NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China

The foreign relations of the People's Republic of China draws upon traditions extending back to China in the Qing Dynasty and the Opium Wars, despite China having undergone many radical upheavals over the past two and a half centuries. The President of the Peoples Republic of China (Simplified Chinese: ä¸åŽäººæ°‘å…±å’Œå›½ä¸»å¸; Pinyin: ZhÅnghuÃ¡ RÃ©nmÃn GÃ²nghÃ©guÃ³ ZhÇ”xÃ, or abbreviated GuÃ³jiÄ ZhÇ”xÃ å›½å®¶ä¸»å¸) is the head of state of the Peoples Republic of China. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Great Hall of the People, where the NPC convenes The National Peoples Congress (全国人民代表大会 in Pinyin: Quánguó Rénmín Dàibiǎo Dàhuì, literally Pan-Nation Congress of the Peoples Representatives), abbreviated PNCOTPR, is the highest... The Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress (NPCSC; Chinese: å…¨å›½äººæ°‘ä»£è¡¨å¤§ä¼šå¸¸åŠ¡å§”å‘˜ä¼š, pinyin: QuÃ¡nguÃ³ RÃ©nmÃn DÃ ibiÇŽo DÃ huÃ¬ ChÃ¡ngwÃ¹ WÄ›iyuÃ¡nhuÃ¬) is a committee of about 150 members of the National Peoples Congress (NPC) of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC), which... The Premier ( Chinese: 总理 pinyin: zŏnglĭ), sometimes referred to as the Prime Minister, is the Chairman of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China and head of Central Peoples Government. ... Wen Jiabao (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Wen Chia-pao) (born September 1942) is the Premier of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The State Council (å›½åŠ¡é™¢, pinyin: GuÃ³wÃ¹yuÃ n), which is largely synonymous with the Central Peoples Government (ä¸å¤®äººæ°‘æ”¿åºœ), is the chief administrative authority of the Peoples Republic of China. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Central Military Commission (Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) refers to one of two bodies within the Peoples Republic of China, either to the Central Military Commission of the Peoples Republic of China, a state organ, or the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party, a party organ. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Supreme Peoples Court (æœ€é«˜äººæ°‘æ³•é™¢; pinyin: ZuÃ¬gÄo RÃ©nmÃn FÇŽyuÃ n) is the highest court in the judicial system of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Supreme Peoples Procuratorate (simplified Chinese: æœ€é«˜äººæ°‘æ£€å¯Ÿé™¢; pinyin: ZuÃ¬gÄo RÃ©nmÃn FÇŽyuÃ n JiÄnchÃ¡ YÃ¹an) is the highest agency at the national level responsible for prosecution in the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Peoples Republic of China is in many regards a single-party state. ... The Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference (中国人民政治协商会议 Pinyin: Zhongguo renmin zhengzhi xieshang huiyi), abbreviated CPPCC, is an advisory body in the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Communist Party of China (CPC) (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China, a position guaranteed by the countrys constitution. ... The General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee (Chinese: ä¸å›½å…±äº§å…šä¸å¤®å§”å‘˜ä¼šæ€»ä¹¦è®° pinyin: ZhÅngguÃ³ GÃ²ngchÇŽndÇŽng ZhÅngyÄng WÄ›iyuÃ¡nhuÃ¬ ZÇ’ngshÅ«jÃ¬) is the highest ranking official within the Communist Party of China and heads the Secretariat of the Communist Party of China. ... The National Congress of the Communist Party of China (ä¸å›½å…±äº§å…šå…¨å›½ä»£è¡¨å¤§ä¼š Pinyin: ZhÅnguÃ³ GÃ²ngchÇŽndÇŽng QuÃ¡nguÃ³ DÃ ibiÇŽo DÃ huÃ¬) is a party congress that is held about once every five years. ... The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (Chinese: ä¸å›½å…±äº§å…šä¸å¤®å§”å‘˜ä¼š; pinyin: ZhÅngguÃ³ GÃ²ngchÇŽndÇŽng ZhÅngyÄng WÄ›iyuÃ¡nhuÃ¬) is the highest authority within the Communist Party of China between Party Congresses. ... The Secretariat of the Communist Party of China Central Committee (Chinese: ä¸å›½å…±äº§å…šä¸å¤®å§”å‘˜ä¼šä¹¦è®°å¤„ pinyin: ZhÅngguÃ³ GÃ²ngchÇŽndÇŽng ZhÅngyÄng WÄ›iyuÃ¡nhuÃ¬ ShÅ«jÃ¬chÃ¹) is the permanent bureaucracy of the Communist Party of China and forms a parallel structure to state organizations in the Peoples Republic... The Politburo of the Communist Party of China ( Chinese: 中国共产党中央政治局 pinyin: Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Zhōngyāng Zhèngzhìjú) is a group of 19 to 25 people who oversee the Communist Party... The Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China (Chinese: ä¸å›½å…±äº§å…šä¸å¤®æ”¿æ²»å±€å¸¸åŠ¡å§”å‘˜ä¼š pinyin: ZhÅngguÃ³ GÃ²ngchÇŽndÇŽng ZhÅngyÄng ZhÃ¨ngzhÃ¬jÃº ChÃ¡ngwÃ¹ WÄ›iyuÃ¡nhuÃ¬) is a committee whose membership varies between 5 and 9 and includes the top leadership of the Communist Party of China. ... Elections in the Peoples Republic of China take two forms: elections for selected local government positions in selected rural villages, and elections by Communist Party peoples congresses for the national legislature: the National Peoples Congress (Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui). ... Due to Chinas large population and area, the political divisions of China have always consisted of several levels since ancient times. ... The situation of human rights in the Peoples Republic of China has been criticized by various sources, including other nations - particularly Western democracies - as well as international organizations, as being poor in many respects. ... Foreign aid to the Peoples Republic of China takes the form of both bilateral and multilateral official development assistance and official aid to individual recipients. ... Other Hong Kong topics Culture - Economy Education - Geography - History Hong Kong Portal Politics of Hong Kong takes place in a framework of a political system dominated by China, an own legislature, the Chief Executive as the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ... In accordance with Article 31 of the Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China, Macau has Special Administrative Region status, which provides constitutional guarantees for implementing the policy of one country, two systems and the constitutional basis for enacting the Basic Law of the Macau Special Administrative Region. ... The Republic of China (ROC) currently has jurisdiction over Taiwan, Kinmen, Matsu, and the Pescadores Islands (Penghu) and several smaller islands. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... The Qing Dynasty (Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ching chao; Manchu: daicing gurun; Mongolian: ÐœÐ°Ð½Ð¶ Ð§Ð¸Ð½), occasionally known as the Manchu Dynasty, was the ruling Chinese Dynasties. ... Combat at Guangzhou during the Second Opium War The Opium Wars (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), or the Anglo-Chinese Wars were two wars fought around the middle of the 19th century (1840-1843 and 1856-1860 respectively) that were the climax of a long dispute between China and Britain. ...

