NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Foreign relations of imperial China

Imperial China has had a long tradition of foreign relations. From the Qin Dynasty until the Qing, Chinese civilization had an impact upon neighboring countries and distant ones, while China's culture was transformed gradually by outside influences as well. China is the worlds oldest continuous major civilization, with written records dating back about 3,500 years and with 5,000 years being commonly used by Chinese as the age of their civilization. ... The term is used to describe the interaction taking place among governments, when striving to establish mutual contacts, another word for diplomacy. ...

Background

In pre-modern times, the theory of foreign relations of China held that the Chinese Empire was the Middle Kingdom, the center of world civilization, with the Emperor of China being the leader of the civilized world. This view saw China as equivalent to All under heaven. All other states were considered to be tributaries, under the suzerain rule of China. Some were direct vassals. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (591x791, 378 KB) ÄŒesky | Deutsch | English | Î•Î»Î»Î·Î½Î¹ÎºÎ¬ | EspaÃ±ol | ÙØ§Ø±Ø³ÛŒ | FranÃ§ais | ×¢×‘×¨×™×ª | Indonesian | Italiano | æ—¥æœ¬èªž | í•œêµì–´ | Magyar | Nederlands | Polski | PortuguÃªs | RomÃ¢nÇŽ | Ð ÑƒÑÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ | SlovenÅ¡Äina | Ð¡Ñ€Ð¿ÑÐºÐ¸ | Sunda | ç®€ä½“ä¸æ–‡ | æ£é«”ä¸æ–‡ | TÃ¼rkÃ§e | Ð ÑƒÑÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ | Ð£ÐºÑ€Ð°Ñ—Ð½ÑÑŒÐºÐ° +/- File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (591x791, 378 KB) ÄŒesky | Deutsch | English | Î•Î»Î»Î·Î½Î¹ÎºÎ¬ | EspaÃ±ol | ÙØ§Ø±Ø³ÛŒ | FranÃ§ais | ×¢×‘×¨×™×ª | Indonesian | Italiano | æ—¥æœ¬èªž | í•œêµì–´ | Magyar | Nederlands | Polski | PortuguÃªs | RomÃ¢nÇŽ | Ð ÑƒÑÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ | SlovenÅ¡Äina | Ð¡Ñ€Ð¿ÑÐºÐ¸ | Sunda | ç®€ä½“ä¸æ–‡ | æ£é«”ä¸æ–‡ | TÃ¼rkÃ§e | Ð ÑƒÑÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ | Ð£ÐºÑ€Ð°Ñ—Ð½ÑÑŒÐºÐ° +/- File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other... The Yongle Emperor (May 2, 1360 â€“ August 12, 1424), born Zhu Di (Chu Ti) , was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China from 1402 to 1424. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... European illustration of a Eunuch (1749) Chief Eunuch of Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II at the Imperial Palace, 1912. ... For other uses, see Admiral (disambiguation). ... A modern illustration of Zheng He, by an unidentified artist. ... China is the worlds oldest continuous major civilization, with written records dating back about 3,500 years and with 5,000 years being commonly used by Chinese as the age of their civilization. ... The Middle Kingdom is: a old name for China a period in the History of Ancient Egypt, the Middle Kingdom of Egypt This is a disambiguation page â€” a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Central New York City. ... For the volcano in Indonesia, see Emperor of China (volcano). ... All under heaven (Chinese: 天下; pinyin: tiān xi ) is a concept in Chinese history. ... Look up tributary in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Suzerainty refers to a situation in which a region or people is a tributary to a more powerful entity which allows the tributary some limited domestic autonomy but controls its foreign affairs. ... Look up vassal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Unsurprisingly, there were a few periods when Chinese foreign relations could sometimes take on isolationist tones, because of the view that the rest of the world was poor and backwards and had little to offer. Isolationism is a diplomatic policy whereby a nation seeks to avoid alliances with other nations. ...

Nevertheless, China was, from very early history, a center of trade. Many of China's interactions with the outside world came via the Silk Road. This included, during the second century AD, contact with representatives of the Roman Empire, and during the thirteenth century, contact with Venetian traveler Marco Polo. It has been suggested that Commerce be merged into this article or section. ... â€œSilk Routeâ€ redirects here. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ... Marco Polo (September 15, 1254 â€“ January 8, 1324) was a Venetian trader and explorer who gained fame for his worldwide travels, recorded in the book Il Milione (The Million or The Travels of Marco Polo). ...

Chinese foreign policy was often aimed at containing the threat of so-called "barbarian" invaders (such as the Xiongnu, Mongols, and Jurchen) from the north. This could be done by military means, such as an active offense (campaigns into the north) or a more passive defense (as exemplified by the Great Wall of China). The Chinese also arranged marriage alliances known as heqin, or "peace marriage." For other uses, see Barbarian (disambiguation). ... A Xiongnu belt buckle. ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... The Jurchens (Chinese: 女真, pinyin: nǚzhēn) were a Tungusic people who inhabited parts of Manchuria and northern Korea until the seventeenth century, when they became the Manchus. ... â€œGreat Wallâ€ redirects here. ... Heqin (Chinese: 龢親 or 和親; pinyin: hě qīn) is a term used in ancient China for a marriage alliance. ...

Chinese officers distinguished between "cooked barbarians" (foreigners influenced by Chinese culture) and "raw barbarians".^{[citation needed]} Chinese culture has roots going back over five thousand years. ...

In many periods, Chinese foreign policy was especially assertive. One such case was during the voyages of the eunuch admiral Zheng He during the Ming Dynasty. European illustration of a Eunuch (1749) Chief Eunuch of Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II at the Imperial Palace, 1912. ... For other uses, see Admiral (disambiguation). ... A modern illustration of Zheng He, by an unidentified artist. ... For other uses, see Ming. ...

Qin Dynasty

Although many kings of the Shang and Zhou dynasties ruled beforehand, in 221 BC, the ruler of the State of Qin, Qin Shi Huang, was the first to bring all of China under one unified and uniform empire, the Qin Dynasty. Under his leadership and a society modelled around strict adherence to the Legalist philosophy, his once backwater western frontier state conquered all of the rivaling Warring States in ancient China. The Chinese domain was also extended into Inner Mongolia and Manchuria to the north, and with naval expeditions sent to the south, the indigenous Yue peoples of modern-day Guangdong and northern Vietnam (the latter called Jiaozhi, and then Annam during the Tang Dynasty) were also quelled and brought under Chinese rule. Image File history File links Qin_empire_210_BCE.pngâ€Ž Commentary As part of his unification of China in 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang divided his empire into thirty six commanderies, each subdivided into a number of counties. ... Image File history File links Qin_empire_210_BCE.pngâ€Ž Commentary As part of his unification of China in 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang divided his empire into thirty six commanderies, each subdivided into a number of counties. ... Qin empire in 210 BC Capital Xianyang Language(s) Chinese Religion Taoism Government Monarchy History - Unification of China 221 BC - Death of Qin Shi Huangdi 210 BC - Surrender to Liu Bang 206 BC The Qin Dynasty (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chin Chao) (221 BC - 206 BC) was preceded... Remnants of advanced, stratified societies dating back to the Shang period have been found in the Yellow River Valley. ... This article is about the ancient Chinese dynasty. ... Qin or Chin (Wade-Giles) (ç§¦), pronounced something like Shin, (778 BC-207 BC) was a state during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods of China. ... The monarch known now as Qin Shi Huang (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chin Shih-huang) (November / December 260 BCE â€“ September 10, 210 BCE), personal name YÃng ZhÃ¨ng, was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BCE to 221 BCE (officially still under the Zhou Dynasty... Qin empire in 210 BC Capital Xianyang Language(s) Chinese Religion Taoism Government Monarchy History - Unification of China 221 BC - Death of Qin Shi Huangdi 210 BC - Surrender to Liu Bang 206 BC The Qin Dynasty (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chin Chao) (221 BC - 206 BC) was preceded... In Chinese history, Legalism (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fa-chia; literally School of law) was one of the four main philosophic schools in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (Near the end of the Zhou dynasty from about the sixth century BC to about the third... Alternative meaning: Warring States Period (Japan) The Warring States Period (traditional Chinese: 戰國時代, simplified Chinese: 战国时代 pinyin Zhànguó Shídài) takes place from sometime in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by Qin in 221 BC. It is nominally... Yue (Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: YÃ¼eh4; also seen as Yueh, Yuet, Viá»‡t) refers to ancient semi-Sinicized or non-Sinicized Chinese peoples of southern China, originally those along the eastern coastline of present-day Zhejiang province and Shanghai. ... Not to be confused with the former Kwantung Leased Territory in north-eastern China. ... Northern Vietnam and Southern Vietnam are two general regions within Vietnam. ... Tonkin, also spelled Tongkin or Tongking, is the northernmost part of Vietnam, south of Chinas Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces, east of northern Laos, and west of the Gulf of Tonkin. ... Annam, literally meaning Pacified South, is a region of central Vietnam that fell under Chinese rule in 111 BC as Annan (å®‰å—). Known locally as Trung Bá»™, meaning Central Boundary, it was formerly a kingdom the size of Sweden with its capital at Huáº¿. It had been seized by the French... For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ...

