India is second behind the President in the Executive branch of the Government of India. ... Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (born 1923) is the Vice-President of India. ... Lok Sabha The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. ... The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the lower house of parliament in India. ... Somnath Chatterjee (born July 25, 1929 in Tezpur, Assam) is a politician in India. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Legislative elections were held in India, the worlds largest democracy, in four phases between April 20 and May 10, 2004. ... The State Assembly elections in India are the elections in which the Indian electorate choose the members of the Vidhan Sabha (or Legislative/State Assembly). ... Political parties in India lists political parties in India. ... The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of the land as established by Part V, Chapter IV of the Constitution of India. ... Executive President Vice-President Prime Minister Deputy Prime Minister The Union Ministries Legislative Parliament Rajya Sabha Chairman of the Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha Speaker of the House Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice of the Supreme Court High Courts District Courts Constitution Fundamental Rights and Directive principles Regions States and territories... Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal (born on January 14, 1942) is the 36th Chief Justice of India. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Composition and Jurisdiction of District Courts In India : administration of justice at district level is done through law courts which are presided over by a judge. ... India is subdivided into twenty-eight states and seven union territories; the states and territories are themselves further subdivided. ... The situation of human rights in India is a complex one, as a result of the countrys large size and tremendous diversity, its status as a developing country, and its history as a former colonial territory. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... The Republic of India is considered as one of the possible emerging superpowers of the world. ...

India has a long history of collaboration with several countries and is considered as a leader of the developing world. India was one of the founding members of the United Nations and the Non-Aligned Movement and is an active member of several international organizations, most notably the WTO, ADB, SAARC and G20. For the Jamaican reggae band, see Third World (band). ... The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity. ... Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement (2005). ... An international organization, or more formally intergovernmental organization (IGO), is an organization whose members are sovereign states or other IGOs (like the European Union and the WTO). ... The World Trade Organization (WTO, French: Organisation mondiale du commerce, Spanish: OrganizaciÃ³n Mundial del Comercio, German: Welthandelsorganisation) is an international, multilateral organization, which sets the rules for the global trading system and resolves disputes between its member states; all of whom are signatories to its approximately 30 agreements. ... The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a multilateral development finance institution dedicated to reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific. ... The South Asian Association for Regional Co-Operation, or SAARC, (established December 8, 1985) is an association of 7 countries of South Asia namely Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. ... G20 has several possible meanings: G20 developing nations, a trade bloc of 20 countries. ...

During the Cold War, India adopted a foreign policy of not aligning itself with any major power bloc. However, India developed close ties with the Soviet Union and received extensive military support from the U.S.S.R.. The end of the Cold War significantly affected Indian foreign policy, as it did for much of the world. The country now seeks to strengthen its diplomatic and economic ties with the United States, the People's Republic of China, European Union, Japan, Israel, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. India also has close ties with the African Union, the Commonwealth states and the Arab World. India continues to have strong a military relationship with Russia. For other uses, please see Cold War (disambiguation). ... A foreign policy is a set of political goals that seeks to outline how a particular country will interact with the other countries of the world. ... In the context of international relations and diplomacy, power (sometimes clarified as international power, national power, or state power) is the ability of one state to influence or control other states. ... Motto: ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ð»ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ñ€Ð¸Ð¸ Ð²ÑÐµÑ… ÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð°Ð½, ÑÐ¾ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÐ¹Ñ‚ÐµÑÑŒ! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) (Russian: Workers of the world, unite!) Anthem: The Internationale (1922-1944) Hymn of the Soviet Union (1944-1991) Capital (and largest city) Moscow None; Russian de facto Government Federation of Soviet Republics - Last President Mikhail Gorbachev - Last Premier Ivan Silayev Establishment October Revolution - Declared... The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a political and economic organization of countries located in Southeast Asia. ... Anthem: Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together Capital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Membership 53 member states Official languages The languages of Africa, as well as Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Formation - As Organisation of African Unity - As AU - May 25, 1963 - July 9, 2002 Chairman of the African Union Denis... The Commonwealth of Nations (CN), usually known as the Commonwealth, is a voluntary association of 53 independent sovereign states, the majority of which are former colonies of the United Kingdom. ... Map of Arab League states in dark green with non-Arab areas in light green and Somalia and Djibouti in striped green due to their Arab League membership but non-Arab population. ...

India has actively participated in several UN peacekeeping missions. India is currently the largest troop contributor to the UN and currently seeking a permanent seat in the UN Security Council. UN Peacekeepers in Eritrea. ... A session of the Security Council in progress The United Nations Security Council is the most powerful organ of the United Nations. ...

Brief history

After India gained independence from the United Kingdom, New Delhi tried to establish friendly diplomatic relationship with several countries. The communal riots following the Partition of India and dispute over Junagadh and Kashmir created tense relations between newly-born India and Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Within a year after attaining independence, India was attacked by Pakistan resulting in a full-scale war due to the fact that Kashmir had 52% Muslims. The other 48% were Buddhists, Hindus, Sikhs. Though the war ended in a stalemate, it cemented the bitter animosity between the two nations. An Aerial view of New Delhi The Humayuns Tomb, situated in New Delhi, has an architectural design similar to the Taj Mahal. ... Britains holdings on the Indian subcontinent were granted independence in 1947 and 1948, becoming four new independent states: India, Burma (now Myanmar), Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and Pakistan (including East Pakistan, modern-day Bangladesh). ... Junagadh is a city, in Junagadh District, in the Indian state of Gujarat. ... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ... The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 sometimes known as the First Kashmir War was a war fought between India and Pakistan over the region of Kashmir from 1947 to 1949. ...

In the 1950s, India showed keen interest in establishing close relationship with the People's Republic of China. The Panchsheel was seen as a landmark agreement between the two. However, several border disputes and the Chinese invasion of Tibet continued to plague Sino-Indian relations. Pakistan gave a part of Kashmir to China. The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence or Pancha Sila (also spelled Panch Sila or Panchsheel) are a series of agreements between the Peoples Republic of China and India. ... This article is becoming very long. ... Map of Eastern and Southern Asia. ...

India played a key role in establishing the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961. Though India pursued close relations with both US and USSR, it decided not to join any major power bloc and refrained from joining military alliances. India, however began establishing close military relationship with the Soviet Union. Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement (2005). ...

