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A girl from Taiwan

Taiwanese people (Traditional Chinese: 臺灣人 also 台灣人; Simplified Chinese: 台湾人; pinyin: Táiwān rén) may refer to individuals who either claim or are imputed cultural identity focused on the island of Taiwan and/or the lands and territories which have been governed by the Republic of China (ROC) since 1949. At least three competing (occasionally overlapping) paradigms can be used to motivate a claim that one's cultural identity is as a Taiwanese person: a nationalist paradigm, self-identification (including the concept of "New Taiwanese"), and socio-cultural criteria. These standards are fluid, in keeping with an evolving social and political milieu. The complexity resulting from competing and evolving standards is compounded by a larger dispute regarding the political identity of the ROC itself, and its potential de jure independence or political unification with the People's Republic of China. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Motto Three Principles of the People (三民主義 San-min Chu-i) Anthem National Anthem of the Republic of China Capital Taipei (de facto)  Nanjing (de jure)1  Largest city Taipei Official languages Mandarin (GuóyÇ”) Government Semi-presidential system  -  President Chen Shui-bian  -  Vice President Annette Lu  -  Premier Su Tseng-chang... Taiwanese (pe̍h-oÄ“-jÄ«: Tâi-oân-oÄ“ or Tâi-gí; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: TáiyÇ”, Táiwānhuà) is a dialect of Min Nan Chinese spoken by about 70% of Taiwans population. ... Traditional Chinese (Traditional Chinese: 正體字/繁體字, Simplified Chinese: 正体字/繁体字) refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), commonly called Pinyin, is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Cultural identity is the (feeling of) identity of a group or culture, or of an individual as far as she/he is influenced by her/his belonging to a group or culture. ... Motto Three Principles of the People (三民主義 San-min Chu-i) Anthem National Anthem of the Republic of China Capital Taipei (de facto)  Nanjing (de jure)1  Largest city Taipei Official languages Mandarin (GuóyÇ”) Government Semi-presidential system  -  President Chen Shui-bian  -  Vice President Annette Lu  -  Premier Su Tseng-chang... Taiwans identity crisis has been an ongoing issue for several decades arising from the political rivalry between the Republic of China (ROC) and the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... Look up De jure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Chinese (re)unification (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a goal of Chinese nationalism that refers to the reunification of all of Greater China under a single political entity. ...

The composite category of "Taiwanese people" includes a significant population of at least four constituent ethnic groups: the Hoklo (70%), the Hakka (15%), Mainlander (13%), and Taiwanese aborigines (2%). Hoklo (Chinese: 福佬人; Pinyin: Fúlǎo Rén; POJ: Ho̍h-ló-lâng/Hō-ló-lâng) primarily refers to the largest of the four subethnic and ethnic groups in Taiwan. ... Henan, Shanxi, Guangdong, Jiangxi and Fujian provinces The Hakka are a subgroup of the Han Chinese people who live predominantly in the provinces of Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Fujian in China. ... Mainlanders are Chinese people who live, or were born, in mainland China as opposed to Hong Kong, Macao, Singapore, or Taiwan. ... Total population 2006: 458,000 (CIP 2006) 2004: 454,600 (CIP 2004) Homelands in Taiwan Mountainous terrain running in five ranges from the northern to the southern tip of the island Narrow eastern plains Orchid Island (Lán Yǔ) Languages 14 living Formosan languages. ...

Differing definitions of Taiwanese

The definition of Taiwanese is actually disputed in Taiwan and elsewhere due to the domination of the majority Hoklo from whom both the identity and language of Taiwan tends to be solely attributed. The Hoklo speak a variation of the Min-Nan dialect of Fujian (Hokkien) province. This dialect is what has come to be known as the Taiwanese language. Another definition includes the Hakka and the highland aborigines but excludes the Mainlander group, which primarily speaks regional Chinese dialects as well as the standardized form of Mandarin Chinese that was created by Kuomintang (KMT, Chinese Nationalist) scholars from a variety of northern Chinese dialects (Norman 1988) to be the official language of the Republic of China. Hoklo (Chinese: 福佬人; Pinyin: FúlÇŽo Rén; POJ: Ho̍h-ló-lâng/Hō-ló-lâng) primarily refers to the largest of the four subethnic and ethnic groups in Taiwan. ... // Computer programming In object-oriented programming, object identity is a mechanism for distinguishing different objects from each other. ... Min Nan, Minnan, or Min-nan (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; POJ: Bân-lâm-gú; Southern Min or Southern Fujian language) is the Chinese language/dialect spoken in southern Fujian province, China and neighboring areas, and by descendants of emigrants from these areas in diaspora. ...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fu-chien; Postal map spelling: Fukien, Foukien; local transliteration Hokkien from Min Nan Hok-kiàn) is one of the provinces on the southeast coast of the Peoples Republic of China. ... See alternative meanings for other possible definitions. ... Standard Mandarin is the official Chinese spoken language used by the Peoples Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan) and Singapore. ... The Kuomintang of China (abbreviation KMT) (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Tongyong Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung1-kuo2 Kuo2-min2-tang3)[1], also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party in the Republic of China, now on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in... Mandarin (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ; literally speech of officials), or Beifanghua (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; literally Northern Dialect(s)), is a category of related Chinese dialects spoken across most of northern and southwestern China. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ...

