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Encyclopedia > Fort Necessity National Battlefield
Fort Necessity National Battlefield
IUCN Category V (Protected Landscape/Seascape)
Location Pennsylvania, USA
Nearest city Pittsburgh, PA
Coordinates 39°48′54″N 79°35′22″W / 39.815, -79.58944
Area 902.80 acres (3.65 km²) 894.47 acres (3.65 km²) federal
Established March 4, 1931
Total visitation 105,688 (in 2004)
Governing body National Park Service

Fort Necessity National Battlefield, located near Farmington, Pennsylvania, commemorates the first military engagement of the French and Indian War (known as the Seven Years' War outside of the United States). Established by an act of Congress in 1932, the park consists of three separate sections totaling about 900 acres (4 km²). Here, George Washington commanded almost 400 troops in a failed early attempt to thwart French colonial expansion. What became known as the Battle of the Great Meadows, which was fought on July 3, 1754, sparked a long struggle between British and French colonial interests in North America, and in doing so helped cause the worldwide conflict known as the Seven Years' War. It is also the location of George Washington's only military surrender. Along with the fort and battlefield, the park also contains an historic tavern from the early days of the National Road and the grave of British military commander Edward Braddock. The World Conservation Union or International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization dedicated to natural resource conservation. ... Image File history File links Red_pog. ... Image File history File links US_Locator_Blank. ... Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area  Ranked 33rd  - Total 46,055 sq mi (119,283 km²)  - Width 280 miles (455 km)  - Length 160 miles (255 km)  - % water 2. ... Nickname: Motto: Benigno Numine (With the Benevolent Deity) Location in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania Coordinates: , Country United States Commonwealth Pennsylvania County Allegheny Founded November 25, 1758 Incorporated April 22, 1794 (borough)   March 18, 1816 (city) Government  - Mayor Luke Ravenstahl (D) Area  - City 151. ... is the 63rd day of the year (64th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The National Park Service (NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. ... Combatants Britain France Commanders George Washington James Mackay Louis Coulon de Villiers Strength 100 regulars 193 militia, and natives 100 natives 600 marines, and militia Casualties 31 dead 70 wounded 192 captured 3 dead 19 wounded The Battle of the Great Meadows, also known as the Battle of Fort Necessity... Farmington Township is the name of some places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania: Farmington Township, Clarion County, Pennsylvania Farmington Township, Tioga County, Pennsylvania Farmington Township, Warren County, Pennsylvania This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... Combatants France First Nations allies: * Algonquin * Lenape * Wyandot * Ojibwa * Ottawa * Shawnee Great Britain Iroquois Confederacy American Colonies Strength 3,900 regulars 7,900 militia 2,200 natives (1759) 50,000 regulars and militia (1759) The French and Indian War was the nine-year North American chapter of the Seven Years... Combatants Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Great Britain Electorate of Hanover Kingdom of Portugal Electorate of Brunswick Electorate of Hesse-Kassel Archduchy of Austria Kingdom of France Empire of Russia Kingdom of Sweden Kingdom of Spain Electorate of Saxony Kingdom of Naples and Sicily Kingdom of Sardinia The Seven Years... Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political... George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and in 1789 was elected the first President of the United States of America. ... Combatants Britain France Commanders George Washington James Mackay Louis Coulon de Villiers Strength 100 regulars 193 militia, and natives 100 natives 600 marines, and militia Casualties 31 dead 70 wounded 192 captured 3 dead 19 wounded The Battle of the Great Meadows, also known as the Battle of Fort Necessity... is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1754 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Combatants Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Great Britain Electorate of Hanover Kingdom of Portugal Electorate of Brunswick Electorate of Hesse-Kassel Archduchy of Austria Kingdom of France Empire of Russia Kingdom of Sweden Kingdom of Spain Electorate of Saxony Kingdom of Naples and Sicily Kingdom of Sardinia The Seven Years... Mile markers can still be found along the National Road; this one is located in Columbus, Ohio. ... General Edward Braddock General Edward Braddock (1695? – July 13, 1755) was a British soldier and commander-in-chief for North America during the actions at the start of the French and Indian War. ...

Contents

Fort design and construction

Built in an open clearing surrounded by dense hardwood forest, the fort was a circular palisade constructed primarily of white oak. Crude and simplistic, the fort centerpiece was a 10 by 14 foot (3 by 4 m) shed surrounded by a 7 to 8 foot (2 to 2.5 m) tall palisade fence that was 53 feet (16 m) in diameter. Earthworks were built outside the main stockade in a diamond shape and two streams run in between the earthworks and the palisade. The project took the men five days to complete. Beech is a typical temperate zone hardwood For the record label, see Hardwood Records. ... Palisade and Moat A palisade is a Medieval wooden fence or wall of variable height, used as a defensive structure. ... Binomial name Quercus alba L. The White oak (Quercus alba) is one of the most magnificent of oaks. ... Earthworks can refer to: Civil engineering earthworks based on moving massive quantites of soil; The Earthworks audio equipment company; The novel Earthworks by Brian Aldiss; The earthworks style of art. ... Butchers Creek, Omeo, Victoria A stream, brook, beck, burn or creek, is a body of water with a detectable current, confined within a bed and banks. ...