In 1962, India detected Chinese infiltration into Indian territory, which resulted in a brief war between the two. India has remained suspicious towards China since then. China also became a close ally of Pakistan, India's neighbor, adding to the rift between the two. Even though, there has been a significant improvement in trade and diplomatic relations, India remains wary of China. Public Domain Note: This image is freely available on the internet from various sources in the public domain. ... Public Domain Note: This image is freely available on the internet from various sources in the public domain. ... For the Jamaican reggae band, see Third World (band). ... Jawaharlal Nehru (Hindi: , IPA: ) (November 14, 1889 â€“ May 27, 1964) was a senior political leader of the Indian National Congress, was a pivotal figure during the Indian independence movement and served as the first Prime Minister of the Republic of India. ... Gamal Abdel Nasser (Arabic: جمال عبد الناصر) Gamal Abdel Nasser (January 15, 1918 - September 28, 1970) was the second President of Egypt after Muhammad Naguib and is considered one of the most important Arab leaders in history. ... Josip Broz Tito (May 7, 1892 - May 4, 1980) was the ruler of Yugoslavia between the end of World War II and his death in 1980. ... July 19 is the 200th day (201st in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 165 days remaining. ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Peoples Republic of China India Commanders Liu Shaoqi Krishna Menon Casualties 3,000 Killed or Wounded[1] 4,000 Killed or Wounded[2] 4,023 Captured[citation needed] The Sino-Indian Border War (Hindi:à¤à¤¾à¤°à¤¤-à¤šà¥€à¤¨ à¤¯à¥à¤¦à¥à¤§; transliteration: bhÄrat-chÄ«n yuddha; Simplified Chinese: ä¸å°è¾¹å¢ƒæˆ˜äº‰; Traditional Chinese: ä¸å°é‚Šå¢ƒæˆ°çˆ; pinyin: ZhÅng-Y...

After the Sino-Indian War and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, India made considerable changes to its foreign policy. It developed a close relationship with the Soviet Union and started receiving massive military equipment and financial assistance from the USSR. This had an adverse effect on the Indo-US relationship. USA saw Pakistan as a counter-weight to pro-Soviet India and started giving the former military assistance. This created an atmosphere of suspicion between India and US. The US-India relationship suffered a considerable setback during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan when India openly supported the Soviet invasion. Combatants India Pakistan Commanders Gen J N Chaudhuri, Lt Gen Harbakhsh Singh Field Marshal Ayub Khan, Gen Mohd Musa Casualties 3,264 killed[1] 8,623 wounded[1] (From July to ceasefire) 3,800[2] - 6,917 killed[3] (17 day period alone) 4,000 - 7,000 killed/ captured[4...

Allies

India has friendly relations with several countries in the developing world. Though India is not a part of any major military alliance, it has close strategic and military relationship with most of the major powers. India's large growing economy, strategic location and friendly foreign policy has won it more allies than enemies. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1357x628, 47 KB) India Indias key strategic, military and economic partners Key strategic and economic partners of India* Economic partners of India** Countries which have border/territorial disputes with India*** Arch-rivals * - All members of the African Union are generally... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1357x628, 47 KB) India Indias key strategic, military and economic partners Key strategic and economic partners of India* Economic partners of India** Countries which have border/territorial disputes with India*** Arch-rivals * - All members of the African Union are generally... For the Jamaican reggae band, see Third World (band). ...

Countries considered India's closest allies include Russia, Iran, Israel, South Africa and other African Union states. India has a key strategic alliance with several other countries including the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, Australia, Mexico and Brazil. Anthem: Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together Capital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Membership 53 member states Official languages The languages of Africa, as well as Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Formation - As Organisation of African Unity - As AU - May 25, 1963 - July 9, 2002 Chairman of the African Union Denis...

India's relations with arch-rivals Pakistan and People's Republic of China have improved considerably in recent years.

Bilateral and Regional Relations

African Union

India has had historically good relationships with most sub-Saharan African nations for most of its history. In the Prime Minister’s visit to Mauritius in 1997, the two countries secured a deal to a new Credit Agreement of 10.50 crore INR (3 million USD) to finance import by Mauritius of capital goods, consultancy services and consumer durable from India. The government of India secured a rice and medicine agreement with the people of Seychelles. India continued to build upon its historically close relations with Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Visits from political ministers from Ethiopia provided opportunities for strengthening bilateral cooperation between the two countries in the fields of education and technical training, water resources management and development of small industries. This has allowed India to gain benefits from nations that are generally forgotten by other Western Nations. The South African Thabo Mbeki has called for a strategic relationship between India and South Africa to avoid impositon by Western Nations. India continued to build upon its close and friendly relations with Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The Minister of Foreign Affairs arranged for the sending of Special Envoys to each of these countries during 1996-97 as a reaffirmation of India's assurance to strengthening cooperation with these countries in a spirit of South-South partnership. These relations have created a position of strength with African nations that other nations may not possess. INR may stand for: International normalized ratio, a laboratory test of blood coagulation the currency code for the Indian Rupee the Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences the US Department of States Bureau of Intelligence and Research This is a disambiguation page — a navigational... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ...

European Union

United Kingdom & Commonwealth nations

Since 1947, India's relations with the United Kingdom have been through bilateral, as well as through the Commonwealth of Nations framework. Although the Sterling Area no longer exists and the Commonwealth is much more an informal forum, India and the UK still have many enduring links. This is in part due to the significant number of people of Indian origin living in the UK. The large South Asian population in the UK results in steady travel and communication between the two countries. The British Raj allowed for both cultures to imbibe tremendously from the other. The English language and cricket are perhaps the two most evident British exports, whilst in the UK Indian music and food are fixtures in daily life. It's also notable that there are many words of Indian origin now common to the language. The Commonwealth of Nations (CN), usually known as the Commonwealth, is a voluntary association of 53 independent sovereign states, the majority of which are former colonies of the United Kingdom. ... The British Empire at its zenith in 1919. ... This is a list of words in the English language that originated in any of the languages of India. ...

Economically the relationship between Britain and India is also strong. Britain is one the largest investors in India. The millions of pounds invested annually sustain a wide range of industries, including the controversial "call centres". Money flowing back to India from Indian expatriates in Britain is also quite substantial. These expatriates also tend to invest in real estate in India. The Indian diaspora in UK is one of the most influential minority ethnic groups in Europe. A non-resident Indian (NRI) is an Indian citizen who has migrated to another country. ...

In the late 1980s, Britain agreed on selling SEPECAT Jaguar to India further enhancing the military co-operation between the two. In the sphere of politics relations are mostly through multilateral channels, namely the Commonwealth, WTO and ADB. India has remained staunchly sovereign and has rejected any type of British intervention in regional affairs. Despite the occasional spats, such as the 1997 row when the Foreign Secretary Robin Cook offered to mediate a dispute over Kashmir, relations between London and New Delhi are warm. The Queen's visits to India have been enormously successful along with those by other members of the Royal Family. Britain has also supported India's rise to prominence on the international stage, including advocating a permanent seat on the Security Council. The SEPECAT Jaguar is an Anglo-French ground attack aircraft in service with the Royal Air Force and several export customers, notably the Indian Air Force. ... The Rt Hon. ... Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor; born 21 April 1926) is Queen of sixteen sovereign states, holding each crown and title equally. ...

France

France and India established diplomatic relationships soon after India achieved independence in 1947. India's strong diplomatic ties with France resulted in the peaceful cession of Pondicherry to India in 1964 without any military opposition from France. Image File history File links Dassault_Mirage_2000. ... Image File history File links Dassault_Mirage_2000. ... The Indian Air Force (à¤à¤¾à¤°à¤¤à¥€à¤¯ à¤µà¤¾à¤¯à¥ à¤¸à¥‡à¤¨à¤¾ : Bharatiya Vayu Sena) is the air-arm of the Armed Forces of India and has the prime responsibility of conducting air-based warfare and securing Indian airspace. ... now. ... The familiar French military aviation roundel gave rise to similar roundels for air forces all over the world, including that of the United Kingdom (RAF), which reversed the colors on the French roundel. ... Map of Pondicherry Region, Union Territory of Pondicherry, India Pondicherry (Tamil:à®ªà¯à®¤à¯à®µà¯ˆ,Hindi: à¤ªà¥‰à¤£à¥à¤¡à¤¿à¤šà¥‡à¤°à¥€) is a Union Territory of India. ...