The concept of ethnic and national identities as defined above creates a greater conflict, as the standards used by both the ROC and the PRC are heavily influenced by nationalist discourse and may not reflect the actual complexity of the genetic and cultural histories of Taiwan's population, nor does it account for hybridity or self-identification as in the case of several plains tribes. As plains tribes continue to mobilize based on their collective identity, Taiwanese society is forced to re-think the current markers of identity and ethnicity (Hsieh 2006). ROC, Roc, roc, R.O.C or R.o. ... PRC is a common abbreviation for: Peoples Republic of China Palestinian Red Crescent Popular Resistance Committees This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... This article or section should be merged with ethnic group Ethnicity is the cultural characteristics that connect a particular group or groups of people to each other. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ...

The concept of a Taiwanese people relies on mythologized constructions of groups of humans that may or may not imagine themselves to belong to a single community. It should also be noted that identities are not fixed, but fluid and change with time and memory or in response to a changing environment rather than stemming from a primordial or authentic source (Brown 2004). This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ...

According to the theory proposed by social theorist Benedict Anderson in his highly influential work Imagined Communities, the Taiwanese people are those people who imagine themselves a part of a national community that regards itself as Taiwanese. Any connection Taiwanese may have with one another is purely imaginary, based on the shared belief in a common destiny. The sense of common destiny stems from the very real parameters of daily life including: Government, Economy, Education, Popular Culture and Electronic/Print Media (Anderson 1983). Benedict Richard OGorman Anderson (born August 26, 1936) is professor emeritus of International Studies at Cornell University. ... The Imagined Community is a concept coined by Benedict Anderson which states that a nation is socially constructed and ultimately imagined by the people who perceive themselves as part of that group. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ...

Anderson's theory allows for the decolonization of ethnic identities and opens the identity to the real phenomenon of hybridity which occurs in any pluralistic community and has been traditionally ignored by orientalists, especially in studying China (Said 1979; Bhabha 1994; Harrell 1995). Colonialism in 1945 Decolonization refers to the achievement of independence by the various Western colonies and protectorates in Asia and Africa following World War II. This conforms with an intellectual movement known as Post-Colonialism. ... For Orientalist Architecture, see Moorish Revival. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ...

In the case of Taiwan, it is still uncertain who is identified as Taiwanese or non-Taiwanese as the definitions used by the ROC government are rooted in the "National Ethnicity/Racial" policies undertaken by Chinese Nationalists in the late 19th century to reflect a Chinese national outlook, yet had very little relation to actual claimed identities (Dikotter 1992). The fact that the people on Taiwan have intermarried for over 8,000 years, with few class-based, social, or cultural barriers further conflates the argument of a Taiwanese identity into a greater national and political discourse (Shepherd 1993; Wachman 1994; Brown 2004; Teng 2004). The idea of a common Chinese identity can also be seen as reliant on a political ideology as descendants of Han Chinese migrants on several Pacific islands have acculturated into local communities in the absence of the Overseas Chinese organizations established by the KMT in after 1949. In communities with an active, nationalized, Overseas Chinese organization, the communities have resisted assimilation (Wu 2002). The PRC relies on a Stalinist construction for the ethnic groups in China. This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Languages Chinese languages, Indian languages, Hebrew Religions Predominantly Taoism, Mahayana Buddhism, traditional Chinese religions, and atheism. ... Overseas Chinese are people of Chinese ancestry who live outside China. ... Look up assimilation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Stalinism is a brand of political theory, and the political and economic system implemented by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. ...

The Stalinist model uses a criteria to define ethnic groups in the PRC based on a common language, common territory, common economy and common psychological make up. Under the Stalinist criteria, the PRC recognizes 56 Chinese ethnicities, with Han being the largest, making up 91% of the population, while the other 55 minzu occupy only 9% of the population (Brown 2004:6-8). The PRC does not differentiate between regional differences in Han, thereby adopting an earlier colonial model in which the Han viewed themselves as the embodiment of Confucian society and the cultural center (Ebrey 1996; Crossley 1999). The PRC insists that all Han are Chinese and most Taiwanese are Han, therefore Taiwanese people are Chinese. This national narrative attempts to link the present Chinese nation state to past Han civilizations and serves as justification to linking the modern China to prior narratives of Han dominance and culture. Joseph Stalin Stalinism is the political and economic system named after Joseph Stalin, who implemented it in the Soviet Union. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Confucianism (儒家 Pinyin: rújiā The School of the Scholars), sometimes translated as the School of Literati, is an East Asian ethical, religious and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of Confucius. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ...

