NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Forest gardening

Forest gardening (also known as 3-Dimensional Gardening) is a food production and land management system based on replicating woodland ecosystems, substituting trees (such as fruit or nut trees), bushes, shrubs, herbs and vegetables which have yields directly useful to mankind. By exploiting the premise of companion planting, these can be intermixed to grow on multiple levels in the same area, as do the plants in a forest. Land management can be defined as the process of managing the use and development of land resources in a sustainable way. ... Limber Pine woodland, Toiyabe Range, central Nevada Biologically, a woodland is a treed area differentiated from a forest. ... An ecosystem, a contraction of ecological and system, refers to the collection of biotic and abiotic components and processes that comprise and govern the behavior of some defined subset of the biosphere. ... For other uses, see Tree (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ... Hazelnuts from the Common Hazel Chestnut Walnuts A nut can be both a seed and a fruit. ... The word bush re-directs here; for alternate uses see Bush (disambiguation). ... dvdsvdxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Herbs: basil Herbs (IPA: hÉ™()b, or É™b; see pronunciation differences) are plants grown for any purpose other than food, wood or beauty. ... A plate of vegetables Tomatoes growing in a vegetable garden Vegetable is a culinary term. ... Ecological yield is the harvestable growth of an ecosystem. ... Companion planting in gardening and agriculture is planting of different crops in close physical proximity. ...

In part based on the model of the Keralan home gardens, temperate-climate forest gardening was pioneered by the late Robert Hart on his one eighth of an acre (500 m²) plot at Wenlock Edge in Shropshire. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (484x657, 54 KB) Summary Photo of Robert Harts forest garden by Graham Burnett ( quercus robur ) Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (484x657, 54 KB) Summary Photo of Robert Harts forest garden by Graham Burnett ( quercus robur ) Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... (IPA: ; , Written as àµ‡à´•à´°à´³à´‚ in the native language Malayalam) is a state on the Western Coast of south-western India. ... Home Gardens is a census-designated place located in Riverside County, California. ... Robert A de J Hart ( - March 7, 2000) was the pioneer of Forest Gardening in the UK. (Robert A.de J.Hart) Books by Robert Hart: The Forest Garden Forest Gardening (1991, 1996 revised) Beyond the Forest Garden The Inviolable Hills Ecosociety Forest Farming (with James Sholto Douglas) A web... Wenlock Edge is a limestone escarpment near Much Wenlock, Shropshire, England. ... Shropshire (alternatively Salop or abbreviated Shrops) is an English county in the West Midlands region of the United Kingdom. ...

Robert began the project over thirty years ago with the intention of providing a healthy and therapeutic environment for himself and his brother Lacon, born with severe learning disabilities. In the United States and Canada, the term learning disability is used to refer to psychological and neurological conditions that affect a persons communicative capacities and potential to be taught effectively. ...

Starting as relatively conventional smallholders, Robert soon discovered that maintaining large annual vegetable beds, rearing livestock and taking care of an orchard were tasks beyond their strength. However, he also observed that a small bed of perennial vegetables and herbs they had planted up was looking after itself with little or no intervention. This led him to evolve the concept of the "Forest Garden": Based on the observation that the natural forest can be divided into distinct layers or "storeys", he used inter-cropping to develop an existing small orchard of apples and pears into an edible polyculture landscape consisting of seven levels. A plate of vegetables Tomatoes growing in a vegetable garden Vegetable is a culinary term. ... Sheep are commonly bred as livestock. ... A community apple orchard originally planted for productive use during the 1920s, in Westcliff on Sea (Essex, England) An orchard is an intentional planting of trees or shrubs maintained for food production. ... A Red Valerian, a perennial plant. ... dvdsvdxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Herbs: basil Herbs (IPA: hÉ™()b, or É™b; see pronunciation differences) are plants grown for any purpose other than food, wood or beauty. ... Temperate rainforest on Northern Slopes of the Alborz mountain ranges, Iran A dense growth of softwoods (a conifer forest) in the Sierra Nevada Range of Northern California A decidous broadleaf (Beech) forest in Slovenia. ... A cropping system of coconut and banana (Satavic Farms) Intercropping is the practice of cultivating an additional crop in the spaces available between the main crop. ... Polyculture is agriculture using multiple crops in the same space, in imitation of the diversity of natural ecosystems, and avoiding large stands of single crops, or monoculture. ...