Han Dynasty

The period of the Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD) was a groundbreaking era in the history of Imperial China's foreign relations. During the long reign of Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BC), the travels of Chinese ambassador Zhang Qian opened up China's relations with many different Asian territories for the first time. While traveling to the Western Regions in order to seek out an alliance with the Yuezhi against the Xiongnu, Zhang was imprisoned by the Xiongnu for many years, but he brought back detailed reports of lands that had been previously unknown to the Chinese. This included details of his travels to the Greek-Hellenized kingdoms of Fergana (Dayuan) and the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (Daxia), as well as reports of Anxi (Parthia), Tiaozhi (Mesopotamia), Shendu (India), and the Wusun Central Asian nomads. After his travels, the famous land trading route of the Silk Road leading from China to the Roman Empire was established. Emperor Wu was also known for his conquests and successful campaigns against the Xiongnu. He warred against the Kingdom of Wiman Joseon in order to establish the Four Commanderies of Han in Manchuria, one of which was established in northern Korea, the Lelang Commandery. By 111 BC, Emperor Wu reconquered northern Vietnam. It had had been under the Nanyue Kingdom's rule since the Qin naval officer Zhao Tuo had broken ties with mainland rule in the fall of Qin and establishment of Han. Han Dynasty in 87 BC Capital Changan (202 BCâ€“9 AD) Luoyang (25 ADâ€“190 AD) Language(s) Chinese Religion Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy History - Establishment 206 BC - Battle of Gaixia; Han rule of China begins 202 BC - Interruption of Han rule 9 - 24 - Abdication to Cao Wei 220... Emperor Wu of Han (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), (156 BC[1]â€“March 29, 87 BC), personal name Liu Che (åŠ‰å¾¹), was the seventh emperor of the Han Dynasty in China, ruling from 141 BC to 87 BC. Emperor Wu is best remembered for the vast territorial expansion that occurred under... Zhang Qian (å¼µé¨«) was an imperial envoy in the 2nd century BCE, during the time of the Han Dynasty. ... The Western Regions (西域) is a historical region of Central Asia which corresponds roughly with the modern Chinese province of Xinjiang. ... Languages Unknown, although the epigraphy ranges from Greek language to Bactrian, and often considered to have spoken a Tocharian language. ... A Xiongnu belt buckle. ... The Hellenistic period (4th - 1st c. ... Fergana Fergana or Farghana (Uzbek: Fargona [Ð¤Ð°Ñ€Ò“Ð¾Ð½Ð°], Russian: Ð¤ÐµÑ€Ð³Ð°Ð½Ð°, Tajik: Ð¤Ð°Ñ€Ò“Ð¾Ð½Ð°) is a city (1999 population: 182,800), the capital of Fergana Province in eastern Uzbekistan, at the southern edge of the Fergana Valley in southern Central Asia, cutting across the borders of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. ... The Ta-Yuan (in Ferghana) was one of the three advanced civilizations of Central Asia around 130 BCE, together with Parthia and Greco-Bactria (Han Shu, Former Han Chinese Chronicles). ... The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (or Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom) covered the areas of Bactria and Sogdiana, comprising todays northern Afghanistan and parts of Central Asia, the easternmost area of the Hellenistic world, from 250 to 125 BCE. The expansion of the Greco-Bactrians into northern India from 180 BCE established... Ideograms for Ta-Hia. ... Parthia[1] (Middle Persian: Ø§Ø´Ú©Ø§Ù†ÛŒØ§Ù† AshkÃ¢niÃ¢n) was a civilization situated in the northeast of modern Iran, but at its height covering all of Iran proper, as well as regions of the modern countries of Armenia, Iraq, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, the Persian Gulf... For other uses, see Mesopotamia (disambiguation). ... Wusun (çƒå«) --- information about this historic people can be found in Chinese historical annals. ... Kazakh nomads in the steppes of the Russian Empire, ca. ... â€œSilk Routeâ€ redirects here. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... Wiman Joseon (194 BC - 108 BC) was the continuation of Go-Joseon, founded by Wiman. ... The Four Commanderies of Han (æ¼¢å››éƒ¡, í•œì‚¬êµ°) are Lelang, Lintun, Xuantu and Zhenfan commanderies in the western Korean peninsula or Liaodong set up by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in early 2nd century BC after his conquest of Wiman Joseon. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the Korean peninsula and civilization. ... Lelang (樂浪郡 le4 lang4 jun4) was one of the Chinese commanderies which was kept in the Korean Peninsula over 400 years until Goguryeo conquers it in 313 A.D. History In 108 B.C. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty conquered the area under Youqu (右渠), a... Motto Independence - Freedom - Happiness Anthem Tiáº¿n QuÃ¢n Ca (first verse) Capital Hanoi Largest city Ho Chi Minh City Official languages Vietnamese Demonym Vietnamese Government Socialist republic1 - President - Prime Minister - General Secretary Independence from France - Date September 2, 1945 - Recognized 1954 Area - Total 331,689 kmÂ² (65th) 128,065... TÃ¢y SÆ¡n Dynasty (1778â€“1802) Nguyá»…n Dynasty (1802â€“1945) Union of Indochina (1887â€“1954) Empire of Vietnam (1945) North-South Division During The Indochina Wars (1945â€“1975) Democratic Republic of Vietnam State of Vietnam Republic of Vietnam Republic of South Vietnam Socialist Republic of Vietnam (from 1976... Zhao Tuo (Traditional Chinese: è¶™ä½—; pinyin: ZhÃ o TuÅ) or Triá»‡u ÄÃ in Vietnamese, was a Chinese commanding general of the Qin dynasty who later founded the kingdom of Nanyue, or Nam Viá»‡t (å—è¶Š). He was also the founder of the Zhao Dynasty (Trieu Dynasty) of Nanyue. ...

Yet Chinese trading missions to follow were not limited to travelling across land and terrain. During the 2nd century BC, the Chinese had sailed past Southeast Asia and into the Indian Ocean, reaching India and Sri Lanka by sea before the Romans. This sea route became well traveled not only by merchants and diplomats, but also Chinese religious missionaries in search of further Indian Buddhist texts to translate from Sanskrit to Chinese. In 148 AD, the Parthian prince known as An Shigao was the first to translate Buddhist scriptures into Chinese. There were many other Buddhist missionaries as well, including Yuezhi missionaries and Kushan Buddhist missionaries from northern India who introduced Buddhism to China. The Emperor Ming of Han establishing the White Horse Temple in the 1st century AD is demarcated by the 6th century Chinese writer Yang Xuanzhi as the official introduction of Buddhism to China. Also by the 1st century AD, the Chinese made sea contacts with Yayoi period Japan, inhabited by what the Chinese termed as the Wa people. By the 1st century, the Chinese also established relations with the Kingdom of Funan, centered in what is now Cambodia, but stretched partly into Burma, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. Download high resolution version (850x550, 151 KB)Map of Han Dynasty empire 87 BC, showing the capital Changan and the location of all commandery seats. ... Download high resolution version (850x550, 151 KB)Map of Han Dynasty empire 87 BC, showing the capital Changan and the location of all commandery seats. ... Han Dynasty in 87 BC Capital Changan (202 BCâ€“9 AD) Luoyang (25 ADâ€“190 AD) Language(s) Chinese Religion Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy History - Establishment 206 BC - Battle of Gaixia; Han rule of China begins 202 BC - Interruption of Han rule 9 - 24 - Abdication to Cao Wei 220... â€œSilk Routeâ€ redirects here. ... Emperor Wu of Han (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), (156 BC[1]â€“March 29, 87 BC), personal name Liu Che (åŠ‰å¾¹), was the seventh emperor of the Han Dynasty in China, ruling from 141 BC to 87 BC. Emperor Wu is best remembered for the vast territorial expansion that occurred under... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... A silhouette of a Buddha statue at Ayutthaya, Thailand. ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Parthia[1] (Middle Persian: Ø§Ø´Ú©Ø§Ù†ÛŒØ§Ù† AshkÃ¢niÃ¢n) was a civilization situated in the northeast of modern Iran, but at its height covering all of Iran proper, as well as regions of the modern countries of Armenia, Iraq, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, the Persian Gulf... An Shih-kao (?-~168) (å®‰ä¸–é«˜; pinyin Ä€n ShÃgÄo) was a prince of Parthia, nicknamed the Parthian Marquis, who renounced his prospect as a contender for the royal throne of Parthia in order to serve as a Buddhist missionary monk. ... Boundary of the Kushan empire, c. ... Blue-eyed Central Asian and East-Asian Buddhist monks, Bezaklik, Eastern Tarim Basin, 9th-10th century. ... Emperor Ming of Han, ch. ... White Horse Temple (Simplified Chinese: ç™½é©¬å¯º; Traditional Chinese: ç™½é¦¬å¯º; pinyin: ; also White Horse Ministry) was the first Buddhist temple in China, established under the patronage of Emperor Ming in the Eastern Han capital Luoyang in the year 68. ... Yang Xuanzhi (Chinese:楊衒之) was a Chinese writer and translator of Mahayana Buddhist texts into the Chinese language, during the 6th century, under the Northern Wei Dynasty. ... Seated Buddha, from the Chinese Tang Dynasty, Hebei province, ca. ... The following text needs to be harmonized with text in the article History of Japan#Yayoi Period. ... Ideogram for Wa, formed by the radical for person (on the left), and the phonetic element Wei on the right (itself represented by a rice plant in the upper part and a woman in the lower part). ... TÃ¢y SÆ¡n Dynasty (1778â€“1802) Nguyá»…n Dynasty (1802â€“1945) French Indochina (1887â€“1954) Empire of Vietnam (1945) North-South Division During The Indochina Wars (1945â€“1975) Democratic Republic of Vietnam State of Vietnam Republic of Vietnam Republic of South Vietnam Socialist Republic of Vietnam (from 1976) List...