History

Modern reproduction of Fort Necessity as it would have appeared while under George Washington's command in 1754.
Modern reproduction of Fort Necessity as it would have appeared while under George Washington's command in 1754.

After the failed attempt to build and secure a fort at the "Forks of the Ohio" (present day location of Pittsburgh) in January 1754, colonial Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia sent 22 year old Lt. Colonel George Washington to build a roadway through the forest that would allow greater numbers of troops and equipment to enter the region. After completing the road in May 1754, Washington and his party scouted out an area which was known as the great meadows and decided that this would be a good choice for an encampment. Told by Indian guides that an advance party of French soldiers was nearby, Washington and approximately 40 of the colonials set out to locate them. On the morning of May 28, 1754, Washington's party encountered a small group of French troops, under the leadership of Joseph Coulon de Villiers, Sieur de Jumonville. In the Battle of Jumonville Glen, 10 French soldiers were killed and 21, including Jumonville, who was wounded, were captured. It has never been determined who initiated the first shots, but what has become known as the Jumonville affair has been credited as the commencement of the French and Indian War, or as it is known in Europe, the Seven Years' War. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2576x1932, 1237 KB)[edit] Summary Image of Fort Necessity replice at the Fort Necessity National Battlefield. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2576x1932, 1237 KB)[edit] Summary Image of Fort Necessity replice at the Fort Necessity National Battlefield. ... Cincinnati, Ohio is a well known city along the Ohio River, historically known for its riverboats. ... Nickname: Motto: Benigno Numine (With the Benevolent Deity) Location in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania Coordinates: , Country United States Commonwealth Pennsylvania County Allegheny Founded November 25, 1758 Incorporated April 22, 1794 (borough)   March 18, 1816 (city) Government  - Mayor Luke Ravenstahl (D) Area  - City 151. ... Robert Dinwiddie, lieutenant governor of Virginia Michael Dinwiddie (1693 – July 27, 1770) was a British colonial administrator who served as lieutenant governor of colonial Virginia from 1751 to 1758, first under Governor Willem Anne van Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle, and then, from July 1756 to January 1758, as deputy... This article contains a trivia section. ... May 28 is the 148th day of the year (149th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1754 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Joseph Coulon de Villiers, Sieur de Jumonville (8 September 1718 – May 28, 1754) was a French Canadian military officer. ... The Battle of Jumonville Glen was a battle of the French and Indian War fought on May 28, 1754 near what is present-day Uniontown in Western Pennsylvania. ...


After returning to the great meadows, Washington decided it prudent to reinforce his position. Supposedly named by Washington as Fort Necessity or Fort of Necessity, the crude palisade they erected was hoped to be at least temporarily sufficient to protect their position. By June 12, 1754, Washington had under his command 293 colonials and nominal command of 100 additional regular British army troops from South Carolina. Washington spent the remainder of June 1754 fortifying his position and extending the wilderness road further towards the forks of the Ohio. is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1754 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston(1670-1789) Columbia(1790-present) Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Columbia Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32°430N to 35°12N...

Visitor Center at Fort Necessity National Battlefield.
Visitor Center at Fort Necessity National Battlefield.

On July 3, 1754, in the Battle of the Great Meadows, 600 French troops led by Capt. Louis Coulon de Villiers, the brother of Jumonville, along with 100 Indians, attacked the fort. Throughout the day, heavy rain swamped the low lying fort making the use of firearms difficult and ruining much of the gunpowder and provisions. Late in the day, seeing that their position was untenable, Washington accepted a truce which allowed the peaceful withdrawal of his forces which he completed on July 4, 1754. The French subsequently occupied the fort and then burned it. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2576x1932, 985 KB)[edit] Summary Modern Visitor Center at the Fort Necessity National Battlefield. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2576x1932, 985 KB)[edit] Summary Modern Visitor Center at the Fort Necessity National Battlefield. ... is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1754 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Combatants Britain France Commanders George Washington James Mackay Louis Coulon de Villiers Strength 100 regulars 193 militia, and natives 100 natives 600 marines, and militia Casualties 31 dead 70 wounded 192 captured 3 dead 19 wounded The Battle of the Great Meadows, also known as the Battle of Fort Necessity... Sieur Louis Coulon de Villiers (17 August 1710 – 2 November 1757) was a French Canadian military officer during the French and Indian War (Seven Years War). ... is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1754 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...