France was the only country that did not condemn India's decision to go nuclear in 1998.[3] In 2003, France became the largest supplier of nuclear fuel and technology to India and remains a large military and economic trade partner. India's permanent member aspirations in the UN Security Council have found very strong support from French President Chirac. The Indian Ministry of Defence is currently in talks with the French government regarding the possible purchase of more than 200 Dassault Rafale aircraft for the Indian Air Force. The recent decision by the Indian government to purchase French Scorpène class submarines worth 3 billion USD and 43 Airbus aircraft for Indian Airlines worth 2.5 billion USD has further cemented the strategic, military and economic co-operation between India and France. Jacques (René) Chirac (born 29 November 1932) is a French politician. ... Formerly named Societé des Avions Marcel Bloch or MB, the Dassault Aviation is a French aircraft manufacturer of military, regional and business jets. ... The Rafale is a French twin-engine delta-wing multirole fighter aircraft designed and built by Dassault Aviation. ... The Indian Air Force (à¤à¤¾à¤°à¤¤à¥€à¤¯ à¤µà¤¾à¤¯à¥ à¤¸à¥‡à¤¨à¤¾ : Bharatiya Vayu Sena) is the air-arm of the Armed Forces of India and has the prime responsibility of conducting air-based warfare and securing Indian airspace. ... ScorpÃ¨ne class submarines are a class of diesel-electric attack submarine jointly developed by the French company DCN and the Spanish company Navantia. ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... Airbus S.A.S. is a leading aircraft manufacturer based in Toulouse, France. ... New A319 OF Indian Airlines rebranded as Indian Indian Airlines (Hindi: à¤‡à¤‚à¤¡à¤¿à¤¯à¤¨ à¤à¤¯à¤°à¤²à¤¾à¤‡à¤¨à¥à¤¸) is Indias state owned primarily domestic airline, under the federal Union Ministry of Civil Aviation and based in New Delhi. ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ...

South Asia

Certain aspects of India's relations within the subcontinent are conducted through the South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). Its members are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Established in 1985, SAARC encourages cooperation in agriculture, rural development, science and technology, culture, health, population control, narcotics control and anti-terrorism. The South Asian Association for Regional Co-Operation, or SAARC, (established December 8, 1985) is an association of 7 countries of South Asia namely Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. ...

SAARC has intentionally stressed these "core issues" and avoided more divisive political issues, although political dialogue is often conducted on the margins of SAARC meetings. In 1993, India and its SAARC partners signed an agreement gradually to lower tariffs within the region. Forward movement in SAARC has come to a standstill because of the tension between India and Pakistan, and the SAARC Summit originally scheduled for, but not held in, November 1999 has not been rescheduled.

In November 1988, at the behest of the Maldivian government, Indian paratroopers and naval forces crushed a coup attempt by mercenaries. India's action, viewed by some critics as an indication of Indian ambitions to be a regional hegemon, were regarded by the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, Nepal, and Bangladesh as legitimate assistance to a friendly government, and to be fully in keeping with India's strategic role in South Asia.

Pakistan

The principal source of contention between India and its western neighbour has been Kashmir, the Hindu Maharaja of which, Hari Singh of Dogra, and its Muslim Prime Minister, Sheikh Abdullah, chose in 1947 to join India conditionally and provisionally. A Standstill Agreement with Pakistan was in place, so the matter is still much disputed, since the decision was hastened by the loss of territory to invading irregulars from Pakistan, backed by the Pakistan Army. India maintains that this decision was the norm for every other princely state at Independence and that subsequent elections in Kashmir for over 40 years have made it an integral part of India. Pakistan asserts the Kashmiris' rights to self-determination through a plebiscite in accordance with an earlier Indian statement and a UN resolution. This dispute triggered wars between the two countries in 1947 and 1965 and a limited conflict in 1999. The state remains divided between the two countries by the Line of Control (LoC), which demarcates the ceasefire line agreed upon in the 1947 conflict. Pakistan refers to its part of the state as Azad Kashmir with external affairs limited to Pakistan and Indian Occupied Kashmir (IOK) (Kashmir in general) -- what India refers to Jammu and Kashmir. India terms it Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (PoK). Plagued by years of suspicion and hatred, relations between Pakistan and India are slowly starting to improve Indo-Pakistani relations are grounded in the geographic, demographic and economic links between the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, two of the largest countries in South Asia. ... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ... Hari Singh was the last maharaja of the kingdom of Jammu and Kashmir. ... The Dogras are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group in South Asia, with a population of 873,000. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A standstill agreement is usually an instrument of a hostile takeover defense, in which an unfriendly bidder agrees to limit its holdings of a target firm. ... A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ... This article is about the United Nations, for other uses of UN see UN (disambiguation) Official languages English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic Secretary-General Kofi Annan (since 1997) Established October 24, 1945 Member states 191 Headquarters New York City, NY, USA Official site http://www. ... Azad Kashmir (Urdu: â€Ž, English: ), is part of the Pakistani occupied section of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, along with the Northern Areas; its official name is Azad Jammu and Kashmir. ... Indian occupied Kashmir (also called Held Kashmir) is the name given by Pakistan to a portion of Kashmir controlled by India. ... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ...

In December 1971, following a political crisis in what was then East Pakistan and a subsequent genocide of Bengalis by the Pakistani army, millions of Bengali refugees fled to India. The situation soon spiralled out of control in East Pakistan and India was forced to intervene. Pakistan has always claimed that the armed insurrection in the troubled state was abetted by India. The brief conflict left the situation largely unchanged in the west, where the two armies reached an impasse (although India is regarded to have held the upper hand), but a decisive Indian victory in the east resulted in the creation of Bangladesh and over 90,000 Pakistani POWs. East Pakistan was a former province of Pakistan which existed between 1955 and 1971. ... Bengal, known as BÃ´ngo (Bengali: à¦¬à¦™à§à¦—), Bangla (à¦¬à¦¾à¦‚à¦²à¦¾), BÃ´ngodesh (à¦¬à¦™à§à¦—à¦¦à§‡à¦¶), or Bangladesh (à¦¬à¦¾à¦‚à¦²à¦¾à¦¦à§‡à¦¶) in the Bengali language, is a region in the northeast of South Asia. ...