The Han general Ban Chao (32-102 AD) reconquered the states in the Western Regions (modern day Tarim Basin in Xinjiang) after pushing the Xiongnu out of the region. This included the kingdoms of Kashgar, Loulan, and Khotan, which were returned to Chinese control. However, in his war against the Xiongnu he traveled past the Pamir Mountains and far into Central Asia and even into Persia, the latter of which was under control of the Parthian Empire. He reached as far as the Caspian Sea, yet sent his emissary Gan Ying even further in order to reach Rome (Daqin). Gan Ying perhaps made it as far as the Black Sea and Roman-era Syria, but turned back. He did however bring back reports of the Roman Empire, and there is evidence that subsequent Roman embassies to China took place. Ban Chao (çè¶…, 32-102 CE) was a Chinese general and cavalry commander in charge of the administration of the Western Regions (Central Asia) during the Eastern Han dynasty. ... The Western Regions (西域) is a historical region of Central Asia which corresponds roughly with the modern Chinese province of Xinjiang. ... Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin. ... For the county in Shanxi province, see Xinjiang County. ... Location of Kashgar Kashgars Sunday market Kashgar (also spelled Cascar[1]) (Uyghur: /; Chinese: ; pinyin: , ), is an oasis city in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the Peoples Republic of China. ... A carved wooden beam from Loulan, 3-4th century CE. The patterns show influences from ancient western civilizations. ... Mosque in Khotan. ... A photograph of Ismail Samani Peak (then known as Peak Communism) taken in 1989. ... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the worlds largest lake or a full-fledged sea. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... Daqin (Ch:å¤§ç§¦) is the ancient Chinese name for the Roman Empire. ... Sino-Roman relations started first on an indirect basis with the opening of the Silk Road during the 2nd century BC. China and Rome progressively inched closer with the embassies of Zhang Qian in 130 BC and the military expeditions of China to Central Asia, until general Ban Chao attempted...

Sixteen Kingdoms

Although introduced during the Han Dynasty, the chaotic, divisionary period of the Sixteen Kingdoms (220-589) period saw a flourishing of Buddhism and travels to foreign regions inspired by Buddhist missionaries. There were Indian monks such as Kumarajiva (344-413) from Kucha who traveled to China in order to translate Sanskrit-language texts into Chinese. There were also many Chinese who traveled abroad in order to obtain and translate Buddhist sutras into Chinese, such as the Chinese monk Faxian (337-422), who in his old age traveled to Sri Lanka, India, and Nepal. From China, Buddhism entered Korea by 372. It was first practiced in the northern state of Goguryeo, and would eventually develop into distinctive Korean Buddhism. As recorded in the Nihon Shoki, Buddhism in Japan was introduced by 552 with a religious mission sent by Seong of Baekje, ruler of one of the three Korean kingdoms. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (2048 Ã— 1536 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (2048 Ã— 1536 pixel, file size: 1. ... The Yungang Grottoes (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) are ancient Buddhist temple grottoes near the city of Datong in the Chinese province of Shanxi. ... A silhouette of a Buddha statue at Ayutthaya, Thailand. ... The Sixteen Kingdoms, or less commonly the Sixteen States, were a collection of numerous short-lived sovereignities in the China proper and neighboring areas from AD 304 to 439 after the retreat of the Jin Dynasty (265-420) to South China and before the establishment of the Northern Dynasties. ... A silhouette of a Buddha statue at Ayutthaya, Thailand. ... A Buddhist Monk in Sri Lanka In PÄli, a bhikkhu (male) or bhikkhuni (female) is a fully ordained Buddhist monk. ... KumÄrajÄ«va (Chinese: é³©æ‘©ç¾…ä»€; Jiumoluoshi; also Kiu-kiu-lo, Kiu-mo-lo-che, Kiu-mo-to-tche-po, Tang-cheu) was a Kuchean Buddhist monk and scholar whose father was originally from an Indian noble family, and whose mother was a princess. ... Kucha/Kuchar (Chinese Simplified: åº“è½¦; Traditional: åº«è»Š; pinyin KÃ¹chÄ“; also romanized as Chiu-tzu, Kiu-che, Kuei-tzu. ... SÅ«tra (sex) (Sanskrit) or Sutta (PÄli) literally means a rope or thread that holds things together, and more metaphorically refers to an aphorism (or line, rule, formula), or a collection of such aphorisms in the form of a manual. ... Faxian(Chinese: ; pinyin: ; also romanized as Fa-Hien or Fa-hsien) (ca. ... Chinese name Russian name Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient kingdom located in southern Manchuria, southern Russian Maritime province, and the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula. ... The grounds of Koreas Buryeongsa Temple. ... Nihonshoki (日本書紀) is the second oldest history book about the ancient history of Japan. ... The Buddha in Kamakura (1252). ... Seong (d. ...

Three Kingdoms

The Three Kingdoms (220-280) was a period of Chinese history consumed by incessant warfare amongst a triad of rival claimants to the Han legacy. The triple schism of China into three warring states made engaging in costly conflict a necessity, so they could not heavily commit themselves to issues and concerns of traveling abroad. The Kingdom of Shu Han in the west conquered the Hmong people to the southwest, then known as the Nanman. There was another recorded Roman embassy to China that visited the court of Cao Rui (226-239) in the northern state of Cao Wei, most likely sent by Alexander Severus. Another Roman embassy was recorded in 284, most likely sent by Carus; this was the last Sino-Roman contact recorded by the Chinese. The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ... The Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ) (221 – 263) was one of the Three Kingdoms competing for control of China after the fall of the Han Dynasty. ... Languages Hmong/Mong Religions Shamanism, Buddhism, Christianity, others The terms Hmong (IPA:) and Mong () both refer to an Asian ethnic group whose homeland was originally in the mountainous regions of southern China. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Sino-Roman relations started first on an indirect basis during the 2nd century BCE. China and Rome progressively inched closer with the embassies of Zhang Qian in 130 BCE and the military expeditions of China to Central Asia, until general Ban Chao attempted to send an envoy to Rome around... Cao Rui, ch. ... The territories of Cao Wei (in yellow), AD 262 Capital Luoyang Language(s) Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor - 220 - 226 Cao Pi - 226 - 239 Cao Rui - 239 - 254 Cao Fang - 254 - 260 Cao Mao - 260 - 265 Cao Huan Historical era Three Kingdoms - Cao Pi taking over the throne of the Later... Alexander Severus Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexandrus (October 1, 208- March 18?, 235), commonly called Alexander Severus, Roman emperor from 222 to 235, was born at Arca Caesarea in Palestine. ... Marcus Aurelius Carus (c. ...