Due to Taiwan's unique and differing social and political experiences from China's, the Taiwanese identity does not correspond with the PRC's definition as an "minzu" or "local Han" (Brown 2004:8). The Peoples Republic of China officially describes itself as a multinational unitary state and as such officially recognizes 56 nationalities or Mínzú (民族), within China: the Han being the majority (>92%), and the remaining 55 nationalities being the national minorities. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ...

In contemporary Taiwan the phenomenon of mixed marriages between couples comprising different ethnic groups has grown to include people from the Indian subcontinent, southeast Asia, the Philippines, Europe, the Americas and the Pacific Islands. The increasing number of marriages between natives of Taiwan and other countries creates a problem for the rigid definitions of ethnic identity used by both the ROC and the PRC when discussing Taiwan (Harrell, 1995). In one-seventh of all marriages in Taiwan today, one partner will be from another country. Many immigrants to Taiwan seek to gain official ROC citizenship and assume a Taiwanese national identity. As Taiwan's birthrate is among the lowest in the world, this contingent is playing an increasingly important role in changing Taiwan's demographic makeup. Satellite image of the Indian subcontinent Map of South Asia (see note) This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... This article is 150 kilobytes or more in size. ... World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World consisting of the continents of North America[1] and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... The Pacific Ocean contains an estimated 20,000 to 30,000 islands; the exact number has not been precisely determined. ...

Self Identification

In a 2002 poll by the Democratic Progressive Party, over 50% of the respondents considered themselves "Taiwanese" only, up from less than 20% in 1991.^[1] The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) (Traditional Chinese: 民主進步黨; Simplified Chinese: 民主进步党; abbrev. ...

In a poll released 12/14/2006 by the Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF), 57% of people on Taiwan consider themselves to be Taiwanese. 23% Chinese and 20% both Chinese and Taiwanese (China Post, 2006). The growing sense of a Taiwanese identity has continued to increase despite fluctuations in support for pro-independence political parties, demonstrating the Taiwanese identity is not the product of local political manipulation, but an actual phenomenon of ethnic and sociopolitical identities (Corcuff, 2002; pp. 137-149, 207; Hsiao, 2000; pp. 157-170).

In the view of the United States government, under the Taiwan Relations Act, the only law or regulation outside of Taiwan that recognizes Taiwanese autonomy, the Taiwanese people are defined as the "people on Taiwan" simply meaning that any resident of Taiwan is Taiwanese. In relation to the Three Communique signed between Peoples Republic of China and United States of America, The Taiwan Relations Act is oftened viewed as another cornerstone of US position to China and in addition to the concerted area of China. ...

Main article: Taiwan independence

Taiwan independence (Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: , Pe̍h-oē-jī: Tâi-oân To̍k-li̍p; abbreviated to 台獨, Táidú, Tâi-to̍k) is a political movement whose goal is primarily to create a de jure independent and sovereign Republic of Taiwan (out of the lands currently administered...

