Fortress Louisbourg (in French, Forteresse de Louisbourg) is a Canadian National Historic Site and the location of a partial reconstruction of an 18th century French fortress at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia. (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Fortifications (Latin fortis, strong, and facere, to make) are military constructions designed for defensive warfare. ... Louisbourg, on Cape Breton Island Louisbourg is a town in southeastern Cape Breton Island, in Cape Breton Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia, Canada. ... Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit (Latin: One defends and the other conquers) Official languages None Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Lieutenant-Governor Myra Freeman Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Parliamentary representation  - House seat  - Senate seats 11 10 Area Total  â€¢ Land  â€¢ Water    (% of total)  Ranked 12th 55,283 km² 53,338...

History

French settlement on Île Royale (now Cape Breton Island) can be traced to the early 17th century following settlements in Acadia that were concentrated on Baie François (now the Bay of Fundy) such as at Port-Royal and other locations in present-day peninsular Nova Scotia. Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada Cape Breton Island (French: île du Cap-Breton, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Cheap Breatuinn, Mikmaq: Unamakika, simply: Cape Breton) is an island on the Atlantic coast of North America. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... The national flag of Acadia, adopted in 1884. ... The Bay of Fundy (French: baie de Fundy) is a bay located on the Atlantic coast of North America, on the northeast end of the Gulf of Maine between the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. ... The Habitation at Port-Royal is a National Historic Site located at Port Royal in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. ... Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit (Latin: One defends and the other conquers) Official languages None Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Lieutenant-Governor Myra Freeman Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Parliamentary representation  - House seat  - Senate seats 11 10 Area Total  â€¢ Land  â€¢ Water    (% of total)  Ranked 12th 55,283 km² 53,338...

Ste-Anne

A French settlement at Ste-Anne (now St. Anns) on the central east coast of Île Royale was established in 1629 and named Fort Ste-Anne, lasting until 1641. A fur trading post was established on the site from 1650–1659 but Île Royale languished under French rule as attention was focused on the St. Lawrence River colony of New France (now Quebec) and the small agricultural settlements of Acadia. Events March 4 - Massachusetts Bay Colony is granted a Royal charter. ... Events The Long Parliament passes a series of legislation designed to contain Charles Is absolutist tendencies. ... The fur trade was a huge part in the early economic development of North America. ... // Events June 23 - Claimant King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland arrives in Scotland, the only of the three Kingdoms that has accepted him as ruler. ... // Events May 25 - Richard Cromwell resigns as Lord Protector of England following the restoration of the Long Parliament, beginning a second brief period of the republican government called the Commonwealth. ... The Saint Lawrence River (French fleuve Saint-Laurent) is a large west-to-east flowing river in the middle latitudes of North America, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. ... New France (French: la Nouvelle-France) describes the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River, by Jacques Cartier in 1534, to the cession of New France to the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763. ... Motto: Don de Dieu feray valoir (Gift of God shall make prosper) Area: 547. ...

The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 gave Britain control of part of Acadia (peninsular Nova Scotia) and Newfoundland, however France maintained control of its colonies at Île Royale, Île St-Jean (now Prince Edward Island), and New France, with Île Royale being France's only territory directly on the Atlantic seaboard (now controlled by Britain from Newfoundland to Florida) and it was strategically close to important fishing grounds on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, as well as being well placed for protecting the entrance to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The Treaties of Utrecht (April 11, 1713) were signed in Utrecht, a city of the United Provinces. ... // Events April 11 - War of the Spanish Succession: Treaty of Utrecht June 23 - French residents of Acadia given one year to declare allegiance to Britain or leave Nova Scotia Canada first Orrery built by George Graham Ongoing events Great Northern War (1700-1721) War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713... Newfoundland (French: Terre-Neuve; Irish: Talamh an Éisc; Latin: Terra Nova) is a large island off the northeast coast of North America, and the most populous part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ... Motto: Parva Sub Ingenti (Latin: The small under the protection of the great) Official languages None Capital Charlottetown Largest city Charlottetown Lieutenant-Governor J. Léonce Bernard Premier Pat Binns (PC) Parliamentary representation  - House seat  - Senate seats 4 4 Area Total  â€¢ Land  â€¢ Water    (% of total)  Ranked 13th 5,660 km... Official language(s) English Capital Largest city Tallahassee Jacksonville Area  - Total   - Width   - Length    - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 22nd 65,794 sq mi  170,451 km² 162 miles  260 km 497 miles  800 km 17. ... The Grand Banks are a group of underwater plateaus southeast of Newfoundland on the North American continental shelf. ... The Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the worlds largest estuary, is the outlet of North Americas Great Lakes via the Saint Lawrence River into the Atlantic Ocean. ...