Jin Dynasty

The Jin Dynasty was established in 265 (after conquering Shu Han) by the noble Sima family that had once served the state of Cao Wei, and conquered the kingdom of Eastern Wu in 280, thus ending the Three Kingdoms era. However, the state was weakened and left vulnerable with the War of the Eight Princes from 291 to 306. This allowed for sinicized Xiongnu nomads to capture both of China's historical capitals at Luoyang and Chang'an, forcing the remnants of the Jin court to flee south to Jiankang (Nanjing). The Xiongnu then established rule in the north under the Han Zhao kingdom. The Jin Dynasty period saw a continuing flourishing of Buddhism and Buddhist travel. The Jin Dynasty (æ™‰ pinyin: jÃ¬n, 265-420), one of the Six Dynasties, followed the Three Kingdoms and preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China. ... The Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ) (221 – 263) was one of the Three Kingdoms competing for control of China after the fall of the Han Dynasty. ... The territories of Cao Wei (in yellow), AD 262 Capital Luoyang Language(s) Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor - 220 - 226 Cao Pi - 226 - 239 Cao Rui - 239 - 254 Cao Fang - 254 - 260 Cao Mao - 260 - 265 Cao Huan Historical era Three Kingdoms - Cao Pi taking over the throne of the Later... The territories of Eastern Wu (in green), AD 262 Capital Jianye Language(s) Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor - 222 - 252 Sun Quan - 252 - 258 Sun Liang - 258 - 264 Sun Xiu - 264 - 280 Sun Hao Historical era Three Kingdoms - Establishment 222 - Sun Quan declares himself emperor 229 - Conquest of Wu by Jin... This article appears to contradict itself. ... A Xiongnu belt buckle. ... Luoyang (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a prefecture-level city in western Henan province, Peoples Republic of China. ... For other uses, see Changan (disambiguation). ... Jiankang (建康城 in pinyin: Jiànkāng chéng), formerly known as Jianye (建業 Jiànyè) until Eastern Jin Dynasty (317 - 420), is an ancient city in China, located west of present-day Nanjing, in south Jiangning County (江寧縣 Jiāngníng Xi... â€œNankingâ€ redirects here. ... The Han Zhao (Simplified Chinese script: æ±‰èµµ, Traditional Chinese script: æ¼¢è¶™, pinyin: HÃ nzhÃ o) (304-329) was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Chinese Jin Dynasty (265-420). ...

Southern and Northern Dynasties

The Southern and Northern Dynasties (420-589) period was a period consumed by warfare like the Three Kingdoms before it, yet this period saw the flourishing of Buddhist sites along the Silk Road like never before. This includes Buddhist sites such as the Yungang Grottoes, the Longmen Grottoes, and the Mogao Caves. This article is about China. ... â€œSilk Routeâ€ redirects here. ... The Yungang Grottoes (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) are ancient Buddhist temple grottoes near the city of Datong in the Chinese province of Shanxi. ... The Longmen Grottoes (ch. ... The Mogao Caves, or Mogao Grottoes (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) form a system of 492 temples 25km (15. ...

Sui Dynasty

Emperor Wen of Sui ruled in northern China since 581, and conquered the Chen Dynasty in the south by 589, hence reunifying China under the Sui Dynasty (581–618). The Grand Canal of China was completed during the Sui Dynasty, enhancing indigenous trade between northern and southern China by canal and river traffic. He and his successor Emperor Yang of Sui initiated several military campaigns. Northern Vietnam was retaken by conquest, while there was a temporary occupation of the Champa Kingdom in southern Vietnam. They launched unsuccessful campaigns against the northern Korean kingdom of Goguryeo during the Three Kingdoms of Korea, depleting not only troops but ultimately much of the government's revenue. One of the diplomatic highlights of this short-lived dynastic period was Prince Shōtoku's Japanese embassy to China led by Ono no Imoko in 607 AD. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 300 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (706 Ã— 1409 pixel, file size: 414 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Umayado Miko(åŽ©æˆ¸çš‡å);Prince ShÅtoku (è–å¾³å¤ªå c. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 300 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (706 Ã— 1409 pixel, file size: 414 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Umayado Miko(åŽ©æˆ¸çš‡å);Prince ShÅtoku (è–å¾³å¤ªå c. ... Prince ShÅtoku (è–å¾³å¤ªå c. ... Emperor Wen of Sui (541-604), personal name Yang Jian, also known by the Xianbei name Puliuru Jian (æ™®å…èŒ¹å …) during Northern Zhou, nickname Naluoyan (é‚£ç¾…å»¶), was the founder and first emperor of Chinas Sui Dynasty. ... Chen Dynasty é™³æœ (557-589) was the fourth and the last of the Southern dynasties in China, eliminated by the Sui Dynasty. ... The Sui Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; 581-619[1]) followed the Southern and Northern Dynasties and preceded the Tang Dynasty in China. ... Grand Canal of China The Grand Canal of China (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), also known as the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) is the longest ancient canal or artificial river in the world. ... Alternative meaning: In geology, North China (continent) and South China (continent) were two ancient landmasses that correspond to modern northern and southern China. ... Emperor Yang of Sui China (569 - March 11, 618), or Yangdi was the son and heir of Emperor Wen of Sui, and then the second emperor of Chinas Sui Dynasty. ... Annam, literally meaning Pacified South, is a region of central Vietnam that fell under Chinese rule in 111 BC as Annan (å®‰å—). Known locally as Trung Bá»™, meaning Central Boundary, it was formerly a kingdom the size of Sweden with its capital at Huáº¿. It had been seized by the French... South East Asia circa 1100 C.E. Champa territory in green. ... Chinese name Russian name Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient kingdom located in southern Manchuria, southern Russian Maritime province, and the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula. ... The Three Kingdoms Period of Korea (hangul: ì‚¼êµì‹œëŒ€) featured the three rival kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula and parts of Manchuria for much of the 1st millennium CE. Historians claim that the Three Kingdoms period ran from the 1st century BCE (specifically 57 BC) until... Prince ShÅtoku (è–å¾³å¤ªå c. ... Imperial embassies to China were missions to China for importing the technologies and culture of China to Japan. ... Ono no Imoko (å°é‡Žå¦¹å) was a Japanese clan leader during the late 6th and early 7th century. ...

Tang Dynasty

The Tang Dynasty (618-907) represents another high point for the Middle Kingdom in terms of its military might, conquest and establishment of vassals and tributaries, foreign trade, and its central political position and preeminent cultural status in East Asia. For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ...

One of the most ambitious rulers of the dynasty was Emperor Taizong of Tang (r. 626-649). He initiated several significant war campaigns in Chinese history, most of them against powerful Turkic groups of Central Asia. This includes campaigns against Eastern Tujue, Tuyuhun, Tufan, the Xiyu states of the Tarim Basin, and the Xueyantuo. In a formidable alliance with the Korean Silla Kingdom, a combined Tang-Silla fleet made a decisive victory over the Korean Baekje Kingdom and her Yamato Japanese allies in the naval Battle of Baekgang in 663. Emperor Taizong also invaded northern Korea in an effort to help their Silla Kingdom ally crush its rival kingdom of Goguryeo to the north. Taizong's other intention in invading northern Korea was to secure territory of an old Chinese commandery in northern Korea that had been lost since the Goguryeo Kingdom captured it from the Jin Dynasty in the 4th century. However, Goguryeo's territory fell into the hands of Silla, not the Tang Dynasty. Emperor Taizong of Tang China (Chinese: , January 23, 599â€“July 10, 649), born LÄ ShÃ¬MÃn (Chinese: ), was the second emperor of the Tang Dynasty of China from 626 to 649. ... For a specific analysis of the population of Turkey, see People of Turkey and Demographics of Turkey. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... â€¹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ... â€¹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ... â€¹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ... â€¹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ... Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin. ... â€¹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ... Silla (also spelled Shilla, traditional dates 57 BCE - 935 CE) was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. ... Baekje (October 18 BC â€“ August AD 660) was a kingdom in the southwest of the Korean Peninsula. ... The following text needs to be harmonized with text in the article History of Japan#Yamato period. ... The multinational Combined Task Force One Five Zero (CTF-150) The British Grand Fleet, the supreme naval force of World War I A rare occurrence of a 5-country multinational fleet, during Operation Enduring Freedom in the Oman Sea. ... Combatants Silla and Tang Dynasty China Baekje and Japan Commanders Unknown Boksin, Buyeo Pung, Abe no Hirafu Strength 130,000 warriors; at least 170 ships 29,000 warriors; at least 170 ships Casualties Unknown 400 ships; Unknown number of warriors lost The Battle of Baekgang, also known as Battle of... Emperor Taizong of Tang (r. ... Unified Silla is the name often applied to the Korean kingdom of Silla after 668. ... Chinese name Russian name Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient kingdom located in southern Manchuria, southern Russian Maritime province, and the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula. ... Lelang (樂浪郡 le4 lang4 jun4) was one of the Chinese commanderies which was kept in the Korean Peninsula over 400 years until Goguryeo conquers it in 313 A.D. History In 108 B.C. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty conquered the area under Youqu (右渠), a... The Jin Dynasty (æ™‰ pinyin: jÃ¬n, 265-420), one of the Six Dynasties, followed the Three Kingdoms and preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China. ...