History of the major socio-cultural groups

According to the Republic of China government, the majority of Taiwan's 23 million population consist of 98% Han Chinese^[2] with a minority Austronesian population of less than 500,000. Migration to Taiwan from southern Asia began approximately 12,000 B.C.E. but large scale migration to Taiwan did not occur until the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century as a result of political and economic chaos in China (Shepherd, 1993; Bellwood,2000; Blust 1988) . The first large scale migration occurred as a result of the Manchu invasion and conquest of China, overthrowing the Ming dynasty and establishing the Qing dynasty, which was established in 1644 and remained until 1911. In 1624, the Dutch East India Company, with on the suggestion of the Ming Court, abandoned a small fort on Peng Hu Island and established an outpost in Tainan in southern Taiwan to trade Chinese silk for Japanese silver. However, the Dutch realized Taiwan's position as a potential colony of the Orange Crown, and developed a colony in cooperation with plains tribes to trade deer hide, venison, rice, and sugar, but the main problem was labor. The aborigines were not interested in developing the land and it would be too costly to transport settlers from Europe, so the Dutch opted to hire Han farmers from across the Taiwan Strait, luring them to Taiwan by placing advertisements along the southeastern coastal Fujianese cities with promise of free land, four years tax exemption and guarantees of payment for rice and sugar.^[3] Migration of male laborers from Fujian steadily increased into the 18th and 19th century,and due to acculturation of plains aborigines, intermarriage and assimilation, Han became the ethnic majority. The descendants of Hoklo, Hakka and plains aborigines who have lived together on Taiwan for over four hundred years and have come to be known as native Taiwanese. However, it was not until the Japanese arrival in 1895 that Taiwanese first developed a collective Taiwanese identity in contrast to the colonizing Japanese Morris, 2002. When the Chinese Civil War broke out between Kuomintang nationalists and the Chinese communists in 1945, there was another mass migration of people from China to Taiwan fleeing the communists. These migrants are known as the Mainlanders. Motto Three Principles of the People (三民主義 San-min Chu-i) Anthem National Anthem of the Republic of China Capital Taipei (de facto)  Nanjing (de jure)1  Largest city Taipei Official languages Mandarin (GuóyÇ”) Government Semi-presidential system  -  President Chen Shui-bian  -  Vice President Annette Lu  -  Premier Su Tseng-chang... Languages Chinese languages, Indian languages, Hebrew Religions Predominantly Taoism, Mahayana Buddhism, traditional Chinese religions, and atheism. ... The Austronesian languages are a family of languages widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... The Manchu (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: , Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: MÇŽnzú, Mongolian: Манж) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeast China). ... For other uses, see Ming. ... The Qing Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ching chao; Manchu: daicing gurun; Mongolian: Манж Чин), occasionally known as the Manchu Dynasty, was the ruling dynasty of China from 1644 to 1912. ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... Events January 24 - Alfonso Mendez, appointed by Pope Gregory XV as Prelate of Ethiopia, arrives at Massawa from Goa. ... Dutch colonial possessions, with the Dutch East India Company possessions marked in a paler green, surrounding the Indian Ocean plus Saint Helena in the mid-Atlantic. ... Tainan is the name of a city and a county in southwestern Taiwan. ... Venison is the modern term for the meat of deer, elk, red deer, moose, caribou, and pronghorn. ... Taiwan Strait Area The Taiwan Strait or Formosa Strait is a 180km-wide Strait between mainland China and the island of Taiwan. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Nationalist Party of China Communist Party of China Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 4,300,000 (July 1946) 3,650,000 (June 1948) 1,490,000 (June 1949) 1,200,000 (July 1946) 2,800,000 (June 1948) 4,000,000 (June 1949) The Chinese Civil War... The Kuomintang of China (abbreviation KMT) (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Tongyong Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung1-kuo2 Kuo2-min2-tang3)[1], also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party in the Republic of China, now on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in... The Communist Party of China (CPC) (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China, a position guaranteed by the countrys constitution. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Mainlanders are Chinese people who live, or were born, in mainland China as opposed to Hong Kong, Macao, Singapore, or Taiwan. ...

Aborigines

Main article: Taiwanese aborigines

Total population 2006: 458,000 (CIP 2006) 2004: 454,600 (CIP 2004) Homelands in Taiwan Mountainous terrain running in five ranges from the northern to the southern tip of the island Narrow eastern plains Orchid Island (Lán Yǔ) Languages 14 living Formosan languages. ...

Hoklo

The Hoklo communities in Taiwan originated from male laborers from Fujian (hired by the Dutch), some of whom married into Lowland Taiwanese aborigine communities. Official statistics show that aborigines make-up less than 2% of Taiwan's population, they are often referring to those citizens who the government identifies as aborigines and may not reflect actual identification or hybridity. There are fragmented populations of lowland aborigines who still acknowledge their identity and heritage throughout Taiwan. Others have assimilated to a degree where their descendants speak Taiwanese and identify with the Hoklo majority, and it is possible to find families where the older members still identify themselves as lowland aborigine, while the rest of the family may identify as Hoklo. The Hoklo (Chinese: 福佬, 河洛, 鶴佬; Hanyu Pinyin: ; POJ: Hō-ló; native pronunciation /Holo/) are an ethnic-cultural group originating in southeast China (Fujian province), and now form a sizeable diaspora, particularly in such places as Taiwan and Malaysia A slang term in Hong Kong (學佬, 鶴佬) for Hokkien-speaking people, or those with Hokkien...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fu-chien; Postal map spelling: Fukien, Foukien; local transliteration Hokkien from Min Nan Hok-kiàn) is one of the provinces on the southeast coast of the Peoples Republic of China. ... A Rukai village Chief visiting the Department of Anthropology in Tokyo Imperial University during the Japanese rule. ... The Hoklo (Chinese: 福佬, 河洛, 鶴佬; Hanyu Pinyin: ; POJ: Hō-ló; native pronunciation /Holo/) are an ethnic-cultural group originating in southeast China (Fujian province), and now form a sizeable diaspora, particularly in such places as Taiwan and Malaysia A slang term in Hong Kong (學佬, 鶴佬) for Hokkien-speaking people, or those with Hokkien... The Hoklo (Chinese: 福佬, 河洛, 鶴佬; Hanyu Pinyin: ; POJ: Hō-ló; native pronunciation /Holo/) are an ethnic-cultural group originating in southeast China (Fujian province), and now form a sizeable diaspora, particularly in such places as Taiwan and Malaysia A slang term in Hong Kong (學佬, 鶴佬) for Hokkien-speaking people, or those with Hokkien...