The goal of the foreign policy within the People's Republic of China is to create a strong, independent, powerful, and united China which is a great power within the world. Chinese foreign policy experts believe that in achieving this goal, they are not pursuing any hegemonic or war-like ambitions and are sometimes very perplexed that others may see China's motives in this way. Nevertheless, many actions taken by the Chinese government in its relations with other countries as well as its rapidly developing military capacities bely this perplexity. One of the hallmarks of contemporary great power status is permanent membership on the United Nations Security Council. ... Hegemony is the dominance of one group over other groups, with or without the threat of force, to the extent that, for instance, the dominant party can dictate the terms of trade to its advantage; or more broadly, that cultural perspectives become skewed to favor the dominant group. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

In sharp contrast to the former Soviet Union and the United States, recent Chinese foreign policy has not been devoted to advancing any higher international ideological interests such as world communism and are generally cynical about the motives of nations, particularly the United States, who claim that they are motivated by higher goals such as spreading freedom, democracy and justice. This cynicism partially comes from Chinese thinking in which ideology is secondary to advancing national interest. In this sense, Chinese foreign policy makers may be seen to adhere to the realist rather than the liberal school of international relations theory. While this cynicism strikes many as selfish, others have pointed out that the "selfish" nature of Chinese foreign policy has made Chinese foreign policy extremely flexible and also prevents China from involving itself in the affairs of other nations on ideological grounds. Still others point out that in an era of increasing scarcity such selfishness will breed international altercations. Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. ... It has been suggested that Defensive realism be merged into this article or section. ... Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box: International relations (IR), a branch of political science, is the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states within the international system, including the roles of states, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs). ...

In much of the 20th century, Chinese foreign policy was based on a sense of victimhood (of centuries-long Western and Japanese colonialism) and a determination to fight back perceived humiliations. At the start of the 21st century, there appears to be a shift in Chinese foreign policy and calls from within China to reduce its victim mentality (受害者心态, shòuhaìzhě xīntaì)^{[citation needed]} and recognize that with a generation of economic growth, that China has begun to fulfill its ambitions of becoming a great power once again and should adopt a great power mentality (大国心态, dàgúo xīntaì)^{[citation needed]} to use its power responsibly and optimistically. These ideas form part of the new security concept which is China's vision for the post-Cold War era in which nations interact economically and diplomatically for mutual benefit and avoid forming exclusive alliances and/or blocs. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... The new security concept is a security policy enunciated by the Peoples Republic of China in the late 1990s. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ...