That year, in 1713, France set about constructing Port Dauphine and a navy base at the former site of Fort Ste-Anne, however the winter icing conditions of the harbour led the French to a harbour on the extreme southeastern part of Île Royale. The harbour, being ice-free and well protected, soon became a winter port for French naval forces on the Atlantic seaboard and they named it Havre Louisbourg after the King. Kings ruled in France from the Middle Ages to 1848. ...

Louisbourg

In 1719, France began construction on a fortified town located along the sheltered southwestern shore of Havre Louisbourg, naming the settlement Louisbourg. Construction would only be finished by the eve of the first British siege in 1745. The sheer volume of the French investment in construction and a growing economy based almost entirely on the Grand Banks fishery, coupled with some out-migration of Acadians living in the British colony now named Nova Scotia, soon saw the town of Louisbourg (Fortress Louisbourg) become a thriving community. The mounting costs for construction[1] also led to King Louis XV's famous musing to his ministers (to whom he had authorized the fortress's construction) if he should one day be able to see Louisbourg rising over the western horizon from his palace at Versailles. French fortress at Louisbourg, partially reconstructed as a Canadian national historic site This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... // Events January 23 - The Principality of Liechtenstein is created within the Holy Roman Empire April 25 - Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe June 10 - Battle of Glen Shiel Prussia conducts Europes first systematic census Miners in Falun, Sweden find an apparently petrified body of Fet-Mats Israelsson in an unused... // Events May 11 - War of Austrian Succession: Battle of Fontenoy - At Fontenoy, French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army including the Black Watch June 4 – Frederick the Great destroys Austrian army at Hohenfriedberg August 19 - Beginning of the 45 Jacobite Rising at Glenfinnan September 12 - Francis I is elected... Acadians are the original French settlers of parts of the northeastern region of North America comprising what is now the Canadian provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. ... Louis XV (February 16, 1710 – May 10, 1774), called the Well-Beloved (French: le Bien-Aimé), was King of France from 1715 to 1774. ... Versailles in 1789. ...

As construction progressed and the settlement and its economy grew, Fortress Louisbourg soon became an important hub for commerce between France, New France, and French colonies in the West Indies. The fog-bound harbour at Louisbourg was a year-round hazard to shipping so a lighthouse was constructed on the southeastern headland opposite the town in 1734. A cross-fire battery was also built at this location to aid in harbour defences. While Louisbourg thrived, world geopolitical events continued to evolve with the eventual deterioration in 1740 into the War of the Austrian Succession, with military operations in North America between French and British forces being referred to as King George's War. The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ... The Peggys Point lighthouse in Nova Scotia, Canada An aid for navigation and pilotage at sea, a lighthouse is a tower building or framework sending out light from a system of lamps and lenses or, in older times, from a fire. ... Events January 8 - Premiere of George Frideric Handels opera Ariodante at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. ... Events May 31 - Friedrich II comes to power in Prussia upon the death of his father, Friedrich Wilhelm I. October 20 - Maria Theresia of Austria inherits the Habsburg hereditary dominions (Austria, Bohemia, Hungary and present-day Belgium). ... The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748). ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... King Georges War is the name given to the military operations in North America that formed part of the 1740-1748 War of the Austrian Succession. ...