Since the 1971 war, Pakistan and India have made only slow progress towards the normalization of relations. In July 1972, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and Pakistani President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto met in the Indian hill station of Shimla. They signed an agreement by which India would return all personnel (over 90,000) and captured territory in the west and the two countries would "settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations." Diplomatic and trade relations were re-established in 1976. Indira PriyadarÅ›inÄ« GÄndhÄ« (DevanÄgarÄ«: à¤‡à¤¨à¥à¤¦à¤¿à¤°à¤¾ à¤ªà¥à¤°à¤¿à¤¯à¤¦à¤°à¥à¤¶à¤¿à¤¨à¥€ à¤—à¤¾à¤¨à¥à¤§à¥€, IPA: ) (November 19, 1917 â€“ October 31, 1984) was Prime Minister of India from January 19, 1966 to March 24, 1977, and again from January 14, 1980 until her assassination on October 31, 1984. ... Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Urdu: Ø°ÙˆØ§Ù„ÙÙ‚Ø§Ø± Ø¹Ù„ÛŒ Ø¨Ú¾Ù¹Ùˆ, Sindhi: Ø°ÙˆØ§Ù„ÙÙ‚Ø§Ø± Ø¹Ù„ÙŠ Ú€ÙÙ½Ùˆ) (January 5, 1928 â€“ April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as the President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and as the Prime Minister from 1973 to 1977. ... Shimla (Hindi: à¤¶à¤¿à¤®à¤²à¤¾, Urdu: Ø´Ù…Ù„Û), the summer capital of the erstwhile British Raj in India, is a municipal corporation in Shimla district and the capital city of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. ...

After the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, new strains appeared in Indo-Pak relations. Pakistan actively supported the Afghan resistance, while India was a friend of the USSR. In the following eight years, India voiced increasing concern over Pakistani arms purchases, U.S. military aid to Pakistan, and Pakistan's nuclear weapons program. In an effort to curtail tensions, the two countries formed a joint commission to examine disputes. In December 1988, Prime Ministers Rajiv Gandhi and Benazir Bhutto concluded a pact not to attack each other's nuclear facilities. Agreements on cultural exchanges and civil aviation were also initiated. A Soviet soldier on guard in Afghanistan in 1988. ... With political independence on August 15, 1947, India and Pakistan initiated a bilateral relationship - diplomatic, political, economic and cultural defined by their common history of military conflicts, territorial disputes and religious conflicts between Hindus and Muslims. ... Military manpower Military age 16 years of age Availability 39,028,014 (2005) Males ages 16-49 Reaching military age males: 1,969,055 (2005) Active troops 620,000 (Ranked 7th) Military expenditures Dollar figure $3. ... RÄjiv Ratna GÄndhÄ« (DevanÄgarÄ«: à¤°à¤¾à¤œà¥€à¤µ à¤°à¤¤à¥à¤¨ à¤—à¤¾à¤¨à¥à¤§à¥€, IPA: ) (August 20, 1944 â€“ May 21, 1991), the eldest son of Indira and Feroze Gandhi, was the 9th Prime Minister of India (and the 3rd from the Gandhi family) from his mothers death on 31 October 1984 until his resignation on December... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

In 1997, high-level Indo-Pakistan talks resumed after a 3-year pause. The Prime Ministers of India and Pakistan met twice and the foreign secretaries conducted three rounds of talks. In June 1997, the foreign secretaries identified eight "outstanding issues" around which continuing talks would be focused. The dispute over the status of Kashmir, (referred by India as Jammu and Kashmir), an issue since partition, remains the major stumbling block in their dialogue. India maintains that the entire former princely state is an integral part of the Indian union, while Pakistan insists that UN resolutions calling for self-determination of the people of the state must be taken into account. It however refuses to abide by the previous part of the resolution, which calls for it to vacate all territories occupied.

In September 1997, the talks broke down over the structure of how to deal with the issues of Kashmir, and peace and security. Pakistan advocated that the issues be treated by separate working groups. India responded that the two issues be taken up along with six others on a simultaneous basis. In May 1998 India, and then Pakistan, conducted nuclear tests. Attempts to restart dialogue between the two nations were given a major boost by the February 1999 meeting of both Prime Ministers in Lahore and their signing of three agreements. These efforts turned out to be a trick, as three months later the Northern Light Infantry of the Pakistani Army, along with full artillery support infiltrated Indian territory in the Kargil sector, which launched the Kargil War. This stab in the back severely hurt the bilateral relations between both countries, as did a subsequent military coup in Pakistan that overturned the democratically elected Nawaz Sharif government in October of the same year also proved a setback to relations. Image File history File links Agrapervezatal. ... Image File history File links Agrapervezatal. ... Atal Bihari Vajpayee (Hindi: , pronunciation: ) (born December 25, 1924) was the Prime Minister of India in 1996 and again from October 13, 1998 until May 19, 2004. ... (PA â€“ 6920) General Pervez Musharraf ({ Ù¾Ø±ÙˆÙŠØ² Ù…Ø´Ø±Ù}}; born August 11, 1943) is currently the President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... A nuclear test explosion is an experiment involving the detonation of a nuclear weapon. ... Lahore (Urdu: Ù„Ø§ÛÙˆØ±) is the capital of the province of Punjab, and the second most populated city in Pakistan, also known as the Gardens of the Mughals or City of Gardens, after the significant rich heritage of the Mughal Empire. ... Combatants India Pakistan, Kashmiri secessionists Strength 30,000 5,000 Casualties Indian Official Figures: 527 killed,[1][2][3] 1,363 wounded[4] 1 POW Pakistani Estimates: 357â€“4,000+ killed[5][6] (Pakistan troops) 665+ soldiers wounded[5] 8 POWs. ... Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif Mian Mohammad Nawaz Sharif (Urdu: Ù…ÛŒØ§Úº Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ù†ÙˆØ§Ø² Ø´Ø±ÛŒÙ ) was born on December 25, 1949 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. ...

In 2001, a summit was called in Agra, India and Pakistan's military president, Pervez Musharraf turned up to meet Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee. The talks broke down when the Pakistani dictator repeatedly dubbed terrorists in Kashmir 'freedom fighters' at a press conference. The Indians appeared miffed and the talks fell through. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ...

On June 20, 2004, with a new government in place in India, both countries agreed to extend a nuclear testing ban and to set up a hotline between their foreign secretaries aimed at preventing misunderstandings that might lead to a nuclear war. [4] June 20 is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 194 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Preparation for an underground nuclear test at the Nevada Test Site in the 1980s. ... Hotlines cannot be used to originate calls other than to preselected destinations. ... Nuclear War is a card game designed by Douglas Malewicki, and originally published in 1966. ...

India has granted Pakistan unilateral "most favoured nation" trade status under WTO guidelines, but Pakistan is yet to reciprocate. As of early 2005, both countries are committed to a process of dialogue to solve all outstanding issues.

South America

The Government has also strengthened relations with Latin America and the Caribbean both at the mutual and bilateral stances and with the regional groups. Visits on the behalf of the Foreign Ministers of Mexico, Venezuela, Suriname and the visit of Shri Rao Inderjit Singh, Minister of State, to Panama, Colombia, Dominican Republic and El-Salvador has maintained high-level interaction with the countries of the region. India’s commonalities with Brazil have continued to grow as both works together on Security Council reform and the WTO. The process of finalizing Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) with MERCOSUR (Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay) is on the itinerary and negotiations are being held with Chile. Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... World map depicting Caribbean : West Indies redirects here. ... Mercosur or Mercosul (Spanish: Mercado ComÃºn del Sur, Portuguese: Mercado Comum do Sul, English: Southern Common Market) is a customs union between Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela, founded in 1991 by the Treaty of AsunciÃ³n, which was later amended and updated by the 1994 Treaty of Ouro...