Chinese trade relations during the Tang was extended further west to the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa, and Egypt. Many contemporary writers from foreign countries described Chinese ships, Chinese goods brought to foreign ports, as well as Chinese seaports. Amongst the Chinese authors, the writer Duan Chengshi (d. 863) described trade in East African Somalia and between 785 and 805 the Chinese geographer Jia Dan described lighthouses that were erected in the Persian Gulf, confirmed later by Muslim writers al-Mas'udi and al-Muqaddasi. The introduction of Islam in China began during the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang (r. 649–683), with missionaries such as Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, a maternal uncle to the Prophet Muhammad. The seaport at Guangzhou in southern China became one of the largest seaports in the world, hosting foreign travelers throughout maritime Asia. The Tang Chinese capital city of Chang'an became well-known as a multicultural metropolis filled with foreign travelers, dignitaries, merchants, emissaries, and missionaries. Chinese Buddhist monks such as Xuanzang (d. 664) continued to travel abroad to places like India in order to gain wisdom, collect Buddhist relics, and translate additional sutras into Chinese. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 428 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (472 Ã— 661 pixel, file size: 347 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Faithful reproductions of two-dimensional original works cannot attract copyright in the U.S. according to the rule in Bridgeman Art Library v. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 428 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (472 Ã— 661 pixel, file size: 347 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Faithful reproductions of two-dimensional original works cannot attract copyright in the U.S. according to the rule in Bridgeman Art Library v. ... Emperor Taizong of Tang China (Chinese: , January 23, 599â€“July 10, 649), born LÄ ShÃ¬MÃn (Chinese: ), was the second emperor of the Tang Dynasty of China from 626 to 649. ... Yan Liben ( 600 - 673) was a Chinese painter and government official of the early Tang Dynasty. ... The Arabian Peninsula Emirets towers in United Arab Emirates; the eastern part of Arabian Penisula The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: Ø´Ø¨Ù‡ Ø§Ù„Ø¬Ø²ÙŠØ±Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨ÙŠØ©, or Ø¬Ø²ÙŠØ±Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨) is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia consisting mainly of desert. ... Eastern Africa (UN subregion) East African Community Central African Federation (defunct) geographic, including above East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easternmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. ... Duan Chengshi (Chinese: ; Wade-Giles: Tuan Chengshih, d. ... The Zheng He map, produced in 1763. ... Eddystone Lighthouse, one of the first wavewashed lighthouses For other uses, see Lighthouse (disambiguation). ... Map of the Persian Gulf. ... Al-Masudi or Abu-Alhasan Ali bin al-Husain. ... Muhammad ibn Ahmad Shams al-Din Al-Muqaddasi (Arabic: Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø¨Ù† Ø§Ù…ØØ¯ Ø´Ù…Ø³ Ø§Ù„Ø¯ÙŠÙ† Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù‚Ø¯Ø³ÙŠ) (also known as Al-Maqdisi) was a notable medieval Arab geographer, author of Ahsan at-Taqasim fi Ma`rifat il-Aqalim (The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions). ... Islam has a rich heritage in China. ... Emperor Gaozong (628 - 683) was the third emperor of Tang Dynasty in China and he ruled from 649 to 683. ... Sa`ad ibn AbÄ« WaqqÄs (Arabic: â€Ž ) was an early convert to Islam from the BanÅ« Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe and important companions of the Prophet Muhammad. ... Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Port. ... Guangzhou is the capital and the sub-provincial city of Guangdong Province in the southern part of the Peoples Republic of China. ... For other uses, see Changan (disambiguation). ... Multiculturalism or cultural pluralism is a policy, ideal, or reality that emphasizes the unique characteristics of different cultures in the world, especially as they relate to one another in immigrant receiving nations. ... Cities with at least a million inhabitants in 2006 A metropolis (in Greek Î¼Î®Ï„Î·Ï, mÄ“tÄ“r = mother and Ï€ÏŒÎ»Î¹Ï‚, pÃ³lis = city/town) is a big city[1], in most cases with over half a million inhabitants in the city proper, and with a population of at least one million living... A portrait of Xuanzang Xuanzang (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: HsÃ¼an-tsang; CantoneseIPA: jyn4tsÉ”Å‹1; CantoneseJyutping: jyun4zong1) was a famous Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler and translator that brought up the interaction between China and India in the early Tang period. ... SÅ«tra (sex) (Sanskrit) or Sutta (PÄli) literally means a rope or thread that holds things together, and more metaphorically refers to an aphorism (or line, rule, formula), or a collection of such aphorisms in the form of a manual. ...

Although the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (r. 712–756) is seen as the zenith point of the Tang Dynasty, it was during the last years of his reign that one of the most destructive rebellions in Chinese history occurred. The Tang Chinese had recruited many Central Asian Turks into their armed forces. One of these was An Lushan (703–757), a Sogdian-Turk who became a military commander and personal favorite of Xuanzong's concubine Yang Guifei. He instigated the An Lushan Rebellion, which caused the deaths of millions of people, cost the Tang Dynasty their Central Asian possessions, and allowed the Tibetans to invade China and temporarily occupy the capital at Chang'an. The dynasty recovered under Emperor Xianzong of Tang (805-820) but it never achieved its former martial and political strength. The unintended affect of the rebellion, however, was the loosening of government restrictions on trade. Although the 9th century was politically turbulent, the economy of China actually continued to thrive, bolstered still by foreign trade. The Japanese were sending embassies to Tang China as late as 894, which was finally halted by Emperor Uda by the persuasion of Sugawara no Michizane. Emperor Tang Xuanzong (å”çŽ„å®—) (September 8, 685 - May 3, 762), born Li Longji (æŽéš†åŸº), was the sixth emperor of the Tang dynasty of China, reigning from 712 to 756. ... An Lushan (Simplified Chinese: å®‰ç¦„å±±; Pinyin: ) (703 - 757) was a military leader of Sogdian origin during the Tang Dynasty in China. ... Sogdiana, ca. ... YÃ¡ng GuÃ¬fÄ“i (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), YÃ¡ng: (a common surname), GuÃ¬fÄ“i: highest-ranking imperial concubine (literally means precious princess consort), (June 1, 719 â€” July 15, 756), born YÃ¡ng YÃ¹huÃ¡n (æ¥ŠçŽ‰ç’°), was one of the Four Beauties of ancient China. ... The Anshi Rebellion (安史之亂 pinyin: an1 shi3 zhi1 luan4) occurred in China, during the Tang Dynasty, from 756 to 763. ... This article is about historical/cultural Tibet. ... Emperor Tang Xianzong (å”å®ªå®—æŽçº¯ 778â€“820), born Li Chun, was the 11th emperor of the Tang dynasty of China. ... Imperial embassies to China were missions to China for importing the technologies and culture of China to Japan. ... Emperor Uda (å®‡å¤šå¤©çš‡ Uda TennÅ) (May 5, 867- July 19, 931) was the 59th imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. ... Sugawara no Michizane by Kikuchi Yosai Kanke (also known as Sugawara no Michizane, from Ogura Hyakunin Isshu) Sugawara no Michizane (è…åŽŸé“çœŸ 845 - March 26, 903), also known as Kan ShÅjÅ (è…ä¸žç›¸), was a scholar, poet, and politician of the Heian Period of Japan. ...

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-960) period was an age of division and Chinese civil war between the unified Tang and Song dynasties. It is notable for the introduction of Greek Fire (or a formula similar to the original) from Chinese contacts in Arabia. Greek Fire was then applied to the new Chinese invention of the double-piston pump flamethrower, used in battle during the eras of the Five Dynasties and Song Dynasty. Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (Traditional Chinese: 五代十國 Simplified Chinese: 五代十国 Hanyu pinyin: Wǔdàishíguó) (907-960) was a period of political upheaval in China, between the Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty. ... Greek fire was a burning-liquid weapon used by the Byzantine Greeks, typically in naval battles to great effect as it could continue burning even on water. ... The Arabian Peninsula Emirets towers in United Arab Emirates; the eastern part of Arabian Penisula The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: Ø´Ø¨Ù‡ Ø§Ù„Ø¬Ø²ÙŠØ±Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨ÙŠØ©, or Ø¬Ø²ÙŠØ±Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨) is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia consisting mainly of desert. ... For the use of the term in optics, see piston (optics). ... Riverboat of the U.S. Brownwater Navy shooting ignited napalm from its mounted flamethrower during the Vietnam war. ... Northern Song in 1111 AD Capital Kaifeng (960â€“1127) Linan (1127â€“1276) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor - 960-976 Emperor Taizu - 1126â€“1127 Emperor Qinzong - 1127â€“1162 Emperor Gaozong - 1278â€“1279 Emperor Bing History - Zhao Kuangyin taking over the throne of the Later Zhou...