Institutions of Chinese foreign policy

Like most other nations, the formal foreign policy of the PRC is carried out by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. However, the Foreign Affairs Ministry is in practice subordinate to the Foreign Affairs Leading Small Group of the Communist Party of China. A foreign minister is a cabinet minister that helps to form foreign policy for sovereign nations. ... The Foreign Affairs Leading Small Group of the Communist Party of China (FALSG) ((Simplified Chinese: 中央外事工作领导小组, Pinyin: Zhōngyāng Wàishì Gōngzuò Lǐngdǎo Xiǎozǔ) also known as the Leading...

Unlike most other nations, much of Chinese foreign policy is formulated in thinktanks sponsored and supervised by, but formally outside of the government. One distinctive aspect of Sino-American relations is that much of the foreign policy discussion takes place between interlocutors who form the thinktanks. Because these discussions are unofficial, they are generally more free and less restricted than discussions between government officials. This article is about the institution. ... An interlocutor (pronounced in-ter-lock-you-ter) describes someone who informally explains the views of a government and also can relay messages back to a government. ...

China is also distinctive for having a separate body of Chinese strategic thought and theory of international relations which is distinct from Western theory. Chinese strategic thought consists of concepts of statecraft in both traditional and modern China. ...

History of PRC foreign policy

Since its establishment, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has worked vigorously to win international support for its position that it is the sole legitimate government of all China, including Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. Until the early 1970s, the Republic of China government in Taipei was recognized diplomatically by most world powers and the UN. After the Beijing government assumed the China seat in the United Nations in 1971 (and the ROC government was expelled) and became increasingly more significant as a global player, most nations switched diplomatic relations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China. Japan established diplomatic relations with the PRC in 1972, following the Joint Communique of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of China, and the United States did so in 1972. The number of countries that have established diplomatic relations with Beijing has risen to 167, while 25 maintain diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (or Taiwan). (See also: Political status of Taiwan) Motto none Anthem National Anthem of the Republic of China Capital (and largest city) Taipei Official languages Standard Mandarin (GuÃ³yÇ”) Demonym Taiwanese Government Semi-presidential system - President Chen Shui-bian - Vice President Annette Lu - Premier Chang Chun-hsiung Establishment Xinhai Revolution - Independence declared October 10, 1911 - Republic established January... For other uses, see Taipei (disambiguation). ... Beijing (Chinese: åŒ—äº¬; pinyin: BÄ›ijÄ«ng; IPA: ; ), a metropolis in northern China, is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... The Joint Communique of the Government of Japan and the Government of the Peoples Republic of China was signed in Beijing on September 29, 1972. ... Taiwan Strait area The controversy regarding the political status of Taiwan hinges on whether Taiwan, including the Pescadores (Penghu), should remain the effective territory of the Republic of China (ROC), become unified with the territories now governed by the Peoples Republic of China (PRC), or become the Republic of...

Both the PRC and ROC make it a prerequisite for diplomatic relations that a country does not recognize and conduct any official relations with the other party.

After its founding, the PRC's foreign policy initially focused on solidarity with the Soviet Union and other communist countries. In 1950, the PRC sent the People's Liberation Army into North Korea as "volunteers" to help North Korea halt the UN offensive that was approaching the Yalu River. After the conclusion of the Korean conflict, the PRC sought to balance its identification as a member of the Soviet bloc by establishing friendly relations with Pakistan and other Third World countries, particularly in Southeast Asia. In 1962, the PRC had a brief war with India over a border dispute. Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Amnok River, or the Yalu River, is a river on the border between China and North Korea. ... Combatants United Nations: Republic of Korea, Australia, Belgium, Luxembourg, Canada, Colombia, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States Medical staff: Denmark, Australia, Italy, Norway, Sweden Communist states: Democratic Peopleâ€™s Republic of Korea, Peoples Republic of China, Soviet Union Commanders... For the Jamaican reggae band, see Third World (band). ...