Hakka

The Taiwanese Hakka communities, although arriving to Taiwan from Eastern Guangdong and the mountains of Fujian, have also likely mixed through intermarriage with lowland aborigines as well. Hakka family trees are known for identifying the male ancestors by their ethnic Hakka heritage while leaving out information on the identity of the female ancestors. Also, during the process of intermarriage and assimilation, many of the lowland aborigines and their families took on the sinicized Hoklo and Hakka family names. Much of this happened in Taiwan prior to the Japanese occupation of Taiwan, so that by the time of the Japanese colonization, most of the population that the Japanese classified as "Chinese" Hoklo and "Chinese" Hakka were in truth already of mixed ancestry. Physical features of both Taiwanese aborigine and Chinese can be found amongst the Taiwanese mainstream today.It is also believed by many scholars that the Hakka of Taiwan are mainly the descendants of Hakka assimilated ethnic Shi people from the mountainous area between Fujian and Guangdong, with linguistic relations to Min nan speakers (Norman, 1988). Henan, Shanxi, Guangdong, Jiangxi and Fujian provinces The Hakka are a subgroup of the Han Chinese people who live predominantly in the provinces of Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Fujian in China. ... Guangdong, often spelt as Kwangtung, is a province on the south coast of the Peoples Republic of China. ...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fu-chien; Postal map spelling: Fukien, Foukien; local transliteration Hokkien from Min Nan Hok-kiàn) is one of the provinces on the southeast coast of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Henan, Shanxi, Guangdong, Jiangxi and Fujian provinces The Hakka are a subgroup of the Han Chinese people who live predominantly in the provinces of Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Fujian in China. ... Henan, Shanxi, Guangdong, Jiangxi and Fujian provinces The Hakka are a subgroup of the Han Chinese people who live predominantly in the provinces of Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Fujian in China. ... The Hoklo (Chinese: 福佬, 河洛, 鶴佬; Hanyu Pinyin: ; POJ: Hō-ló; native pronunciation /Holo/) are an ethnic-cultural group originating in southeast China (Fujian province), and now form a sizeable diaspora, particularly in such places as Taiwan and Malaysia A slang term in Hong Kong (學佬, 鶴佬) for Hokkien-speaking people, or those with Hokkien... Henan, Shanxi, Guangdong, Jiangxi and Fujian provinces The Hakka are a subgroup of the Han Chinese people who live predominantly in the provinces of Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Fujian in China. ... The Hoklo (Chinese: 福佬, 河洛, 鶴佬; Hanyu Pinyin: ; POJ: Hō-ló; native pronunciation /Holo/) are an ethnic-cultural group originating in southeast China (Fujian province), and now form a sizeable diaspora, particularly in such places as Taiwan and Malaysia A slang term in Hong Kong (學佬, 鶴佬) for Hokkien-speaking people, or those with Hokkien... Henan, Shanxi, Guangdong, Jiangxi and Fujian provinces The Hakka are a subgroup of the Han Chinese people who live predominantly in the provinces of Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Fujian in China. ... A Rukai village Chief visiting the Department of Anthropology in Tokyo Imperial University during the Japanese rule. ...

Mainlander

The descendants of mainlanders (sometimes called the "New Taiwanese") had originally live within the heart of large urban centers in Taiwan such as Taipei, Taichung, or Kaohsiung, due to the high numbers of government officials and civil servants who followed the KMT to Taiwan and occupied the positions of the colonial government vacated by the Japanese following the allies armistice with Japan in 1945. The followers of the KMT sojourn government on Taiwan moved into the official dormitories and residences built by the Japanese for civil servants. The ghettoization of mainlander communities exasperated the divisions imagined by non-mainlander groups and stymied cultural integration and assimilation into mainstream Taiwanese culture (Gates 1981). Under the nationalization campaigns undertaken by the KMT, the ROC government established an official "culture", which reflected the KMT government's own preference for what it considered authentic Chinese culture and excluded many of the local Taiwanese practices and local cultures, including the diverse cultures brought to Taiwan by the mainlanders from all parts of China (Wachman 1994). Unlike, the Hoklo and Hakka of Taiwan, who felt excluded by the new government, the mainlanders and their families supported the nationalists and embraced the official "culture" as their own, with "national culture" being taught in school (Wilson 1970). The mainlanders used their embrace of Nationalist culture to identify themselves as the authentic Chinese people of Taiwan. People identifying themselves as "mainlanders" can now be found in all parts of Taiwan, and through government agriculture and construction campaigns of the 1960s, "mainlander" communities or mixed marriage communities have been established in the high mountains and along the east coast. Taiwanese of Hakka heritage traditionally lived in communities such as Hsinchu, Chungli, Miaoli, Meinung, Pingtung, and Taitung in Taiwan. Taiwanese of Taiwanese aborigine heritage are primarily highland aborigines who live in the Central Mountain and Pacific Coastal regions of Eastern Taiwan. The Cities of Yilan, Hualien, and Taitung are known for their aboriginal communities. Taiwanese of Hoklo heritage are the most widespread of the peoples and are spread out all over Taiwan. Mainlanders are those humans who live, or were born, in a mainland. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... The Hoklo (Chinese: 福佬, 河洛, 鶴佬; Hanyu Pinyin: ; POJ: Hō-ló; native pronunciation /Holo/) are an ethnic-cultural group originating in southeast China (Fujian province), and now form a sizeable diaspora, particularly in such places as Taiwan and Malaysia A slang term in Hong Kong (學佬, 鶴佬) for Hokkien-speaking people, or those with Hokkien... Henan, Shanxi, Guangdong, Jiangxi and Fujian provinces The Hakka are a subgroup of the Han Chinese people who live predominantly in the provinces of Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Fujian in China. ... Mainlanders are those humans who live, or were born, in a mainland. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Henan, Shanxi, Guangdong, Jiangxi and Fujian provinces The Hakka are a subgroup of the Han Chinese people who live predominantly in the provinces of Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Fujian in China. ... A Rukai village Chief visiting the Department of Anthropology in Tokyo Imperial University during the Japanese rule. ... The Hoklo (Chinese: 福佬, 河洛, 鶴佬; Hanyu Pinyin: ; POJ: Hō-ló; native pronunciation /Holo/) are an ethnic-cultural group originating in southeast China (Fujian province), and now form a sizeable diaspora, particularly in such places as Taiwan and Malaysia A slang term in Hong Kong (學佬, 鶴佬) for Hokkien-speaking people, or those with Hokkien...