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1491x936, 50 KB) Forest garden diagram to replace the one that currently existat the Forest gardening article. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1491x936, 50 KB) Forest garden diagram to replace the one that currently existat the Forest gardening article. ...

Woodland gardening

Ken Fern and Plants for a Future adopted the name "Woodland Gardening". A key critique of Hart's system was in the selection of plants used. Most of the traditional crops grown today such as carrots are sun loving plants not well selected for the more shady forest garden system. Fern's idea was that for a successful temperate forest garden a wider range of shade tolerant plants would need to be used. To this end Plants For A Future compiled a plant database suitable for such a system. Plants For A Future (PFAF) is an online not for profit resource for those interested in edible and useful plants of temperate regions. ... Binomial name Daucus carota L. Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ...

The Agroforestry Research Trust has a 2 acre forest garden, next to the Schumacher College in Dartington, Devon. It makes heavy use of ground cover plants to restrict the growth of weeds. Schumacher College was founded in 1991 in Dartington, Totnes, Devon, UK by Satish Kumar. ... Dartington is a village in Devon, England. ... For other uses, see Devon (disambiguation). ... Groundcover is any plant used for the purpose of growing over an area of ground to hide it or to protect it from erosion or drought. ...

There has been some criticism as to whether the home gardens system developed in the tropics are a suitable design for use in a temperate climate. Home Gardens is a census-designated place located in Riverside County, California. ... The tropics are the geographic region of the Earth centered on the equator and limited in latitude by the two tropics: the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. ... In geography, temperate latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles. ...

See also

Agroecology is the science of applying ecological concepts and principles to the design, development, and management of sustainable agricultural systems. ... Parkland in Burkina Faso: Sorghum grown under Faidherbia albida and Borassus akeassii near Banfora, Burkina Faso Agroforestry combines agriculture and forestry technologies to create more integrated, diverse, productive, profitable, healthy and sustainable land-use systems. ... Companion planting in gardening and agriculture is planting of different crops in close physical proximity. ... This is a list of companion plant relationships. ... In agriculture, multiple cropping is the practice of growing two or more crops simultaneously or successively during a single growing season. ... Permaculture Mandala summarising the ethics and principles of permaculture design. ... Polyculture is agriculture using multiple crops in the same space, in imitation of the diversity of natural ecosystems, and avoiding large stands of single crops, or monoculture. ...