In the 1960s, Beijing competed with Moscow for political influence among communist parties and in the developing world generally. Following the 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia and clashes in 1969 on the Sino-Soviet border, Chinese competition with the Soviet Union increasingly reflected concern over China's own strategic position. People in a cafÃ© watch Soviet tanks roll past The Prague Spring (Czech: PraÅ¾skÃ© jaro, Slovak: PraÅ¾skÃ¡ jar, Russian: Ð¿Ñ€Ð°Ð¶ÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÐ½Ð°) was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia starting January 5, 1968 when Alexander DubÄek came to power, and running until August 20 of that year when the...

In late 1978, the Chinese also became concerned over Vietnam's efforts to establish open control over Laos and Cambodia. In response to the Soviet-backed Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, the PRC fought a war with Vietnam (February-March 1979). The Sino-Vietnamese War was a war fought in Vietnam. ...

Chinese anxiety about Soviet strategic advances was heightened following the Soviet Union's December 1979 invasion of Afghanistan. Sharp differences between the PRC and the Soviet Union persisted over Soviet support for Vietnam's continued occupation of Cambodia, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and Soviet troops along the Sino-Soviet border and in Mongolia--the so-called "three obstacles" to improved Sino-Soviet relations. A Soviet soldier on guard in Afghanistan in 1988. ...

In the 1970s and 1980s the PRC sought to create a secure regional and global environment for itself and to foster good relations with countries that could aid its economic development. To this end, the PRC looked to the West for assistance with its modernization drive and for help in countering Soviet expansionism, which it characterized as the greatest threat to its national security and to world peace.

The PRC maintained its consistent opposition to "superpower hegemonism," focusing almost exclusively on the expansionist actions of the Soviet Union and Soviet proxies such as Vietnam and Cuba, but it also placed growing emphasis on a foreign policy independent of both the U.S. and the Soviet Union. While improving ties with the West, the PRC continued to closely follow the political and economic positions of the Third World Non-Aligned Movement, although the PRC was not a formal member. Hegemony is the dominance of one group over other groups, with or without the threat of force, to the extent that, for instance, the dominant party can dictate the terms of trade to its advantage; or more broadly, that cultural perspectives become skewed to favor the dominant group. ... Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement (2005). ...

In the immediate aftermath of Tiananmen crackdown in June 1989, many countries reduced their diplomatic contacts with the PRC as well as their economic assistance programs. In response, the PRC worked vigorously to expand its relations with foreign countries, and by late 1990, had reestablished normal relations with almost all nations. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in late 1991, the PRC also opened diplomatic relations with the republics of the former Soviet Union. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 were a series of demonstrations led by students, intellectuals, and labour activists in the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) between April 15, 1989 and June 4, 1989. ... The rise of Gorbachev Although reform stalled between 1964–1982, the generational shift gave new momentum for reform. ...

Modern foreign policy

In recent years, China's communist leaders have been regular travelers to all parts of the globe, and the PRC has sought a higher profile in the UN through its permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council and other multilateral organizations. Closer to home, the PRC has made efforts to reduce tensions in Asia; it has contributed to stability on the Korean Peninsula, cultivated a more cooperative relationship with members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (Brunei, Myanmar, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam), and participated in the ASEAN Regional Forum. In 1997, the ASEAN member nations and the People's Republic of China, South Korea and Japan agreed to hold yearly talks to further strengthen regional cooperation, the ASEAN Plus Three meetings. In 2005 the "ASEAN Plus Three" countries together with India, Australia and New Zealand held the inaugural East Asia Summit (EAS). Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 352 pixelsFull resolution (1427 Ã— 628 pixel, file size: 57 KB, MIME type: image/png) Countries of the world indicating decade diplomatic relations commenced with the Peoples Republic of China: 1949/1950s (dark red), 1960s (red), 1970s (orange), 1980s (beige... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 352 pixelsFull resolution (1427 Ã— 628 pixel, file size: 57 KB, MIME type: image/png) Countries of the world indicating decade diplomatic relations commenced with the Peoples Republic of China: 1949/1950s (dark red), 1960s (red), 1970s (orange), 1980s (beige... â€œUNSCâ€ redirects here. ... Hymn The ASEAN Hymn Jakarta, Indonesia Membership 10 Southeast Asian states Leaders - Secretary General Ong Keng Yong Area - Total 4,465,5001 kmÂ² sq mi Population - estimate 558,812,2001, 2 - Density 125 /kmÂ² /sq mi GDP (PPP) 20051 estimate - Total US$ 2. ... ASEAN Plus Three is a forum that function as a coordinator of cooperation between Association of Southeast Asian Nations with three East Asian nations; namely Japan, Peoples Republic of China and South Korea. ... The East Asia Summit (EAS) is a pan-Asia forum to be held annually by the leaders of 16 countries in East Asia and the region, with ASEAN in a leadership position. ...