New Taiwanese

The term "New Taiwanese 新台灣人" was coined by former President of the Republic of China, Lee Teng-hui in 1995 to bridge the ethnic cleavage which formed following the February 28 Incident in 1947 and characterized the frigid relations between waishengren and native Taiwanese during forty years of martial law. Although the "xin Taiwan guan 新台灣觀" (New Taiwanese Concept) or "xin Taiwan lun 新台灣論" (The debate on the new Taiwanese identity) was originally aimed at the successive generations of Taiwanese with mainlander ancestry, it has been further articulated by Lee and other political and social leaders to refer to any person who loves Taiwan and is committed to calling Taiwan home. Although critics have called the "New Taiwanese Concept" a political ploy to win votes from native Taiwanese who regarded the KMT as an alien regime, it has remained an important factor in the dialectic between ethnic identities in Taiwan. Despite being adopted early on by former Provincial Governor James Soong (1997) and later by Taipei mayor and KMT Chairman Ma Ying-Jiu (1999), the term has since been dropped from contemporary political rhetoric (Corcuff 2002:186-188). The Presidential Building is located in Zhongzheng District, Taipei City. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is 李 (Li). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Ma Ying-jeou (馬英九 Hanyu Pinyin: Mǎ Yīngjiǔ, Wade-Giles: Ma Ying-chiu Tongyong Pinyin: Ma Yingjiou) (born July 13, 1950) was elected mayor of Taipei, Taiwan, in 1998 and reelected in 2002. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ...

Genetic studies

The Hoklo and Hakka linguistic groups, which statistically make up the majority of Taiwan's population, can trace some of their historical cultural roots Minnan- and Hakka-speaking peoples come from what is now China, predominantly the southern provinces of Guangdong and Fujian. Much of the original migrations from China were largely male, so there was considerable intermarriage with local plains aboriginal groups and in many cases the offspring of mixed unions were designated following the patrilineal preference, making the genetic make up of Taiwanese people difficult to determine.^[4] The lack of a definite genetic record of plains aborigines, or conclusive understanding of their proto-Austronesian roots, further complicates the use of genetic data (Blust 1988). A study of the depletion of Asian and Pacific Islanders demonstrates a noticeable difference between Han in China and on Taiwan (Stone 2000:351-357). A Mahalanobis' generalized distance survey of 29 male groups categorized Taiwanese as a separate subgroup of Northern Asian different from Shanghai,Nanjing and Hangzhou, associating Taiwanese closer to groups from Hainan, Korea, Ainu and Atayal (Pietrusewsky 2000:400-409). Mǐn Nán (Chinese: 閩南語), also spelt as Minnan or Min-nan; native name Bân-lâm-gú; literally means Southern Min or Southern Fujian and refers to the local language/dialect of southern Fujian province, China. ... Hakka (Simplified Chinese: 客家话, Traditional Chinese: 客家話, Hakka: Hak-ka-fa/-va, pinyin: Kèjiāhuà) is a Chinese dialect/language spoken predominantly in southern China by the Hakka ethnic group and descendants in diaspora throughout East and Southeast Asia and around the world. ... Guangdong, often spelt as Kwangtung, is a province on the south coast of the Peoples Republic of China. ...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fu-chien; Postal map spelling: Fukien, Foukien; local transliteration Hokkien from Min Nan Hok-kiàn) is one of the provinces on the southeast coast of the Peoples Republic of China. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... // Han in China Chinese (æ¼¢), an abbreviation or adjectival modifier for things Chinese. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... A woman with a child of Atayal using a machine to make clothes, 1900 The Atayal (æ³°é›…), also known as the Tayal and the Tayan, are one tribe of the Taiwanese aborigines. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ...