Siege of 1745

The siege lasted 6 weeks. While Louisbourg's construction and layout was acknowledged as having superior seaward defences, its landward defences were vulnerable to siege batteries as they were overlooked by a series of low rises.

The declaration of war between France and Britain was seen as an opportunity by British colonists in Massachusetts who were increasingly wary of the threat Louisbourg posed to their fishing fleets working the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. The wariness bordered on an almost fanatical paranoia or a religious fervour, stirred by false accounts of the size and scale of Louisbourg's fortifications and the general anti-French sentiment shared among most British colonists at the time. Official language(s) English Capital Largest city Boston Boston Area  - Total   - Width   - Length    - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 44th 10,555 sq mi  27,360 km² 183 miles  295 km 113 miles  182 km 13. ...

New Englanders' paranoia increased after a small French force sailed from Louisbourg in the summer of 1744 to the nearby British fishing port of Canso, attacking a small fort on Grassy Island and burning it to the ground. This port was used by the New England fishing fleet as it was the closest mainland North American British port to the fishing grounds, however the Canso Islands offshore (including Grassy Island) were contested by both Britain and France. // Events The third French and Indian War, known as King Georges War, breaks out at Port Royal, Nova Scotia The First Saudi State founded by Mohammed Ibn Saud Prague occupied by Prussian armies Ongoing events War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) Births January 10 - Thomas Mifflin, fifth President... Canso (2001 population: 992) is a small Canadian town in Guysborough County, on the north-eastern tip of mainland Nova Scotia. ... Flag of New England The states of New England are Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ...

In 1744–1745, the governor of Massachusetts William Shirley, issued a call for volunteers in surrounding British colonies to join an expedition to take Fortress Louisbourg, however the force was largely raised in New England. Under the command of William Pepperrell of Kittery (in what is now Maine), the Massachusetts expedition set sail from Boston in stages beginning in early March 1745 with 4,200 soldiers and sailors aboard a total of 90 ships. // Events The third French and Indian War, known as King Georges War, breaks out at Port Royal, Nova Scotia The First Saudi State founded by Mohammed Ibn Saud Prague occupied by Prussian armies Ongoing events War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) Births January 10 - Thomas Mifflin, fifth President... // Events May 11 - War of Austrian Succession: Battle of Fontenoy - At Fontenoy, French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army including the Black Watch June 4 – Frederick the Great destroys Austrian army at Hohenfriedberg August 19 - Beginning of the 45 Jacobite Rising at Glenfinnan September 12 - Francis I is elected... William Shirley (1694-1771) was the British governor of Massachusetts from 1741 to 1759. ... Flag of New England The states of New England are Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. ... Sir William Pepperrell, 1746, by John Smybert Sir William Pepperrell, 1st Baronet (June 27, 1696 – July 6, 1759) was a British settler and soldier in Colonial Massachusetts. ... Location of town of Kittery in state of Maine Kittery is a town located in York County, Maine. ... Official language(s) None Capital Augusta Largest city Portland Area  - Total   - Width   - Length    - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 39th 33,414 sq mi  86,542 km² 190 miles  305 km 320 miles  515 km 13. ... Look up March in Wiktionary, the free dictionary March is the third month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... // Events May 11 - War of Austrian Succession: Battle of Fontenoy - At Fontenoy, French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army including the Black Watch June 4 – Frederick the Great destroys Austrian army at Hohenfriedberg August 19 - Beginning of the 45 Jacobite Rising at Glenfinnan September 12 - Francis I is elected...