Soviet Union bloc

The collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) had major repercussions for Indian foreign policy. Substantial trade with the former Soviet Union plummeted after the Soviet collapse and has yet to recover. Longstanding military supply relationships were similarly disrupted due to questions over financing, although Russia continues to be India's largest supplier of military systems and spare parts. The rise of Gorbachev Although reform stalled between 1964–1982, the generational shift gave new momentum for reform. ...

Russian Federation

Russia and India have decided not to renew the 1971 Indo-Soviet Peace and Friendship Treaty and have sought to follow what both describe as a more pragmatic, less ideological relationship. Russian President Yeltsin's visit to India in January 1993 helped cement this new relationship. Ties have grown stronger with President Vladimir Putin's 2004 visit. The pace of high-level visits has since increased, as has discussion of major defence purchases. Image File history File links BrahMos. ... Image File history File links BrahMos. ... A Tomahawk cruise missile A cruise missile is a guided missile which uses a lifting wing and most often a jet propulsion system to allow sustained flight. ...

Tajikistan

India’s intention to station defense forces personnel on foreign soil was first reported in 2002. At that time, some reports claimed that the Farkhor/Ayni facility in Tajikistan was already operational. The origins of this base lie in Pakistan’s closure of its air space to Indian commercial aircraft during the crisis following the December 13, 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament by Pakistan-based terrorist suicide bombers. This led to India’s resolve to find ways and means to neutralise this restriction for both its commercial and military aircraft, while at the same time gaining an ability to strike Pakistan from its rear.-1... This article is about the year 2001. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

The potential implications of this base go far beyond the Indo-Pakistani rivalry on the subcontinent. The Ayni base is a tangible manifestation of India’s move to project its power in Central Asia, a policy goal formally enunciated in 2003–2004. It not only signifies India’s determination to play a role in Central Asian security, but its genuine ability to do so.

The Ayni base represents a major element in India’s efforts to promote stability in Afghanistan, and to enhance New Delhi’s ability to contain Islamic terrorism both in South Asia and Central Asia. India obviously will not accept being confined to an exclusively South Asian geo-strategic role any longer.

India’s determination to project power throughout Central Asia is not just for military purposes. Access to Central Asian energy is vitally important for India. New Delhi seeks access to Kazakh oil and gas and involvement in "mega-projects," such as an Iran-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India pipeline and another linking Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India. Either or both of these pipelines would substantially improve India’s reliable access to energy supplies, while encouraging better Indo-Pakistani relations.

India wants to develop a new power grid that integrates Central Asian states with those of the subcontinent, an idea that has received strong backing from the United States of late. While India would use a new grid to enhance its overall economic profile in Central Asia, Washington sees the project as a way to counter the growing economic and political influence of Russia and China in Central Asia.

The importance of India’s Ayni base does not end here. Its appearance suggests that India’s long-standing strategic ties with Russia remain on a sound footing. In the strategic sphere, India and Russia share a common enemy in Islamic terrorism, and India needs Russian energy as much as Russia needs Indian diplomatic support and arms deals.

Although both India and Pakistan are observers in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, China is undoubtedly wary of the Indian presence at Ayni. Moreover, Indian policy intellectuals continue to view China as a strategic rival in Central Asia, as well as closer to home. Thus, India’s power-projection ambitions are in a certain sense directed toward China.

India’s Ayni base helps illustrate one of the ways in which the regional security agenda is being militarized. The proliferation of foreign bases in Central Asia, it ought to be stressed, predates 9/11 and the U.S. strategic move into the region. The presence of so many bases is prompting a far-ranging re-evaluation of the region’s geo-strategic importance.

Middle East

The government has been clear cut about not sending troops to Iraq, a move that has increased its relations with the Middle East, while it hasn’t proliferated weapons, allowing it to maintain relations with the west. India has the world’s second largest Muslim population, and has vowed to increase its amount of Haj pilgrims. This has led to a connection between the Muslim world and the Indian democracy. India’s long standing friendship with the Palestinian people and its support for their cause was reaffirmed when Shri K. Natwar Singh, Minister for External Affairs, led a multi-party delegation to Cairo to pay homage to the memory of Yasser Arafat, the much revered leader of the Palestinian people. In September, Minister of State for External Affairs, Shri E. Ahamed, had visited Ramala with a goodwill message from Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh reiterating India’s unwavering support to Palestine, which was greatly appreciated by the late President Arafat. Despite these actions, India has not lost good relations with Israel and the United States. A considerable feat considering the state of the modern world. A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Persian and Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... Cairos location in Egypt Coordinates: Governor Dr. Abdul Azim Wazir Area - City 210 kmÂ² - Metro 1,492 kmÂ² Population - City (2005) 7,438,376 - Density 35,420/kmÂ² - Urban 10,834,495 - Metro 15,200,000 Time zone EET (UTC+2) EEST (UTC+3) Cairo (Arabic: â€Ž translit: ) comes from...

Israel

India and Israel were on opposite sides during the Cold War, with Israel siding with the NATO countries and India leaning in the direction of the Soviet Union. The creation of Israel was opposed by Mahatma Gandhi, tacitly supported by India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and openly supported by Hindu revivalists such as Vinayak Damodar Savarkar^[1]. Ever since the Republic of India established diplomatic relations with the State of Israel in 1992, the collaboration between the two countries has blossomed. ... For other uses, please see Cold War (disambiguation). ... Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati: , Hindi: , IAST: mohandÄs karamcand gÄndhÄ«, IPA: ) (October 2, 1869 â€“ January 30, 1948) was a major political and spiritual leader of the Indian independence movement. ... Jawaharlal Nehru (Hindi: , IPA: ) (November 14, 1889 â€“ May 27, 1964) was a senior political leader of the Indian National Congress, was a pivotal figure during the Indian independence movement and served as the first Prime Minister of the Republic of India. ... Vinayak Damodar Sarvakar VinÄyak DÄmodar SÄvarkar (Marathi: à¤µà¤¿à¤¨à¤¾à¤¯à¤• à¤¦à¤¾à¤®à¥‹à¤¦à¤° à¤¸à¤¾à¤µà¤°à¤•à¤°) (May 28, 1883 â€“ February 27, 1966) was an Indian revolutionary and Hindu nationalist political leader, who is credited with developing a Hindu nationalist political ideology he termed as Hindutva (Hinduness). ...

However, Israel and India shared a clandestine relationship that involved cooperation between their respective intelligence agencies^[2] and the purchase of military hardware by India from Israel. Israel shared India's concerns about the growing danger posed by Pakistan, a nation hostile to India and one that supplied weapons and training to the Arabs against Israel.After the end of the Cold War, formal relations with Israel started improving significantly^[3]^[4].