In addition, 14% of Taiwan's population are immigrants or descendants of immigrants who arrived near the end of the Chinese Civil War with the Kuomintang government. They are also referred to as "Mainlanders" (外省人; Waisheng ren; literally "external-province person"), and originate from all parts of China, both north and south, unlike the Hoklo and Hakka. Combatants Nationalist Party of China Communist Party of China Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 4,300,000 (July 1946) 3,650,000 (June 1948) 1,490,000 (June 1949) 1,200,000 (July 1946) 2,800,000 (June 1948) 4,000,000 (June 1949) The Chinese Civil War... The Kuomintang of China (abbreviation KMT) (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Tongyong Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung1-kuo2 Kuo2-min2-tang3)[1], also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party in the Republic of China, now on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in...

Dalu ren (大陸人) refers to residents of the People's Republic of China. This group excludes almost all native Taiwanese. It also excludes foreign born spouses from Vietnam, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines or spouses from non-Asian countries. The people supporting the independence of Taiwan would simply call these people "Chinese" (中國人). Taiwan independence (Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: , Pe̍h-oÄ“-jÄ«: Tâi-oân To̍k-li̍p; abbreviated to 台獨, Táidú, Tâi-to̍k) is a political movement whose goal is primarily to create a de jure independent and sovereign Republic of Taiwan (out of the lands currently administered...

The human leukocyte antigen typing study and mitochondrion DNA analysis performed in recent years show that more than 88% of the native Taiwanese population have some degree of aboriginal origin (Sim 2003)^[5] Research conducted by Li Hui of the Life Sciences Institute at Shanghai Fudan University found that men from four Taiwanese aboriginal tribes (Amei, Atayal, Bunun, Paiwan) share common parts of the same Y-chromosome (No. 9, 10, 11, 12) with the Li people of Hainan and link them to a common ancestor, the Baiyue people (百越) who lived in Hemudu in eastern Zhejiang 7,000 years ago.^[6] It is believed that a pre-Austronesian people immigrated to Taiwan some 12,000-8000 years ago and share a similarity with those that immigrated to Hainan, though it was not until a lengthy settlement on Taiwan that the people became Proto-Austronesians and the ancestors of the current ethnic groups of Austronesian speakers on Taiwan and other Pacific islands. The human leukocyte antigen system (sometimes human lymphocyte antigen) (HLA) is the general name of a group of genes in the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region on human chromosome 6 (mouse chromosome 17) that encodes the cell-surface antigen-presenting proteins. ... Electron micrograph of a mitochondrion showing its mitochondrial matrix and membranes In cell biology, a mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) (from Greek μιτος or mitos, thread + κουδριον or khondrion, granule) is a membrane-enclosed organelle, found in most eukaryotic cells. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Fudan University (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), located in Shanghai, China, is one of the oldest leading and most selective universities in the Peoples Republic of China. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Li (黎; pinyin Lí) or Hlai is a minority Chinese ethnic group. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The Hemudu culture (河姆渡文化) (5000 BC to 4500 BC[1]) was a Neolithic culture that flourished just south of the Hangzhou Bay in Jiangnan in modern Yuyao, Zhejiang, China. ... Zhejiang (also spelled Chehkiang or Chekiang) is an eastern coastal province of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

Both Chinese and Taiwanese nationalists have often tried to validate their political claims based on biology and implied ancestry. Despite the advancement of genetic research and diaspora studies of human populations around the globe, there is no evidence to suggest any correlation between genetic or biological similarities or differences, and political or national identities. Genetic studies have only concluded the greater similarity between all people.

Famous Taiwanese people

Main article: List of Taiwanese people

• Chen Shui-bian - Current President of the Republic of China (Taiwan)
• Takeshi Kaneshiro - Half-Taiwanese actor
• Ang Lee - Academy Award-winning Hollywood director
• Cho-Liang Lin - Taiwanese violinist
• Chien-Ming Wang - Major League Baseball player, current pitcher for the New York Yankees
• Jerry Yang - Founder of Yahoo!

Famous Taiwanese or Taiwanese-speaking/writing people. ... Chen Shui-bian, President of the Republic of China Chen Shui-bian (ch. ... The Presidential Building is located in Zhongzheng District, Taipei City. ... Takeshi Kaneshiro Takeshi Kaneshiro (Traditional Chinese: 金城武, Simplified Chinese: 金城武, Hepburn: Kaneshiro Takeshi, Pinyin: Jīnchéng Wŭ, born October 11, 1973) is a male actor and model. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Academy Award The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, are the most prominent and most watched film awards ceremony in the world. ... ... Cho-Liang Lin (Chinese: 林昭亮, born 1960) is a Taiwanese-American violinist who is renowned for his appearances as a soloist with major orchestras. ... Chien-Ming Wang (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ong Kianbin) born March 31, 1980 in Tainan City, Taiwan, is a starting pitcher for the New York Yankees in Major League Baseball. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Major league affiliations American League (1901–present) East Division (1969–present) Current uniform Retired Numbers 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 23, 32, 37, 44, 49 Name New York Yankees (1913–present) New York Highlanders (1903-1912) Baltimore Orioles (1901-1902) (Also referred to as... Jerry Chih-Yuan Yang (Traditional Chinese: 楊致遠; pinyin: Yáng Zhìyuǎn; born November 6, 1968) is the Taiwanese American co-founder of Yahoo! Inc. ... Yahoo! Inc. ...