The force, beginning to take on the air of a religious crusade, stopped at Canso to reprovision and were augmented by a small number of British army and Royal Navy regulars. In late March the naval forces began to blockade Louisbourg, however the ice fields of the Gulf of St. Lawrence were being swept by winds off Louisbourg that spring, presenting a considerable hazard to wooden-hulled sailing ships. The poor weather and general state of disorganization of the New England naval forces saw numerous delays to the expedition, however they kept themselves busy harassing French fishing and shipping in the waters surrounding Île Royale, as well as destroying several coastal villages opposite from Canso. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the senior service of the British armed services being the oldest of its three branches. ... Look up March in Wiktionary, the free dictionary March is the third month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... The Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the worlds largest estuary, is the outlet of North Americas Great Lakes via the Saint Lawrence River into the Atlantic Ocean. ...

With the ice fields gone by late April, the naval siege began in earnest on April 28 and Pepperell's land forces sailed in transports from Canso, landing 8 km west of Louisbourg at Fresh Water Cove in a flanking manoeuvre and proceeded overland with their cannon on sleds designed by Lt. Col. Nathaniel Meserve of the New Hampshire Militia who was a shipwright by trade, to the series of low hills overlooking the west walls of the fortress. Pepperell's land forces were aided by the fact that conditions for French soldiers inside Louisbourg were almost mutinous over lack of pay and poor provisions. The French were not helped by the fact that the government in Paris had had forewarning of the New Englanders' intentions to attack but the decision was made not to augment defences or send reinforcements. The French defenders were seriously outmanned, and French commanders kept their soldiers within the walls of the fortress, rather than confronting the British forces at the landing site, fearing that the French troops would defect. April 28 is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 247 days remaining. ... Nathaniel Meserve (1704-1758) was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire to Clement Maserve and his wife Elizabeth Jones. ... The New Hampshire Militia was first organized in March 1680, by New Hampshire Colonial President John Cutt. ... Shipbuilding is the construction of ships. ...

The New Englanders' landward siege joined their naval counterparts on May 1 and following 46 days of siege and bombardment, French forces at Louisbourg capitulated on June 16, 1745. News of the victory reached Governor Shirley in Boston on July 3 and New Englanders celebrated as they controlled France's mighty fortress on the Atlantic. May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... June 16 is the 167th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (168th in leap years), with 198 days remaining. ... // Events May 11 - War of Austrian Succession: Battle of Fontenoy - At Fontenoy, French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army including the Black Watch June 4 – Frederick the Great destroys Austrian army at Hohenfriedberg August 19 - Beginning of the 45 Jacobite Rising at Glenfinnan September 12 - Francis I is elected... July 3 is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 181 days remaining. ...

Louisbourg Returned

The New Englanders' victory turned to disgust 3 years later when the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, signed on October 18, 1748 ended the War of the Austrian Succession and stipulated the restitution of Fortress Louisbourg to France by the New England occupation forces (more likely a small garrison was maintained at the fortress). The New England forces left, taking with them the famous Louisbourg Cross which had hung in the fortress chapel. This cross was only rediscovered in the Harvard University archives in the latter half of the 20th century. The second Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) of 1748 ended the War of the Austrian Succession. ... October 18 is the 291st day of the year (292nd in Leap years). ... Events April 24 - A congress assembles at Aix-la-Chapelle with the intent to conclude the struggle known as the War of Austrian Succession - at October 18 - The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed to end the war Adam Smith begins to deliver public lectures in Edinburgh Building of... Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the...

France, while not having control of the Atlantic seaboard (aside from the newly reinstated Île Royale), did control vast amounts of North America – far more than Britain. At the time of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, France claimed all territories from the Alleghenies to the Rockies and from the Gulf of Mexico to the North Pole. France also controlled the St. Lawrence River, the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River. And the French wanted to keep the British penned in on the Atlantic coast to prevent the separation of New France from their Louisiana territory. The Allegheny Mountains are a part of the Appalachian mountain range of the eastern United States. ... White Goat Wilderness Area, Alberta, Canada Longs Peak of the Rocky Mountains as depicted on the Colorado state quarter The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a broad mountain range in western North America. ... Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective. ... The North Pole is the northernmost point on the Earth. ... The Saint Lawrence River (French fleuve Saint-Laurent) is a large west-to-east flowing river in the middle latitudes of North America, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. ... This article is about the group of North American lakes. ... This article is about the river in the United States. ... New France (French: la Nouvelle-France) describes the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River, by Jacques Cartier in 1534, to the cession of New France to the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763. ...