Song Dynasty

The Chinese political theory of China being the center of world diplomacy was largely accepted in East Asia, except in periods of Chinese weakness such as the Song Dynasty (960-1279). The During the Northern Song period (960-1279), the Chinese emperors were forced to accept the Khitan Khaghan, ruler of the Manchurian-based Liao Dynasty, as their equals. When the Jurchens toppled the Liao Dynasty in a rebellion aided by the Song Dynasty, they then turned against Song and conquered northern China as far south as the Huai River. The Southern Song (1127-1279) court was then forced to acknowledge the rulers of the Jurchen Jin Dynasty as their superiors. The Mongols conquered the Jin Dynasty in 1234 with aid given by the Song, yet the Song Dynasty was also conquered by 1279. Created and copyright (2004) by Yu Ninjie. ... Created and copyright (2004) by Yu Ninjie. ... Alternative meaning: Song Dynasty (420-479) The Song dynasty (Chinese: 宋朝) was a ruling dynasty in China from 960-1279. ... Location of Western Xia in 1142 Capital Xingqing Government Monarchy Emperor - 1038-1048 Emperor Jingzong - 1226-1227 Emperor Modi History - Established 1038 - Surrendered to the Mongol Empire 1227 Population - peak est. ... The Liao Dynasty (Traditional Chinese: , Simplified Chinese: , pinyin: LiÃ¡o ChÃ¡o), 907-1125, also known as the Khitan Empire, was an empire in northern China that ruled over the regions of Manchuria, Mongolia, and parts of northern China proper. ... East Asia Geographic East Asia. ... Northern Song in 1111 AD Capital Kaifeng (960â€“1127) Linan (1127â€“1276) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor - 960-976 Emperor Taizu - 1126â€“1127 Emperor Qinzong - 1127â€“1162 Emperor Gaozong - 1278â€“1279 Emperor Bing History - Zhao Kuangyin taking over the throne of the Later Zhou... Khitan may refer to: Khitan people Khitan language Khitan script Category: ... Khagan or Great Khan, alternatively spelled Chagan, Qaqan, Khakhan, Khaghan, Kagan, Khaqan etc. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Liao Dynasty (Traditional Chinese: , Simplified Chinese: , pinyin: LiÃ¡o ChÃ¡o), 907-1125, also known as the Khitan Empire, was an empire in northern China that ruled over the regions of Manchuria, Mongolia, and parts of northern China proper. ... The Jurchens (Chinese: 女真, pinyin: nǚzhēn) were a Tungusic people who inhabited parts of Manchuria and northern Korea until the seventeenth century, when they became the Manchus. ... Alternative meaning: In geology, North China (continent) and South China (continent) were two ancient landmasses that correspond to modern northern and southern China. ... Huai He The Huai River (Chinese: 淮河; pinyin: ) is about mid-way between the Yellow River (Huang He) and the Yangtze River. ... now. ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ...

With powerful sinicized kingdoms to its north such as the Tangut-led Western Xia, the Song Dynasty Chinese were forced to engage in skillful diplomacy. The famous statesmen Shen Kuo (1031-1095) and Su Song (1020-1101) were both sent as Song ambassadors to the Liao Dynasty in order to settle border disputes. Shen Kuo asserted Song China's rightful borders in the north by dredging up old archived court documents and signed agreements between the Song and Liao dynasties. Su Song asserted Song China's rightful borders in a similar way, only he used his extensive knowledge of cartography and maps to solve a heated border dispute. The Tangut, also known as the Western Xia were a Qiangic-Tibetan people who moved to the highlands of western Sichuan sometime before the 10th century AD. They spoke Tangut language a now-extinct Tibeto-Burman language. ... Location of Western Xia in 1142 Capital Xingqing Government Monarchy Emperor - 1038-1048 Emperor Jingzong - 1226-1227 Emperor Modi History - Established 1038 - Surrendered to the Mongol Empire 1227 Population - peak est. ... This article is about negotiations. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Shen Shen Kuo or Shen Kua (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) (1031â€“1095) was a polymath Chinese scientist and statesman of the Song Dynasty (960â€“1279). ... Su Song è˜‡é Œ (1020 â€“ 1101), style Zirong åå®¹, was a Chinese engineer. ... Cartography or mapmaking (in Greek chartis = map and graphein = write) is the study and practice of making maps or globes. ...

Chinese maritime trade increased dramatically during the Song period, with the bustling seaport at Quanzhou taking the lead. Maritime trade abroad was augmented by a booming shipbuilding industry in medieval Fujian province. It was also enhanced by an economic revolution in Song China and the presence of many wealthy, willing investors of maritime trade missions. There were several notable diplomatic missions sent to China from foreign countries during the Song Dynasty. This included the embassy of Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah of Fatimid Egypt to the court of Emperor Zhenzong of Song in 1008, as well as the embassy of Kulothunga Chola I of the Indian Chola Dynasty to the court of Emperor Shenzong of Song in 1077. Image File history File linksMetadata China_11b. ... Image File history File linksMetadata China_11b. ... Alternative meaning: Song Dynasty (420-479) The Song dynasty (Chinese: 宋朝) was a ruling dynasty in China from 960-1279. ... The Jurchens (Chinese: 女真, pinyin: nǚzhēn) were a Tungusic people who inhabited parts of Manchuria and northern Korea until the seventeenth century, when they became the Manchus. ... now. ... Maritime history is a broad thematic element of global history. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Port. ... The characters æ³‰å·ž are also used for SenshÅ«, an alternate name for the former Japanese province of Izumi. ... Men from Francisco de Orellanas expedition building a small brigantine, the San Pedro, to be used in the search for food Shipbuilding is the construction of ships. ... (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fu-chien; Postal map spelling: Fukien, Foukien; local transliteration Hokkien from Min Nan Hok-kiÃ n) is one of the provinces on the southeast coast of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Jiaozi, the worlds first paper-printed currency, an innovation of the Song Dynasty. ... TÄriqu l-á¸¤akÄ«m, called bi Amr al-LÄh (Arabic Ø§Ù„ØØ§ÙƒÙ… Ø¨Ø£Ù…Ø± Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ Ruler by Gods Command), was the sixth Fatimid Caliph in Egypt, ruling from 996 to 1021. ... The Fatimids, Fatimid Caliphate or al-FÄtimiyyÅ«n (Arabic Ø§Ù„ÙØ§Ø·Ù…ÙŠÙˆÙ†) is the Shia dynasty that ruled over varying areas of the Maghreb, Egypt, and the Levant from 5 January 910 to 1171. ... Emperor Zhenzong (December 23, 968 - March 23, 1022) was the third emperor of the Song Dynasty of China. ... Kulothunga Chola was the offspring of two rival dynasties - the Cholas of Thanjavoor and the Chalukyas of Vengi when he came to the throne in 1070 A.D. The Cholas and the Chalukyas had always existed in constant warfare, spaced by periods of uneasy peace, for decades, due to differences... The Chola Dynasty (Tamil: , IPA: ) was a Tamil dynasty that ruled primarily in southern India until the 13th century. ... Emperor Shenzong (May 25, 1048 â€“ April 1, 1085) was the sixth emperor of Song Dynasty China. ...

Although the golden age of Chinese Buddhism ended during the Tang Dynasty, there were still influential Chinese Buddhist monks. This included the Zen Buddhist monk Wuzhun Shifan (1178-1249), who taught Japanese disciples such as Enni Ben'en (1201-1280). After returning to Japan from China, the latter contributed to the spread of Zen teaching in Japan and aided in the establishment of Tōfuku-ji. Seated Buddha, from the Chinese Tang Dynasty, Hebei province, ca. ... For other uses, see Zen (disambiguation). ... Portrait of Zen master Wuzhun Shifan, painted in 1238 AD, Song Dynasty. ... The main hall of TÅfuku-ji The main gate (sanmon) A view of the Tsuten-kyÅ bridge at TÅfuku-ji temple during autumn. ...

Yuan Dynasty

The Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) of China was the eastern component constituting a vast Mongol Empire stretching across the Eurasian world, from Korea to Anatolia, from Burma to Hungary. The Mongol leaders Genghis Khan, Ögedei Khan, Mongke Khan, and Hulagu Khan were able to conquer the Tangut Western Xia and the Jurchen Jin Dynasty in northern China, as well as invaded Korea under the Goryeo Dynasty, turning it into a vassal state that was ruled indirectly. The Korean monarchs were allowed to rule from Ganghwa Island with partial autonomy. It was the Mongol leader Kublai Khan who finally conquered the Southern Song Dynasty in 1279. Kublai was an ambitious leader who used Korean, Chinese, and Mongol troops to invade Japan on two separate occasions, yet both campaigns were ultimately failures. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... For other uses, see Kublai Khan (disambiguation). ... Capital Dadu Language(s) Mongolian Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor - 1260-1294 Kublai Khan - 1333-1370 (Cont. ... Expansion of the Mongol Empire Historical map of the Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire (Mongolian: , Mongolyn Ezent GÃ¼ren; 1206â€“1405) was the largest contiguous empire in history, covering over 33 million kmÂ²[1] (12 million square miles) at its zenith, with an estimated population of over 100 million people. ... For other uses, see Eurasia (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Korean peninsula and civilization. ... Anatolia and Europe Anatolia (Turkish: from Greek: Î‘Î½Î±Ï„Î¿Î»Î¯Î± - Anatolia) is a peninsula of Western Asia which forms the greater part of the Asian portion of Turkey, as opposed to the European portion (Thrace, or traditionally Rumelia). ... For other uses, see Genghis Khan (disambiguation). ... Ã–gedei Khan, (Mongolian: , Ã–gÃ¶Ã¶dei; Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; also Ogotai or Oktay; ca. ... MÃ¶ngke Khan (1208-1259, also transliterated as Mongke, Mongka, MÃ¶ngka, Mangu) was the fourth khan of the Mongol Empire. ... Hulagu Khan (also known as HÃ¼legÃ¼, , Hulegu and Halaku) (1217 â€“ 8 February 1265) was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of Southwest Asia. ... Location of Western Xia in 1142 Capital Xingqing Government Monarchy Emperor - 1038-1048 Emperor Jingzong - 1226-1227 Emperor Modi History - Established 1038 - Surrendered to the Mongol Empire 1227 Population - peak est. ... now. ... The Mongol invasions of Korea consisted of a series of campaigns by the Mongol Empire against Korea, then known as Koryo, from 1231 to 1259. ... Taegeuk is a traditional symbol of Korea Capital Gaegyeong Language(s) Korean Religion Buddhism Government Monarchy Wang - 918 - 946 Taejo - 949 - 975 Gwangjong - 1259 - 1274 Wonjong - 1351 - 1374 Gongmin Historical era 918 - 1392 - Later Three Kingdoms rise 892 - Coronation of Taejo June 15, 918 - Korea-Khitan Wars 993 - 1019 - Mongolian... Ganghwa Island is an island in the estuary of the Han River, on the west coast of South Korea. ... For other uses, see Kublai Khan (disambiguation). ... Combatants Mongol Empire Japan Commanders Kublai Khan HÅjÅ Tokimune Strength 35,000 Mongol & Chinese soldiers and 18,000 Korean warriors 10,000 Casualties 16,000 killed before landed minimal Defensive wall at Hakata. ...