Since the establishment of full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1992, India has had a highly productive relation with the Jewish State. India is regarded as Israel's strongest ally in Asia, and Israel is India's second largest arms supplier. Both countries perceive a common problem with Islamic Terrorism and Islamic Fundamentalism, and have engaged in joint military ventures in an effort to combat this problem. 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... Islamist terrorism, sometimes called Islamic terrorism, is terrorism that is carried out to further the political and religious ambitions of a segment of the Muslim community. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Islamism. ...

India has entertained Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon in a visit in 2003 ^[5], and Israel has entertained Indian dignitaries such as Finance Minister Jaswant Singh in diplomatic visits. India and Israel collaborate extensively in scientific and technological endeavours.Israel's Minister for Science and Technology has expressed interest in collaborating with the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) towards utilizing satellites for better management of land and other resources. Israel has also expressed intereest in participating in ISRO's Chandrayaan Mission involving an unmanned mission to the moon^[6]. (Hebrew: , also known by his diminutive Arik ×Ö¸×¨Ö´×™×§) (born February 27, 1928) is a former Israeli politician and general. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jaswant Singh (left) with Donald Rumsfeld Jaswant Singh (born January 3, 1938) is an Indian politician. ... The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is Indias national space agency. ... Chandrayaan I (Present Configuration) Chandrayaan I (Sanskrit à¤šà¤‚à¤¦à¥à¤°à¤¯à¤¾à¤¨-1) which literally means Moon Craft is an unmanned lunar mission by the Indian Space Research Organization The mission includes a lunar orbiter as well as an impactor. ...

People's Republic of China

Despite lingering suspicions remaining from the 1962 Sino-Indian War and continuing territorial/boundary disputes in Kashmir and Arunachal Pradesh, Sino-Indian relations have improved gradually since 1988. Both countries have sought to reduce tensions along the frontier, expand trade and cultural ties, and normalize relations. Map of Eastern and Southern Asia. ... Combatants Peoples Republic of China India Commanders Liu Shaoqi Krishna Menon Casualties 3,000 Killed or Wounded[1] 4,000 Killed or Wounded[2] 4,023 Captured[citation needed] The Sino-Indian Border War (Hindi:à¤à¤¾à¤°à¤¤-à¤šà¥€à¤¨ à¤¯à¥à¤¦à¥à¤§; transliteration: bhÄrat-chÄ«n yuddha; Simplified Chinese: ä¸å°è¾¹å¢ƒæˆ˜äº‰; Traditional Chinese: ä¸å°é‚Šå¢ƒæˆ°çˆ; pinyin: ZhÅng-Y... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ... Arunachal Pradesh (Hindi: Aruá¹‡Äcal PradeÅ›, Chinese: è—å— Zangnan) is a state of India. ...

A series of high-level visits between the two nations have helped improve relations. In December 1996, PRC President Jiang Zemin visited India on a tour of South Asia. While in New Delhi, he signed, with the Indian Prime Minister, a series of confidence-building measures for the disputed borders. This included troop reductions and weapons limitations, which appear to have taken place. The President of the Peoples Republic of China (Chinese: 中华人民共和国主席 pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Zhŭxí) is the head of state of the Peoples Republic of China. ... JiÄng ZÃ©mÃn (Traditional Chinese: æ±Ÿæ¾¤æ°‘, Simplified Chinese: æ±Ÿæ³½æ°‘, Hanyu Pinyin: JiÄng ZÃ©mÃn, Wade-Giles: Chiang Tse-min, Cantonese (Jyutping): gong1 zaak6 man4) (born August 17, 1926) was the core of the third generation of Communist Party of China leaders, serving as General Secretary of the Communist... An Aerial view of New Delhi The Humayuns Tomb, situated in New Delhi, has an architectural design similar to the Taj Mahal. ...

Sino-Indian relations received a setback in May 1998 when the Indian Defence minister justified the country's nuclear tests by citing potential threats from the PRC. However, in June 1999, during the Kargil crisis, External Affairs Minister Jaswant Singh visited Beijing and stated that India did not consider China a threat. Relations between India and the PRC are on the mend, and the two sides handled the move from Tibet to India of the 17th Karmapa in January 2000 with delicacy and tact. In 2003, India formally recognized Tibet as a part of China, and China recognized Sikkim as a formal part of India in 2004. Kargil was a part of Gilgit-Baltistan before 1947, but now is a town in the Indian-controlled Kashmir. ... Beijing [English Pronunciation] (Chinese: åŒ—äº¬ [Chinese Pronunciation]; Pinyin: BÄ›ijÄ«ng; IPA: ), a city in northern China, is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... This article is becoming very long. ... The Karmapa (officially His Holiness the Gyalwa Karmapa; Tibetan: à½¢à¾’à¾±à½£à¼‹à½‘à¼‹à½€à½¢à¼‹à½˜à¼‹à½”à¼‹) is the head of the Karma Kagyu, the largest sub-school of the Kagyupa (Tib. ... Sikkim (also Sikhim) (DevanÄgarÄ«: à¤¸à¤¿à¤•à¥à¤•à¤¿à¤® ) is a landlocked Indian state nestled in the Himalayas. ...

Both India and China are members of the East Asia Summit. The East Asia Summit (EAS) is a pan-Asia forum to be held annually by the leaders of 16 countries in East Asia and the region, with ASEAN in a leadership position. ...

United States

Historically, relations between India and the United States were somewhat cool following Indian independence, as India took a leading position in the Non-Aligned Movement, and attempted to pursue even-handed economic and military relations with the Soviet Union. For most of the Cold War, the US tended to have warmer relations with Pakistan, primarily as a way to contain Soviet-friendly India and to use Pakistan to back the Afghan Mujahideen against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. An Indo-Soviet twenty year friendship treaty, signed in 1971, also positioned India against the US. It has been suggested that Indo-U.S. relations be merged into this article or section. ... Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement (2005). ... For other uses, please see Cold War (disambiguation). ... Mujahideen (Arabic: â€Ž, , strugglers) is an Islamic-Arabic term for Muslims fighting in a war, or involved in any other struggle. ... The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was a 10-year war which wreaked incredible havoc and destruction on Afghanistan. ...

Relations between India and the United States came to an all-time low during the early 1970s. Despite reports of atrocities in East Pakistan, and despite being told—most notably in the Blood telegram—of 'genocidal' activities being perpetrated by Pakistani forces, U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and U.S. President Richard Nixon did nothing to discourage then Pakistani President Yahya Khan and the Pakistan Army. Kissinger was particularly concerned about Soviet expansion into South Asia as a result of a treaty of friendship that had recently been signed between India and the Soviet Union, and sought to demonstrate to the People's Republic of China the value of a tacit alliance with the United States.^[7] Image File history File links BangladeshCartoon. ... Image File history File links BangladeshCartoon. ... A cartoon is any of several forms of illustrations, with varied meanings that evolved from one to another. ... The Common Man featured in a Commemorative stamp released by IndiaPost in 1988. ... Nixon is the surname of some prominent people: Richard Nixon - 37th President of the United States Patricia Nixon - First Lady to President Richard Nixon Tricia Nixon Cox - older daughter to Richard and Pat Nixon Julie Nixon Eisenhower - younger daughter to Richard and Pat Nixon John B. Nixon - oldest inmate executed... Seal of the United States Department of State. ... Henry Kissinger Henry Alfred Kissinger (born May 27, 1923) is a German-born American diplomat and Nobel Peace Prize winner who played an important part in foreign affairs through the positions he held in several Republican administrations between 1969 and 1977. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ... This is false story,never been established by any scientific survey. ... The Blood telegram is a telegram that was sent by the American diplomat Archer Blood on April 6, 1971 to the State Department. ... Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German-born American diplomat, Nobel laureate and statesman. ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 â€“ April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan (February 4, 1917 â€“ August 10, 1980) was the President of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971, following the resignation of Ayub Khan. ... Military manpower Military age 16 years of age Availability 39,028,014 (2005) Males ages 16-49 Reaching military age males: 1,969,055 (2005) Active troops 620,000 (Ranked 7th) Military expenditures Dollar figure $3. ...