Park Formation and Structure

Attempts to preserve the location of Fort Necessity were undertaken and on March 4, 1931, Congress declared the location a National Battlefield Site under management of the War Department. Transferred to the National Park Service in 1933, the park was redesignated a National Battlefield on August 10, 1961. As with all historic sites administered by the National Park Service, the battlefield was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. Subsequent archeological research helped to uncover the majority of the original fort position, shape and design. A replica of the fort was completed in the 1970s. A new visitor center, which also is home to a National Road interpretive center opened on October 8, 2005. The battlefield and fort are currently being improved, with a the fort replica being reconstructed to look more historically accurate, new informative signs being added, and the historic treelines and charge locations being outlined. is the 63rd day of the year (64th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Congress of the United States is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States of America. ... National Military Park, National Battlefield, National Battlefield Park, and National Battlefield Site are four designations for battle sites preserved by the United States federal government because of their national importance. ... Line drawing of the Department of Wars seal. ... The National Park Service (NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. ... is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A typical plaque showing entry on the National Register of Historic Places. ... is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ... Archaeology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... A visitor center is a place where visitors to a location can get information on the areas attractions, lodging, maps, and other items relevant to tourism. ... is the 281st day of the year (282nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Mount Washington Tavern, an important stop for early travelers on the National Road.
Mount Washington Tavern, an important stop for early travelers on the National Road.

Along with the fort, the national battlefield also features two other historic sites. On a hillside adjacent to the battlefield and within the boundaries of the park is Mount Washington Tavern, a classic example of the many inns lining the National Road, America's first federally funded highway. The land on which the tavern was built was originally owned by George Washington, who purchased the site on which he commanded his first battle just a few months before his death in 1799. In 1828, James Sampey acquired the land and constructed an inn along the new highway. It was operated by his family until the railroad construction boom caused the National Road to decline in popularity, rednering the inn unprofitable. In 1855, it was sold and served as a private home for the next 75 years, until it was acquired by the National Park Service in 1933 and restored. The Mount Washington Tavern demonstrates the standard features of an early American tavern, including a simple but congenial barroom that served as a gathering place, a more fancy parlor room that was used for relaxation, and crowded bedrooms in which people would crowd in order to catch up on sleep. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Mile markers can still be found along the National Road; this one is located in Columbus, Ohio. ...

The grave of General Edward Braddock.

In a separate unit of the park lying about one mile east of the battlefield lies the grave of General Edward Braddock. The legendary British commander oversaw many French and Indian War battles and led the construction of a useful, but inadequate wilderness road through Western Pennsylvania. Braddock was serverly wounded in a failed siege on Fort Duquesne. He and his regiment fleed along the wilderness road to a site near Great Meadows. Here, on July 13, 1755, a worn out general died and was buried in an elaborate cermony precided officiated by George Washington. His grave was hidden by the British, hoping to keep site's location out of the hands of the enemy. His body was discovered in 1804 by men making repairs to the wilderness road. A fitting marker was erected in 1913 Download high resolution version (439x760, 86 KB)http://digital. ... Download high resolution version (439x760, 86 KB)http://digital. ... An artist’s rendering of Fort Duquesne Fort Duquesne was a fort established by the French in 1754, at the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers in what is now downtown Pittsburgh in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. ... is the 194th day of the year (195th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1755 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...


Reference

  • Stotz, Charles Morse (2005). Outposts Of The War For Empire: The French And English In Western Pennsylvania: Their Armies, Their Forts, Their People 1749-1764. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 0-8229-4262-3. 

See also

Joseph Coulon de Villiers, Sieur de Jumonville (b. ... Jumonville is a United Methodist camping and retreat center located in rural Fayette County, Pennsylvania, USA near the town of Hopwood. ... The Battle of Jumonville Glen was a battle of the French and Indian War fought on May 28, 1754 near what is present-day Uniontown in Western Pennsylvania. ... Fort Necessity was a British fortress west of the Pennsylvania colony. ... Combatants Britain France Commanders George Washington James Mackay Louis Coulon de Villiers Strength 100 regulars 193 militia, and natives 100 natives 600 marines, and militia Casualties 31 dead 70 wounded 192 captured 3 dead 19 wounded The Battle of the Great Meadows, also known as the Battle of Fort Necessity...

External links

  • Map links
    • Main unit (Fort Necessity): 39°48′54″N, 79°35′22″W
    • Braddock Grave unit: 39°49′57″N, 79°36′4″W
    • Jumonville Glen unit: 39°53′15″N, 79°38′38″W


 

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