The Yuan Dynasty Chinese and Mongols continued the maritime trading legacy of the Tang and Song dynasties. The Yuan Dynasty ship captain known as Wang Dayuan (fl. 1328-1339) was the first from China to travel by sea through the Mediterranean upon his visit to Morocco in North Africa. One of the diplomatic highlights of this period was the Chinese embassy to the Cambodian Khmer Empire under Indravarman III, led by the envoy Zhou Daguan (166-1346) from the years 1296 to 1297. In his report to the Yuan court, Zhou Daguan described places such as Angkor Wat and everyday life of the Khmer Empire. It was during the early years of Kublai Khan's reign that Marco Polo (1254-1324) visited China, presumably as far as the previous Song capital at Hangzhou, which he described with great admiration. Wang Dayuan (1328-1339) was a traveller from Quanzhou, China during the Yuan Dynasty in the 14th century. ... Composite satellite image of the Mediterranean Sea. ... Northern Africa (UN subregion) geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... Map of Asia and Europe circa 1200 C.E. and the golden age of Khmer Empire. ... Indravarman III was a ruler of the Khmer Empire. ... Zhou Daguan (1266-1346 A.D.) was a Chinese diplomat under the Emperor Chengzong of Yuan China. ... Aerial view of Angkor Wat The main entrance to the temple proper, seen from the eastern end of the Naga causeway Angkor Wat (or Angkor Vat) is a temple at Angkor, Cambodia, built for King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and capital city. ... Marco Polo (September 15, 1254 â€“ January 8, 1324) was a Venetian trader and explorer who gained fame for his worldwide travels, recorded in the book Il Milione (The Million or The Travels of Marco Polo). ... (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Postal map spelling: Hangchow) is a sub-provincial city located in the Yangtze River Delta in the Peoples Republic of China, and the capital of Zhejiang province. ...

Ming Dynasty

The greatest diplomatic highlights of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) were the enormous maritime tributary missions and expeditions of the admiral Zheng He (1371-1433), a favored eunuch commander of the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402-1424). His missions docked at ports throughout much of the Asian world, including those in Borneo, the Malay state of the Malacca Sultanate, Sri Lanka, India, Persia, Arabia, and East Africa. Large tributary missions such as these were halted after Zheng He, with periods of isolationism in the Ming, coupled with the need to defend China's large eastern coastal areas against marauding Japanese pirates. Although it was severely limited by the state, trade was overall not forbidden. Upon their arrival in the early 16th century, the Portuguese traded with the Chinese at Tuen Mun, despite some hostilites exchanged between both sides. The Ming Chinese also traded avidly with the Spanish, sending numerous Chinese trade ships annually to the Philippines in order to sell them Chinese goods in exchange for mita-mined silver from the New World colonies of Spain. There was so much Spanish silver entering China that the Spanish minted silver currency became commonplace in Ming China. However, the surge in Spanish silver coinage as a medium of exchange also brought massive inflation to China's economy. The Ming Chinese attempted to convert the silver currency back to copper currency, but the economic damage was done. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (734x1495, 147 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Zheng He ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (734x1495, 147 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Zheng He ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 Range map The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is an African even-toed ungulate mammal, the tallest of all land-living animal species. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... // Events Council of Constance begins. ... A modern illustration of Zheng He, by an unidentified artist. ... For other uses, see Ming. ... A modern illustration of Zheng He, by an unidentified artist. ... The Yongle Emperor (May 2, 1360 â€“ August 12, 1424), born Zhu Di (Chu Ti) , was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China from 1402 to 1424. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Kalimantan. ... Motto Anthem Negaraku Capital (and largest city) Kuala Lumpur3 Official languages Malay2 Demonym Malaysian Government Federal constitutional monarchy - Yang di-Pertuan Agong Mizan Zainal Abidin - Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi Independence - from the United Kingdom (Malaya only) August 31, 1957 - Federation (with Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore4) September 16, 1963 Area... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... The Arabian Peninsula Emirets towers in United Arab Emirates; the eastern part of Arabian Penisula The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: Ø´Ø¨Ù‡ Ø§Ù„Ø¬Ø²ÙŠØ±Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨ÙŠØ©, or Ø¬Ø²ÙŠØ±Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨) is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia consisting mainly of desert. ... Eastern Africa (UN subregion) East African Community Central African Federation (defunct) geographic, including above East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easternmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. ... Sixteenth century Japanese pirate raids. ... Tuen Mun (å±¯é–€) is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. ... Mita was mandatory public service by society in ancient South America. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... An anachronous map of the Spanish Empire (1492-1898). ... A medium of exchange is an intermediary used in trade to avoid the inconveniences of a pure barter system. ... The economy of China may include: the economy of the Peoples Republic of China (article on mainland China, excludes the SARs) economy of Hong Kong (SAR of the Peoples Republic of China) economy of Macau (SAR of the Peoples Republic of China) the economy of the Republic... For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). ...

Meanwhile, the Chinese under the Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620) became engaged in a somewhat costly war defending Korea against Japan. The Japanese regent Hideyoshi Toyotomi (1537-1598) and his predecessor Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582) brought about the prosperous Azuchi-Momoyama period in feudal Japan, putting an end to the turbulent era of the Sengoku period. However, the Japanese staged an enormous invasion of Korea from 1592 to 1598. The aim of the Japanese was to ultimately invade prosperous Ming China, but in order to do so it would need to use the Korean Peninsula as a staging ground between the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea. Although initially successful, Toyotomi's efforts were sullied with the naval victories of the Joseon admiral Yi Sun-sin (1545-1598). Throughout the war, though, the Ming Chinese suffered significant casualties, and had spent a great deal of revenue sending troops on land into Korea and bolstering the Korean navy in battles such as the Battle of Noryang Point. Wanli Emperor (September 4, 1563 - August 18, 1620) was emperor of China (Ming dynasty) between 1572 and 1620. ... This article is about the Korean peninsula and civilization. ... Regent, from the Latin, a person selected to administer a state because the ruler is a minor or is not present or debilitated. ... Hideyoshi at his old age. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The Azuchi-Momoyama period (Japanese: å®‰åœŸæ¡ƒå±±æ™‚ä»£, Azuchi-Momoyama-jidai) is a division of Japanese history running from approximately 1568 to 1600. ... â€œSengokuâ€ redirects here. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia. ... The Sea of Japan is a marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean, bordered by Japan, Korea and Russia. ... ... Joseon or Chosun (Korean: ì¡°ì„ ; Hanja: æœé®®; Revised: Joseon; McCune-Reischauer: ChosÅn; Chinese: ChÃ¡oxiÇŽn; Japanese: ChÅsen) is a name for Korea, as used in the following cases: As part of the name of several ancient kingdoms (including Gojoseon, Gija Joseon, and Wiman Joseon); During most of the Joseon... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Combatants Fleet of Toyotomi Hideyoshi Korean navy, Chinese Navy Commanders Shimazu Yoshihiro Tachibana Muneshige[1] So Yoshitoshi Yi Sun-sinâ€ Chen Lin Strength about 500 ships (mostly transport ships) 80 Korean & 60 Chinese ships Casualties 459 ships lost 270 Koreans & 170 Chinese soldiers. ...