External links

Categories: Gardening | Organic gardening | Permaculture Sustainability is an attempt to provide the best outcomes for the human and natural environments both now and into the indefinite future. ... It has been suggested that Green design be merged into this article or section. ... Sustainable architecture is building design that takes into account all aspects of the building that will affect and be affected by the environment. ... Sustainable landscape architecture is a category of sustainable design concerned with the planning and design of outdoor space. ... Environmental design is the process of addressing environmental parameters when devising plans, programs, policies, buildings, or products. ... Ecological economics is an approach to rather than a branch of economics that addresses the interdependence and co-evolution between human economies and natural ecosystems. ... Development economics is a branch of economics that deals with the study of macroeconomic causes of long term economic growth, and microeconomics; the incentive issues of individual households and firms, especially in developing countries. ... Green economics is an approach to economics in which the economy is considered to be a component of and dependent upon the natural world within which it resides and of which is it considered a part. ... Green Gross Domestic Product (Green GDP) is an index of economic growth with the environmental consequences of that growth factored in. ... The triple bottom line captures an expanded spectrum of values and criteria for measuring organizational (and societal) success - economic, environmental and social. ... Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals: environmental stewardship, farm profitability, and prosperous farming communities. ... Food security is a term used in development and humanitarian aid. ... Humanure is a neologism designating human waste (feces and urine) that is recycled via composting for agricultural or other purposes. ... This is a list of companion plant relationships. ... This is a list of repellent plants. ... Ancient technique re-introduced by Masanobu Fukuoka. ... Vermicompost (also called Worm Compost, Vermicast, or Worm Manure) is end product of the breakdown of organic matter by special varieties of earthworms. ... The earliest mention of the phrase sustainable industries appeared in 1990 in a story about a Japanese group reforesting a tropical forest to help create sustainable industries for the local populace. ... Parkland in Burkina Faso: Sorghum grown under Faidherbia albida and Borassus akeassii near Banfora, Burkina Faso Agroforestry combines agriculture and forestry technologies to create more integrated, diverse, productive, profitable, healthy and sustainable land-use systems. ... Ecoforestry is forestry that emphasizes holistic practices which strive to protect and restore ecosystems1 instead of traditional forestry that maximizes economic productivity. ... Timber Exploitation of natural resources is an essential condition of the human existence. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Sustainable architecture. ... Green Chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. ... Green Computing is the design of technological and computing products that reduce the use of hazardous substances and radiation. ... Natural building involves a range of building systems and materials that place major emphasis on sustainability. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Sustainable forest management is a sub-set of sustainable development. ... Girl on a bicycle in a car free area in Frankfurt Sustainable transport is a phrase which was coined in the late 20th century to describe all forms of transport which minimise emissions of carbon dioxide and pollutants. ... The living machine at Oberlin College with a settlement tank in the foreground and filtering tanks in the background The concept of living machines represents a particularly interesting variant on intelligent machines, and has mostly been associated with water treatment systems that make use of natural bioremediation processes such as... Mycoremediation is a form of bioremediation, the process of using microbes to return an environment (usually soil) contaminated by pollutants to a less contaminated state. ... Appropriate technology is the term used to describe objects which meet the needs of the local people and the environment in which they live. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Off-the-grid. ... Cob building dated 1539 in Devon, England. ... Composting toilets use biological processes to deal with the disposal and processing of human excrement into organic compost material. ... Earth covered farm houses in Keldur, Iceland. ... Re-creation of Viking houses in Labrador Several grass roofs can be seen in the village of BÃ¸ur in the Faroe Islands. ... Rammed Earth is an old building material that has seen a revival in recent years as people seek low-impact building materials and natural building methods. ... Sheet composting is the process of composting organic matter directly onto the soil as a mulch and letting it decay there, rather than in a heap. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Solar Tower. ... Straw-bale construction is a building method that uses straw bales as structural elements, insulation, or both. ... A windcatcher (Badgir; Ø¨Ø§Ø¯Ú¯ÛŒØ±) is a traditional Persian architectural device used for many centuries to create natural ventilation in buildings. ... Green Map of Cambridge, Massachusetts Green Maps are environmentally themed maps which are usually created as a grassroots effort with a symbol set licensed from the non-profit Green Map System. ... Autonomy is the condition of something that does not depend on anything else. ... Sustainable development is a collection of methods to create and sustain development which seeks to relieve poverty, create equitable standards of living, satisfy the basic needs of all peoples, and establish sustainable political practices all while taking the steps necessary to avoid irreversible damages to natural capital in the long... Sustainable living might best be defined as a lifestyle that could, hypothetically, be sustained unmodified for many generations without exhausting any natural resources. ... The Natural Step is a systematic definition of sustainability developed by Swedish scientist, Karl-Henrik RobÃ¨rt. ... Permaculture Mandala summarising the ethics and principles of permaculture design. ... Similar or related terms: Near zero energy building, Zero energy house, Near zero energy house A zero energy building (ZEB) can be described as structure with a net energy consumption of zero over a typical year. ... Zoning in Permaculture design refers to a method of ensuring that elements are correctly placed. ... Image File history File links Crystal_128_energy. ... In physics and engineering, energy conversion is any process of converting energy from one form to another. ... It has been suggested that Comparison of power plants be merged into this article or section. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... For the physical concepts, see conservation of energy and energy efficiency. ...

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See also

External links

Woodland gardening