China has improved ties with Russia. President Putin and President Jiang, in large part to serve as a counterbalance to the United States, signed a Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation in July 2001.The two also joined with the Central Asian nations of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan to found the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in June 2001. The SCO is designed to promote regional stability and cooperate to combat terrorism in the region. Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: ) (born October 7, 1952) is the current President of Russia. ... JiÄng ZÃ©mÃn (Traditional Chinese: æ±Ÿæ¾¤æ°‘, Simplified Chinese: æ±Ÿæ³½æ°‘, Hanyu Pinyin: JiÄng ZÃ©mÃn, Wade-Giles: Chiang Tse-min, Cantonese (Jyutping): gong1 zaak6 man4) (born August 17, 1926) was the core of the third generation of Communist Party of China leaders, serving as General Secretary of the Communist... The Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation Between the Peoples Republic of China and the Russian Federation (FCT) is a twenty-year strategic treaty which was signed by the leaders of the two powers, Jiang Zemin and Vladimir Putin, on July 16, 2001. ... 2001 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December Deaths: July 3 - Mordecai Richler July 23 - Eudora Welty July 31 - Poul Anderson Films: July 4 - Cats and Dogs July 6 - Kiss of the Dragon starring Jet Li July 18 - Jurassic Park III July 27 - Planet of... Membership 6 member states 4 observer states Headquarters Secretariat RATS - Beijing - Tashkent Working languages Chinese, Russian Secretary General Zhang Deguang Formation 14 June 2001 Official website http://www. ...

Relations between India and China have also improved considerably. After years of competition, China and India are finally starting to collaborate in several economic and strategic areas. Both countries have doubled their economic trade in the past few years and China is expected to become India's largest trading partner by 2008. The two countries are planning to host joint naval exercises to strengthen defense partnership. In 2003, China and India settled a major border dispute through dialogue. China recognized Sikkim as a part of India while India recognized Tibet as part of the PRC. However, the dispute over Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh and China's military aid to Pakistan, India's arch-rival, continues to plague Sino-India relations. Map of Eastern and Southern Asia. ... 2008 (MMVIII) will be a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Self-illuminating Border flower pot between Burghausen, Salzach(river) in Germany and Ach in Austria. ... , Sikkim (also Sikhim) (DevanÄgarÄ«: à¤¸à¤¿à¤•à¥à¤•à¤¿à¤® ) is a landlocked Indian state nestled in the Himalayas. ... Tibet (older spelling Thibet; Tibetan: à½–à½¼à½‘à¼‹; Wylie: Bod; Lhasa dialect IPA: [; Simplified and Traditional Chinese: è¥¿è—, Hanyu Pinyin: XÄ«zÃ ng; also referred to as è—åŒº (Simplified Chinese), è—å€ (Traditional Chinese), ZÃ ngqÅ« (Hanyu Pinyin), see Name section below) is a plateau region in Central Asia and the indigenous home to the Tibetan people. ... China - India Western border showing Aksai Chin Aksai Chin (Simplified Chinese: , Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Ä€kÃ¨sÃ iqÄ«n, Hindi: à¤…à¤•à¤¸à¤¾à¤ˆ à¤šà¤¿à¤¨) is a region located at the junction of the Peoples Republic of China, Pakistan, and India. ... Arunachal Pradesh (Hindi: Aruá¹‡Äcal PradeÅ›; Chinese: è—å— Zangnan or South Tibet) is one of the seven northeastern states of India. ...

The PRC has a number of border and maritime disputes, including with Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin, with a number of countries in the South China Sea, as well as with Japan. Beijing has resolved many of these disputes, notably including a November 1997 agreement with Russia that resolved almost all outstanding border issues and a 2000 agreement with Vietnam to resolve some differences over their maritime border, though disagreements remain over some islands in the South China Sea. The Gulf of Tonkin is located to the south of China. ... The South China Sea, showing surrounding countries and neighbouring seas and oceans The South China Sea is a marginal sea south of China. ...