In recent years, Kissinger came under fire for comments made during the Indo-Pakistan War in which he described Indians as "bastards."^[8] Kissinger has since expressed his regret over the comments.

However, since the end of the Cold War era, India-US relations have improved dramatically. This has largely been fostered by the fact that the US and India are both democracies and have a large and growing trade relationship. For other uses, please see Cold War (disambiguation). ...

During the Gulf War, the economy of India went through an extremely difficult phase. The Government of India liberalized the Indian economy. After the break up of the Soviet Union, India started looking for new allies and tried improving diplomatic relations with the members of the NATO particularly the United States, Canada, France and Germany. In 1992, India established formal diplomatic relations with Israel. Combatants UN Coalition Republic of Iraq Commanders Norman Schwarzkopf Saddam Hussein Strength 660,000 360,000 Casualties 378 dead, 1,000 wounded 25,000 dead, 75,000 wounded The Gulf War ( 2 August 1990 â€“ 28 February 1991 ) was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of approximately 30 nations... The economy of India is the third largest in the world as measured by purchasing power parity (PPP), with a gross domestic product (GDP) of US $3. ... In general, liberalization refers to a relaxation of previous government restrictions, usually in areas of social or economic policy. ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation[1] (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ...

In the mid-1990s, India tried to attract world attention towards the Pakistan backed terrorism in Kashmir. The Kargil War resulted in a major diplomatic victory for India. The United States and European Union recognized the fact that Pakistani military had illegally infiltrated into Indian territory and pressurized Pakistan to withdraw from Kargil. Several anti-India terrorist groups based in Pakistan were labelled as terrorist groups by the United States and European Union. Terrorist redirects here. ... Combatants India Pakistan, Kashmiri secessionists Strength 30,000 5,000 Casualties Indian Official Figures: 527 killed,[1][2][3] 1,363 wounded[4] 1 POW Pakistani Estimates: 357â€“4,000+ killed[5][6] (Pakistan troops) 665+ soldiers wounded[5] 8 POWs. ... ...

In 1998, India tested nuclear weapons (see Pokhran-II) which resulted in several U.S., Japanese and European sanctions on India. India's then defence minister, Jaswant Singh, said that India's nuclear program was necessary as it provided a deterrence to potential Chinese nuclear threat. Most of the sanctions imposed on India were removed by 2001. India has categorically stated that it will never use weapons first but will defend if attacked. In fact Pakistan is the first country that India informs if any nuclear tests are on the agenda. Pokharan-II refers to test explosions of five nuclear devices, three on 11 May and two on 13 May 1998, by India at Pokhran. ... Jaswant Singh (left) with Donald Rumsfeld Jaswant Singh (born January 3, 1938) is an Indian politician. ... As early as June 26, 1946, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, soon to be Indias first Prime Minister, announced: // Main article: Operation Smiling Buddha Three decades later in 1974, India, under the leadership of then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi (Nehrus daughter), conducted an underground nuclear test called Operation Smiling Buddha...

The economic sanctions imposed by the United States in response to India's nuclear tests in May 1998 appeared, at least initially, to seriously damage Indo-American relations. President Bill Clinton imposed wide-ranging sanctions pursuant to the 1994 Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act. U.S. sanctions on Indian entities involved in the nuclear industry and opposition to international financial institution loans for non-humanitarian assistance projects in India. The United States encouraged India to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) immediately and without condition. The U.S. also called for restraint in missile and nuclear testing and deployment by both India and Pakistan. The non-proliferation dialogue initiated after the 1998 nuclear tests has bridged many of the gaps in understanding between the countries. The presidential seal was used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Opened for signature July 1, 1968 in New York Entered into force March 5, 1970 Conditions for entry into force Ratification by the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and 40 other signatory states. ... Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Opened for signature September 10, 1996[1] in New York Entered into force Not yet in force Conditions for entry into force The treaty will enter into force 180 days after it is ratified by all of the following 44 (Annex 2) countries: Algeria, Argentina, Australia...

After the September 11 attacks, Indian intelligence agencies provided the U.S. with significant information on Al-Qaeda and related groups' activities in Pakistan and Afghanistan. India's extensive contribution to the War on Terrorism has helped India's diplomatic relations with several countries. Over the past three years, India has held numerous joint military exercises with U.S and European nations that have resulted in a strengthened U.S.-India and E.U.-India bilateral relationship. India's bilateral trade with Europe and U.S. has more than doubled in the last five years. Image File history File links Manbush. ... Image File history File links Manbush. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... The World Trade Center on fire The September 11, 2001 attacks were a series of coordinated terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ... Combatants Participants in Operations: United States United Kingdom Turkey South Korea Canada Israel Spain Portugal Pakistan Afghanistan Australia New Zealand Italy Netherlands Denmark France Germany Norway Slovakia Romania Philippines Poland Ukraine Georgia Jordan Saudi Arabia NATO New Iraqi Army and others Targets of Operations: al-Qaeda Taliban Baathist Iraq...

However, India has yet to sign the CTBT, or the NPT, claiming the discriminatory nature of the treaty that allows the 5 declared nuclear countries of the world to keep their nuclear arsenal and develop it using computer simulation testing. Prior to its nuclear testing, India had pressed for a comprehensive destruction of nuclear weapons by all countries of the world in a time-bound frame. This was not acceptable to the US and other countries. Presently, India has declared its policy of "no-first use of nuclear weapons" and the maintenance of a "credible nuclear deterrence". The US, under President George W. Bush has also lifted most of its sanctions on India and has resumed military co-operation. Relations with US have considerably improved in the recent years, with the two countries taking part in joint naval exercises off the coast of India and joint air exercises both in India as well as in the United States^[9]^[10]^[11]. The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) bans all nuclear explosions in all environments, for military or civilian purposes and was opened for signature in New York on 24 September 1996, when it was signed by 71 States, including the five nuclear weapon states at the time (which did not... Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Opened for signature July 1, 1968 in New York Entered into force March 5, 1970 Conditions for entry into force Ratification by the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and 40 other signatory states. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ...