The decline of Ming China's economy by inflation was made worse by crop failure, famine, sudden plague, and agrarian rebellion led by those such as Li Zicheng (1606–1644), the Ming Dynasty fell in 1644. The Ming general Wu Sangui (1612–1678) was going to side with the rebels under Li, but felt betrayed when one of his concubines was taken by Li, and so allowed the Manchus under the Shunzhi Emperor (1638-1661) to enter a northern pass and invade northern China from their base in Manchuria. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Matteo Ricci. ... Xu Guangqi (Simplified Chinese: å¾å…‰å¯; Traditional Chinese: å¾å…‰å•Ÿ; Pinyin: XÃº GuÄngqÇ) (1562â€“1633) was a Chinese agricultural scientist and mathematician born in Shanghai. ... The frontispiece of Sir Henry Billingsleys first English version of Euclids Elements, 1570 Euclids Elements (Greek: ) is a mathematical and geometric treatise, consisting of 13 books, written by the Hellenistic mathematician Euclid in Alexandria circa 300 BC. It comprises a collection of definitions, postulates (axioms), propositions (theorems... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... LÇ ZÃ¬chÃ©ng (æŽè‡ªæˆ) (September 22, 1606 - 1644), born Li HÃ³ngjÄ« (é´»åŸº), was a rebel in late Ming Dynasty China who proclaimed himself ChuÇŽng WÃ¡ng (é—–çŽ‹), or The Roaming King. Born in Mizhi District (ç±³è„‚ç¸£), Yanan Subprefecture (å»¶å®‰åºœ), Shaanxi, Li grew up as a shepherd. ... Wu Sangui (Chinese: å³ä¸‰æ¡‚; pinyin: WÃº SÄnguÃ¬; WG: Wu San-kuei) (1612 - October 2, 1678) was a Ming Chinese general who opened the gates of the Great Wall of China at Shanhai Pass to let Manchu soldiers into China proper. ... The Manchu people (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Mongolian: ÐœÐ°Ð½Ð¶) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeastern China). ... The Shunzhi Emperor (March 15, 1638â€“February 5, 1661?) was the second emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper from 1644 to 1661. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

The first Jesuit missionaries to visit China did so during the Ming Dynasty. The most prominent one was the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci (1552-1610). Matteo is famous in China and the West for many reasons. He was the first to translate the Chinese classic texts into a Western language (Latin), and the first to translate the name of the most prominent Chinese philospher Kong Fuzi as Confucius. Along with another Jesuit father, he was the first European to enter the Forbidden City of Beijing, during the reign of the Wanli Emperor. Matteo Ricci and his baptized Chinese colleague, the mathematician, astronomer, and agronomist Xu Guangqi (1562-1633), were the first to translate the ancient Greek mathematical treatise of Euclid's Elements into Chinese. The history of the missions of the Jesuits in China in the early modern era stands as one of the notable events in the early history of relations between China and the Western world, as well as a prominent example of relations between two cultures and belief systems in the... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ... Matteo Ricci. ... Chinese classic texts or Chinese canonical texts are the classical literature in Chinese culture that are considered to be the best or the most valuable. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... Yin Yang symbol and Ba gua paved in a clearing outside of Nanning City, Guangxi province, China. ... Confucius (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kung-fu-tzu), lit. ... For other uses, see Forbidden City (disambiguation). ... â€œPekingâ€ redirects here. ... Wanli Emperor (September 4, 1563 - August 18, 1620) was emperor of China (Ming dynasty) between 1572 and 1620. ... Baptism is a water purification ritual practiced in certain religions such as Christianity, Mandaeanism, Sikhism, and some historic sects of Judaism. ... Knowledge of Chinese mathematics before 100 BC is somewhat fragmentary, and even after this date the manuscript traditions are obscure. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Agronomy is a branch of agricultural science that deals with the study of crops and the soils in which they grow. ... Xu Guangqi (Simplified Chinese: å¾å…‰å¯; Traditional Chinese: å¾å…‰å•Ÿ; Pinyin: XÃº GuÄngqÇ) (1562â€“1633) was a Chinese agricultural scientist and mathematician born in Shanghai. ... Greek mathematics, as that term is used in this article, is the mathematics written in Greek, developed from the 6th century BC to the 5th century AD around the Eastern shores of the Mediterranean. ... The frontispiece of Sir Henry Billingsleys first English version of Euclids Elements, 1570 Euclids Elements (Greek: ) is a mathematical and geometric treatise, consisting of 13 books, written by the Hellenistic mathematician Euclid in Alexandria circa 300 BC. It comprises a collection of definitions, postulates (axioms), propositions (theorems...

Qing Dynasty

One issue of the Western embassies to China was the kowtow. Western diplomats understood that kowtowing meant accepting the superiority of the Emperor of China over their kings, something unacceptable. Kowtowing Kowtow, from the Chinese term kÃ²u tÃ³u (Cantonese: kau tÃ uh) (å©é ), is the act of deep respect shown by kneeling and bowing so low as to touch the head to the ground. ... For the volcano in Indonesia, see Emperor of China (volcano). ...

The first diplomatic contact between China and the West occurred with the expansion of the Roman Empire in the Middle-East during the 2nd century, the Romans gained the capability to develop shipping and trade in the Indian Ocean. The first group of people claiming to be an embassy of Romans to China is recorded in 166, sixty years after the expeditions to the west of the Chinese general Ban Chao. It came to Emperor Huan of Han China, "from Antun (Emperor Antoninus Pius), king of Daqin (Rome)". Although, as Antoninus Pius died in 161, leaving the empire to his adoptive son Marcus Aurelius (Antoninus), the convoy arrived in 166, and the both Emperor being "Antonius" the confusion arises about who sent the ambassy.

Later on, in 1665, when Russian explorers met the Manchus in what is today northeastern China. Using the common language of Latin, which the Chinese knew from Jesuit missionaries, the Chinese emperor and Russian tsar negotiated the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689, which delineated the border between Russia and China, some of which exists to this day. In some ways, this treaty was a turning point. Russia was not dealt with through the Ministry of Tributary Affairs, but rather through the same ministry as the problematic Mongols, which served to acknowledge Russia's status as a nontributary nation. From then on, the Chinese worldview of all other nations as tributaries began to unravel. Year 1665 (MDCLXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Manchu people (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Mongolian: ÐœÐ°Ð½Ð¶) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeastern China). ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... Seal of the Society of Jesus. ... Tsar (Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian Ñ†Ð°Ñ€, Russian , in scientific transliteration respectively car and car ), occasionally spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English, is a Slavonic term designating certain monarchs. ... Nerchinsk Treaty was the first treaty between Russia and China. ... Year 1689 (MDCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...

In 1839, the Chinese Emperor had banned opium in China due to its harmful effects on Chinese citizens and its denigratory impact on the Chinese culture; the British Empire, however, saw opium as a profitable good for commercial trade, as its import would help balance Britain's huge trade deficit with China. This ultimately led to the Opium War. There were two Opium Wars between Britain and China. ...

In 1793, the Qianlong emperor rejected an offer of expanded trade and foreign relations by the British diplomat George Macartney. The Qianlong Emperor (September 25, 1711–February 7, 1799) was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China. ... George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney (14 May 1737 - 31 May 1806) was a British statesman, colonial administrator and diplomat. ...

Neither the Europeans nor the Chinese could have known that a Dutch embassy would turn out to be the last occasion in which any European appeared before the Chinese Court within the context of traditional Chinese imperial foreign relations.^[1] Representing Dutch and Dutch East India Company interests, Isaac Titsingh traveled to Beijing in 1794-96 for celebrations of the sixtieth anniversary of the Qianlong Emperor's reign.^[2] The Titsingh delegation also included the Dutch-American Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest^[3], whose description of this embassy to the Chinese court was soon after published in the U.S. and Europe. Titsingh's French translator, Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes published his own account of the Titsingh mission in 1808. Voyage a Pékin, Manille et l'Ile de France provided an alternate perspective and a useful counterpoint to other reports which were then circulating. Titsingh himself died before he could publish his version of events. This article is about the trading company. ... Isaac Titsingh (born 10 January 1745 in Amsterdam, died 2 February 1812 in Paris) [1]. Dutch surgeon, scholar, merchant-trader and ambassador. ... â€œPekingâ€ redirects here. ... Illustration depicting A.E. van Braam Houckgeest as he assists in the Titsingh embassy to the Qianlong Emperors Court -- 1795 Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest (born 1 November 1739 in Werkhoven, died 8 July 1801 in Amsterdam) Dutch-American merchant who is mostly known for his participation in the... ChrÃ©tien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes (1759-1845) was a French merchant-trader, ambassador and scholar. ...

The Chinese world view changed very little during the Qing dynasty as China's sinocentric perspectives continued to be informed and reinforced by deliberate policies and practices designed to minimize any evidence of its growing weakness and West's evolving power. Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Territory of Qing China in 1892 Capital Shengjing (1636-1644) Beijing (1644-1912) Language(s) Chinese Manchu Mongolian Government Monarchy Emperor - 1636-1643 Huang Taiji - 1908-1912 Xuantong Emperor Prime Minister - 1911 Yikuang - 1911-1912 Yuan Shikai History - Establishment of the Late...

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