During the late 1990s and early 21st century, Chinese foreign policy appeared to be focused at improving relations with Russia and Europe in order to counterbalance the United States. This strategy was based on the premise that the United States was a hyper power whose influence could be checked through alliances with other second tier powers such as Russia or the European Union. This assessment of United States power was reconsidered after the United States intervention in Kosovo, and as the 20th century drew to a close, the discussion among thinktanks in China involved how to reorient Chinese foreign policy in a unipolar world. This discussion also occurred in the context of China's new security concept which argued that the post-Cold War era required nations to move away from thinking in terms of alliances and power blocs and toward thinking in terms of economic and diplomatic cooperation. Kosovo (Albanian: KosovÃ« or Kosova, Serbian: ÐšÐ¾ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¾ Ð¸ ÐœÐµÑ‚Ð¾Ñ…Ð¸Ñ˜Ð°, transliterated Kosovo i Metohija; also ÐšÐ¾ÑÐ¼ÐµÑ‚, transliterated Kosmet) is a province in southern Serbia which has been under United Nations administration since 1999. ... This article is about the institution. ... The new security concept is a security policy enunciated by the Peoples Republic of China in the late 1990s. ...

The shift away from a balancing strategy could be seen in China's actions after the September 11, 2001 attacks, the United States invasion of Iraq, and the accession of Hu Jintao. Although there were some initial fears that American intervention in Afghanistan and Iraq would lead to an increase in American power and the encirclement and tighter containment of China, the actual consequence was a shift in focus by the United States to the Middle East, which resulted in a desire to avoid crises in East Asia. After the September 11, 2001 attacks, the Blue Team in the United States which argued that China was the largest security threat to the United States became much more muted. A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11â€”pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly... The subject of this article is the 2003 invasion of Iraq. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11â€”pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly... This article is about a political group. ...

China was instrumental at brokering talks with North Korea over its nuclear program, and in 2003, there was a concerted effort by China to improve relations with the ASEAN nations and form a common East Asian market. These foreign policy efforts have been part of a general foreign policy initiative known as China's peaceful rise. ASEAN[1], pronounced // (AH-SEE-AHN) in English, or the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, is a geo-political and economic organization of 10 countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on August 8, 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand[2] as a display of solidarity... Chinas peaceful rise (Chinese: ä¸å›½å’Œå¹³å´›èµ·; Pinyin: ZhÅnggÃºo hÃ©pÃng juÃ©qÇ) is a foreign policy doctrine mentioned increasingly by the Peoples Republic of China in the early 21st century. ...

However, the PRC's opposition to the bid of two of its important neighbors - India and Japan to become permanent members of the United Nations Security Council has proved to be an irritant in their respective relationships. The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... A session of the Security Council in progress The United Nations Security Council is the most powerful organ of the United Nations. ...

Much of the new diplomatic activity appears to be the result of a change in China's self-image. With the accession of the fourth generation of Chinese leaders, China appears to be seeing itself less as a victimized developing nation, but rather more as an assertive but responsible regional power.

In 2005, there has been talk of the European Union lifting its arms embargo [3], however the United States has objected to this. The European Union arms embargo on China is an embargo which was imposed by the European Union (EU) member states on the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) in response to its suppression of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. ...

Africa

With China’s growing influence around the world, Beijing has now set its efforts on Africa. China’s focus in Africa is not a recent occurrence. In the 1960s and 1970s, Beijing's interest centered on building ideological solidarity with other underdeveloped nations to advance Chinese-style communism and on repelling Western "colonialism/imperialism". Following the Cold War, Chinese interests evolved into more pragmatic pursuits such as trade, investment, and energy.^[1] Sino-African trade quadrupled between 2000 and 2006. China is Africa's third largest commercial partner after the US and France, and second largest exporter to Africa after France. It is notably ahead of former colonial power Britain in both categories.^[2] Some western nations' hesitance to become closely involved with countries they believe to be poor in the human rights field, such as Sudan, have allowed China an opportunity for economic cooperation. ^[3] A map indicating trading routes used around the 1st century CE centred on the Silk Road. ... It has been suggested that Benign colonialism be merged into this article or section. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... A map indicating trading routes used around the 1st century CE centred on the Silk Road. ...

Central Asia

As the Chinese economy booms, a major priority is securing natural resources to keep pace with demand. Chinese oil companies have invested into Kazakh oil fields, China and Kazakhstan have constructed an oil pipeline from Kazakhstan to China and are planning to construct a natural gas pipeline. In Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, China has invested in hydroelectric projects. In addition to bolstering trade ties, Beijing has contributed aid and funding to the region's countries. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization, of which China is a founding member, is also becoming increasingly important in Central Asian security and politics. Many observers believe that beyond fostering good-neighborly relations, China is also concerned with securing its borders as it emerges as a world power.^[4] The Kazakhstan-China oil pipeline is the first Chinas direct oil import pipeline. ... The Kazakhstan-China gas pipeline is a planned natural gas pipeline from Western-Kazakhstan to Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in China. ... Membership 6 member states 4 observer states Headquarters Secretariat RATS - Beijing - Tashkent Working languages Chinese, Russian Secretary General Zhang Deguang Formation 14 June 2001 Official website http://www. ...