India has been pushing for reforms in the UN and WTO with mixed results. India's candidature for a permanent seat at the UN Security Council is currently backed by several countries including United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, Brazil and African Union nations. In 2005, the United States signed a nuclear co-operation agreement with India even though the latter is not a part of the NPT. The US argued that India's strong nuclear non-proliferation record made it an exception and persuaded other NSG members to sign similar deals with India. A session of the Security Council in progress The United Nations Security Council is the most powerful organ of the United Nations. ... Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Opened for signature July 1, 1968 in New York Entered into force March 5, 1970 Conditions for entry into force Ratification by the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and 40 other signatory states. ... The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a multinational body concerned with reducing nuclear proliferation by controlling the export and re-transfer of materials that may be applicable to nuclear weapon development and by improving safeguards and protection on existing materials. ...

On 2 March 2006 India and US has signed a pact on co-operation in civilian nuclear field. This was signed during the four days state visit of US president George Bush in India. On its part, India would separate its civilian and military nuclear programs, and the civilian programs would be brought under the safeguards of IAEA. The United States would sell India the reactor technologies and the nuclear fuel for setting up and upgrading its civilian nuclear program. The US Congress needs to ratify this pact since US laws prohibits the trading of nuclear technologies and materials outside the framework of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1270x1024, 260 KB) Two F-15 Eagles (middle of V formation) from Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, fly with two Indian air force SU-30K Flankers (rear) and two Mirage 2000 aircraft during Cope India 04 Source: http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1270x1024, 260 KB) Two F-15 Eagles (middle of V formation) from Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, fly with two Indian air force SU-30K Flankers (rear) and two Mirage 2000 aircraft during Cope India 04 Source: http://www. ... The Indian Air Force (à¤à¤¾à¤°à¤¤à¥€à¤¯ à¤µà¤¾à¤¯à¥ à¤¸à¥‡à¤¨à¤¾ : Bharatiya Vayu Sena) is the air-arm of the Armed Forces of India and has the prime responsibility of conducting air-based warfare and securing Indian airspace. ... Sukhoi-30 (Nato: Flanker-C) The Sukhoi Su-30 is a military aircraft that was produced by the Russian company Sukhoi in 1996. ... Seal of the Air Force. ... The Boeing (formerly McDonnell Douglas) F-15 Eagle is an American-built all-weather tactical fighter designed to gain and maintain air superiority in aerial combat. ... A Mirage 2000 of the Indian Air Force The Mirage 2000 is a French-built multi-role fighter manufactured by Dassault Aviation. ... March 2 is the 61st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (62nd in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... IAEA The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), established as an autonomous organization on July 29, 1957, seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for military purposes. ... This article is about law in society. ... The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a multinational body concerned with reducing nuclear proliferation by controlling the export and re-transfer of materials that may be applicable to nuclear weapon development and by improving safeguards and protection on existing materials. ...

United States Congress, hitherto a staunch defender of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and all it stands for, is poised to allow America's laws to be amended to accommodate civilian nuclear trade with India, despite that country's bomb-building. There will then be pressure on the Nuclear Suppliers Group to carve an India-shaped hole in its global nuclear export restrictions and on the board of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to agree to “India-specific” safeguards on any nuclear materials or technology sold. The Bush administration defends its India deal as good for combating Global warming, good for friendship with the world's biggest democracy and good for jobs in America. By lifting restrictions on India's ability to buy nuclear technology and fuel from abroad, America will be helping it out of a uranium squeeze: its usable stocks of the enriched stuff (lower enriched for power generation, higher for weapons) have been dwindling fast. If the NSG goes along, and makes an exception to its rule that nuclear exports can go only to countries with all their nuclear facilities under safeguards, India will no longer have to eke out its nuclear materials. It will be able to use foreign uranium for power generation. Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate Dick Cheney, R, since January 20, 2001 Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert, R, since January 6, 1999 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups (as of January 4, 2005 elections) Democratic Party Republican Party... Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Opened for signature July 1, 1968 in New York Entered into force March 5, 1970 Conditions for entry into force Ratification by the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and 40 other signatory states. ... The IAEA flag The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA, internally often referred to as The Agency) was established as an autonomous organization on July 29, 1957. ... Global mean surface temperatures 1856 to 2005 Mean surface temperature anomalies during the period 1995 to 2004 with respect to the average temperatures from 1940 to 1980 Global warming is the observed increase in the average temperature of the Earths atmosphere and oceans in recent decades. ... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic - President George Walker Bush (R) - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Fuel is any material that is capable of releasing energy when its chemical or physical structure is changed or converted. ... General Name, Symbol, Number uranium, U, 92 Chemical series actinides Group, Period, Block n/a, 7, f Appearance silvery gray metallic; corrodes to a spalling black oxide coat in air Atomic mass 238. ...

India's ties with the US have grown stronger since the 9/11 attacks on the US. Two million diaspora of Indians in the United States is a factor in this relationship. ^{[citation needed]} Levels of co-operation between the Armed Forces of both countries have increased in recent years, and have been taking part in various joint drills. Indian and U.S. Military leaders have also met to consider ways for the two countries to further expand their military partnership^[12]. Also India is the world’s largest arms importer and the United States is one of the key exporters. Look up Diaspora in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

International Disputes

India is involved in several territorial disputes with neighboring countries like Pakistan, People's Republic of China, Bangladesh and Maldives. India has several manned stations in Antarctica but has not made any official territorial claims. A territorial dispute is a disagreement over the possession/control of land between two or more states, or over the possession/control of land by one state after it has conquered it from a former state no longer currently recognized by the occupying power. ... Indias Antarctic Programme opened in 1981 when the first Indian Expedition was flagged off for Antarctica from Goa. ... Territorial claims of Antarctica Antarctica territories Currently there are seven claimant nations who maintain a territorial claim on eight territories in Antarctica. ...

China - India Western border showing Aksai Chin Aksai Chin (Simplified Chinese: , Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Ä€kÃ¨sÃ iqÄ«n, Hindi: à¤…à¤•à¤¸à¤¾à¤ˆ à¤šà¤¿à¤¨) is a region located at the junction of the Peoples Republic of China, Pakistan, and India. ... Trans-Karakoram Tract is occupied by China now, having been part of Pakistan-occupied Jammu & Kashmir until 1963, when Pakistan had handed over it to China according to the border agreement. ... Arunachal Pradesh (Hindi: Aruá¹‡Äcal PradeÅ›, Chinese: è—å— Zangnan) is a state of India. ... For main article about Kashmir see Kashmir // Partition, dispute and war Shown in green is the Kashmiri region under Pakistani control. ... A map showing the location of the Bay of Bengal. ...

Contents

Brief history

Allies

Bilateral and Regional Relations

African Union

European Union

United Kingdom & Commonwealth nations

France

South Asia

Pakistan

South America

Soviet Union bloc

Russian Federation

Tajikistan

Middle East

Israel

People's Republic of China

United States

International Disputes

See also

References

Other Sources

Contents

Brief history GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Allies

Bilateral and Regional Relations

African Union

European Union

United Kingdom & Commonwealth nations

France

South Asia

Pakistan

South America

Soviet Union bloc

Russian Federation

Tajikistan

Middle East

Israel

People's Republic of China

United States

International Disputes

See also

References

Other Sources

Brief history