References

• Anderson, Benedict (1983). Imagined Communities. NY: Verso Press.
• Bellwood, Peter (2000). "Formosan Pre-History and Austronesian Dispersal" in Blundell, David (Ed.) Austronesian Taiwan: Linguistics, History, Ethnology and Prehistory. Berkley, CA: University of California Press.
• Blust, Robert (1988). Austronesian Root Theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamin's Press.
• Brown, Melissa J (2004). Is Taiwan Chinese:The Impact of Culture, Power and Migration of Changing Identities. Berkley, CA: University of California Press.
• Bhabha, Homi K (1994). The Location of Culture. London, UK: Routledge.
• Marsh, Robert (2002). "National Identity and Ethnicity in Taiwan" in Stephane Corcuff (Ed.) Memories of the Future: National Identity Issues and A New Taiwan. London: M.E. Sharpe.
• Corcuff, Stephane (2002). "Taiwan's "Mainlanders", New Taiwanese?" in Stephane Corcuff (Ed.) Memories of the Future:National Identity Issues and A New Taiwan. London: M.E. Sharpe.
• Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1999). A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. Berkley, CA: University of California Press.
• Dikotter, Frank (1992). The Discourse of Race in Modern China. Berkley, CA: Stanford University Press.
• Ebrey, Patricia (1996). "Surnames and Han Chinese Identity" in Melissa J. Brown (Ed.) Negotiating Ethnicities in China and Taiwan. Berkeley, CA: University of California.
• Gates, Hill (1981). "Ethnicity and Social Class" in Ahern, Emily Martin and Gates, Hill (Ed.) The Anthropology of Taiwanese Society. CA: Stanford University Press.
• Harrell, Stevan ed. (1995). Cultural Encounters on China's Ethnic Frontiers. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
• Hsiao, A-Chin (2000). Contemporary Taiwanese Cultural Nationalism. London: Routledge Press.
• Hsieh, Jolan (2006). Collective Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Identity Based Movement of Plains Indinenous in Taiwan. New York: Routledge Press.
• Morris, Andrew (2002). Memories of the Future: National Identity Issues and The Search for a New Taiwan. ed. Stephane Corcuff. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
• Norman, Jerry (1988). Chinese:Cambridge Language Surveys. UK: Cambridge University Press.
• Pietrusewsky, Michael (2000). "Metric Analysis of Skeletal Remains: Methods and Applications" in Anne Katzenberg and Shelly Saunders (Ed.) Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton. New York: Wiley-Liss, Inc..
• Said, Edward (1979). Orientalism. UK: Vintage Books.
• Sim, Kiantek (2003). Taiwan Xue Tong (Taiwan Blood Types). Taipei: Qian Wei Press.
• Shepherd, John R (1993). Statecraft and Political Economy on the Taiwan Frontier 1600-1800. Ca: Stanford University Press.
• Stone, Anne C (2002). "Ancient DNA from Skeletal Remains" in Anne Katzenberg and Shelly Saunders (Ed.) Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton. New York: Wiley-Liss, Inc..
• Teng, Emma JinHua (2004). Taiwan's Imagined Geography:Chinese Travel Writing and Pictures 1683-1895. MA: The Harvard University Asia Center.
• Wachman, Alan A (1994). Taiwan: National Identity and Democratization. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
• Wilson, Richard W (1970). The Political Socialization of Children in Taiwan. MA: M.I.T. Press.
• Wu, David Y.H (2002). "The Construction of Chinese and Non-Chinese Identities" in Susan D. Blum and Lionel M. Jenson (Ed.) China Off Center: Mapping the Margins of the Middle Kingdom. HA: University of Hawaii Press.

See also

• Demographics of Taiwan
• History of Taiwan
• Republic of China
• Taiwan

Taiwans population was estimated in July 2006 at 23,036,087 [1] spread across a total land area of 35,980 km², making it the twelfth most densely populated country in the world with a population density of 886 people per km². According to official governmental statistics, 15% of... Taiwan (including the Pescadores) was first populated by Austronesian peoples. ... Motto Three Principles of the People (三民主義 San-min Chu-i) Anthem National Anthem of the Republic of China Capital Taipei (de facto)  Nanjing (de jure)1  Largest city Taipei Official languages Mandarin (GuóyÇ”) Government Semi-presidential system  -  President Chen Shui-bian  -  Vice President Annette Lu  -  Premier Su Tseng-chang...

External links

• The Hakka People
• Taiwanese Hakka
• Taiwan, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, U.S. Department of State