Middle East

China's fast economic growth also means that it is consuming ever more energy. China is now the second largest consumer of petroleum products in the world after the United States. China has recently been carrying out an aggressive foreign policy in trying to secure and diversify sources of its energy (oil and gas) supplies from around the world. The Middle Eastern region, which contains the world's largest proven oil reserve, has been the focus of that policy. Roughly half of China's imported oil comes from the Middle East. At the same time, these energy-producing Middle Eastern nations are keen to diversify their customer base away from over dependence on the Western market (Europe and North America) as a demand source and so they have begun to look at other rapidly growing markets such as China. In addition to the deepening bilateral relationship in the trade and energy sectors, China has an expanding body of other strategic interests in the greater Middle East region. This is manifested in its security relationships with Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Iran, which entail WMD and ballistic missile cooperation. Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Pakistan are pivotal states in the region. They are increasingly likely to view China in coming years as an alternative source of security and as a counterbalance to American power.^[5]^[6]^[7] For the album, see Weapons of Mass Destruction (album). ...

South Asia

China is steadily extending its reach into South Asia with its growing economic and strategic influence in the region. China's current trade volume with all South Asian nations reaches close to US$20 billion a year. Within the region, China has developed a strong and all encompassing relationship with Pakistan. It is common to hear of Pakistani's referring to their Chinese counterpart as 'brothers' and the same sentiment is often echoed by the Chinese. Chinese tourist and businesses regularly visit Pakistan and have dominated foreign investment into Pakistan's rapidly growing economy. This relationship extends beyond economic, defense, social and political spheres and is the culmination of centuries of contact and trade between the two countries. It is known that ancient China traded with the Indus Valley Civilization of Pakistan. The more modern relation stems from diplomatic overtures made between Deng Xiaoping and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto during the 1970's. More recently, China has signed several free trade agreements with Pakistan as well as several bilateral trade agreements such as the Early Harvest Agreement and the establishment of a duty free export zone in Pakistan's Northern Area's. Pakistan and China continue to remain the strongest of allies and trade and contacts have steadily increased over the years. China continues to invest heavily into Pakistan, and is providing assistance in the development of that countries 2nd major port at Gwadar^[8] as well as improving infrastructure and the development of a pipeline from the said port towards China's western regions.^[9]. Intrestingly, the cause of this growing friendship is no longer based upon mutual distrust of India but on the geopolictal importance of Pakistan itself (namely Gwader and other ports). Building a sophistocated rail and pipeline network from China to the Arabian sea via Pakistan is a much wanted project on behalf of the Chinese. Such a passage would allow trade to and from Africa and Europe to be completed in half the time. The importance of Gwader to the Chinese is comparable with American reliance on the Panama canal. Overall, Chinese investment and trade in the region has experienced phenomenol growth over the past decadeds. Its bilateral trade with India alone accounts for US$13.6 billion a year, a number set to grow to US$25 billion in 2010.^[10] Except for New Delhi, Beijing runs trade surpluses with all other partners, including Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. But China makes up for these trade deficits with massive investment in the infrastructural development, socio-economic needs, and above all energy production of its trade partners. Fast on the heels of the U.S. offer of nuclear power plants to India, China has offered Pakistan and Bangladesh nuclear power plants of its own to meet their energy needs. Beijing also showers these nations with low-cost financial capital to help their struggling development sector. The largest beneficiaries of this economic aid are Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal - in that order.^[11] Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir). ... Map of South Asia South Asia is a subregion of Asia comprising the modern states of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, . It covers about 4,480,000 km², or 10 percent of the continent, and is also known as the Indian subcontinent. ... Deng Xiaoping (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Teng Hsiao-ping; August 22, 1904â€“February 19, 1997) was a leader in the Communist Party of China (CCP). ... Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (January 5, 1928 - April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as President, from 1971 to 1973, and as Prime Minister, from 1973 to 1977, of Pakistan. ... Gwadar is located on the southwestern coast of Pakistan, close to the Strait of Hormuz in the Persian Gulf, through which more than 13 million bbl/d of oil passes. ... Two Panamax running the Miraflores Locks The Panama Canal (Spanish: ) is a major ship canal that traverses the Isthmus of Panama in Central America, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. ... Balance of trade figures are the sum of the money gained by a given economy by selling exports, minus the cost of buying imports. ... Balance of trade figures are the sum of the money gained by a given economy by selling exports, minus the cost of buying imports. ...

Southeast Asia

China's geopolitical ambitions focus on Southeast Asia, where Beijing is intent upon establishing a preeminent sphere of influence. China has pursued this ambition with a very skilled diplomatic campaign designed to ultimately bind the region to China - politically, economically, and militarily.^[12] Beijing (Chinese: åŒ—äº¬; pinyin: BÄ›ijÄ«ng; IPA: ; ), a metropolis in northern China, is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... A sphere of influence (SOI) is an area or region over which an organization or state exerts some kind of indirect cultural, economic, military or political domination. ...

Western Hemisphere

Recent years have seen Beijing's growing economic and political influence in South America and the Caribbean. During a visit to Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Cuba in November 2004, Chinese President Hu Jintao announced US$100 billion worth of investment over the next decade.^[13]^[14]^[15] For instance, Cuba is turning to Chinese companies rather than Western ones to modernize its crippled transportation system at a cost of more than US$1 billion, continuing a trend of favoring the fellow communist country that has made Beijing Cuba's second-largest trading partner after Venezuela in 2005.^[16] In addition, China is expanding its military-to-military contacts in the region. China is training increasing numbers of Latin American military personnel, mainly due to a three-year old U.S. law surrounding the International Criminal Court that has led to a sharp decline in U.S.-run training programs for the region.^[17] South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The United States, amid bipartisan consensus, has stated that it does not intend to ratify the treaty creating the International Criminal Court. ... Official logo of the ICC. The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, crime of aggression, and war crimes, as defined by several international agreements, most prominently the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. ...

Caribbean

Caribbean regional relations with People's Republic of China are mostly based on trade, credits, and investments which have increased significantly since the 1990s. For many Caribbean nations the increasing ties with China have been used as a way to decrease long time over-dependence on the United States. Cuban relations with Peoples Republic of China are based on trade, credits, and investments which have increased significantly since the 1990s. ... Caribbean regional relations with Peoples Republic of China are mostly based on trade, credits, and investments which have increased significantly since the 1990s. ... â€œWest Indianâ€ redirects here. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The term credit can have several meanings in different contexts. ... Investment is a term with several closely related meanings in finance and economics. ...

Additionally, China's policy in the region was the use of "dollar diplomacy" or the attempts to switch many nations from recognizing Taiwan as an independent nation instead to the recognition of the "One China" policy in exchange for Chinese investment.

International territorial disputes

Motto none Anthem National Anthem of the Republic of China Capital (and largest city) Taipei Official languages Standard Mandarin (GuÃ³yÇ”) Demonym Taiwanese Government Semi-presidential system - President Chen Shui-bian - Vice President Annette Lu - Premier Chang Chun-hsiung Establishment Xinhai Revolution - Independence declared October 10, 1911 - Republic established January... China - India Western border showing Aksai Chin Aksai Chin (Simplified Chinese: , Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Ä€kÃ¨sÃ iqÄ«n, Hindi: à¤…à¤•à¤¸à¤¾à¤ˆ à¤šà¤¿à¤¨) is a region located at the junction of the Peoples Republic of China, Pakistan, and India. ... Arunachal Pradesh (Hindi: Aruá¹‡Äcal PradeÅ›; Chinese: è—å— Zangnan or South Tibet) is one of the seven northeastern states of India. ... Baitou Mountain, or Paektu Mountain, is a mountain on the border between China and North Korea, located at , . It is commonly called Changbai shan (é•·ç™½å±±/é•¿ç™½å±±) in Chinese and the Manchu name Golmin Å anggiyan Alin corresponds to it. ... The Scarborough Shoal, more correctly described as a group of islands, atolls, and reefs then a shoal, is located in the Luzon Sea (South China Sea). ... The Gulf of Tonkin is located to the south of China. ... // Aerial view of Uotsuri-jima / Diaoyu-dao Kuba Jima (ä¹…å ´å³¶) or Huangwei Yu (é»ƒå°¾å¶¼ Yellow Tail) is located at has an area of 1. ...

Contents

Institutions of Chinese foreign policy

History of PRC foreign policy

Modern foreign policy

Africa

Central Asia

Middle East

South Asia

Southeast Asia

Western Hemisphere

Caribbean

International territorial disputes

See also

Other nations

Other aspects of China's foreign relations

References

External link

Contents

Institutions of Chinese foreign policy GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

History of PRC foreign policy

Modern foreign policy

Africa

Central Asia

Middle East

South Asia

Southeast Asia

Western Hemisphere

Caribbean

International territorial disputes

See also

Other nations

Other aspects of China's foreign relations

References

External link

Institutions of Chinese foreign policy