Britain's response in 1749 to the reinstatement of Louisbourg was to create their own fortified town on Chebucto Bay which they named Halifax. It soon became the largest Royal Navy base on the Atlantic coast and hosted large numbers of British army regulars as well including the 29th Regiment of Foot who cleared the land for the port and settlement. Events While in debtors prison, John Cleland writes Fanny Hill (Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure). ... Please read first: This article is about the Nova Scotia community. ... // Early History The 29th Regiment of Foot was raised in 1694 by Colonel Thomas Farrington, an officer of the Coldstream Guards during War of the Grand Alliance known in America as King Williams War. ...

Britain's North American (American) colonies were getting restless and the efforts by French forces, with aid from their First Nations allies, to seal off the westward passes and approaches through which American colonists could move west soon led to the skirmishes which would develop into the French and Indian War in 1754 and devolve into the larger Seven Years' War by 1756, which also involved all the major European powers. World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... The French and Indian War is the common American name for the decisive nine-year conflict (1754–1763) in North America between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its North American Colonies against France and its North American Colonies, which was but one of many theatres of the Seven Years... 1754 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... For the 1592–1598 war, see Seven-Year War. ... 1756 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

Siege of 1758

In 1758 a British expedition under General Jeffrey Amherst besieged the fortress, beginning on June 8. The British had 39 ships with about 14,000 sailors, and a further landing force of 12,870 soldiers. The fortress was defended by 10 French ships with 3,870 sailors, and another 3,920 soldiers inside the fortress itself. 1758 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Jeffrey Amherst by Joshua Reynolds Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst (sometimes spelled Geoffrey, or Jeffrey, he himself spelled his name as Jeffery) (January 29, 1717 – August 3, 1797) served as an officer in the British Army. ... June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ...

The 48-day siege by Admiral Edward Boscawen and General Amherst ended with the French surrender on July 26, clearing the way for a British expedition to take New France at Quebec the following summer. That expedition, led by General James Wolfe (a Colonel in the Louisbourg expedition) succeeded at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham on September 13, 1759 giving Britain control of the entire Atlantic seaboard. Edward Boscawen (August 10, 1711 - January 10, 1761) was a British (Cornish) admiral. ... July 26 is the 207th day (208th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 158 days remaining. ... The Death of General Wolfe by Benjamin West. ... Combatants Britain France Commanders James Wolfe † Louis-Joseph, Marquis de Montcalm † Strength 4,800 regulars 4,000 regulars and militia Casualties 58 dead 600 wounded 644 dead or wounded The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, fought September 13, 1759, was a decisive battle of the North American theatre of... September 13 is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years). ... 1759 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

Following the surrender of Louisbourg, British forces and engineers set about methodically destroying the fortress with explosives to ensure it never returned to French hands in the event of another "Aix-la-Chapelle." By 1760 the entire fortress was left as mounds of rubble, however the Treaty of Paris signed on February 10, 1763 ending the Seven Years' War never saw the French territories returned by Britain. 1760 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Treaty of Paris, often called the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of 1763 was signed on February 10, 1763, by the Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Spain with Portugal in agreement. ... February 10 is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1763 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... For the 1592–1598 war, see Seven-Year War. ...

French fortress at Louisbourg, partially reconstructed as a Canadian national historic site This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...

National Historic Site

In 1961 the government of Canada undertook a historical reconstruction of one quarter of the town and fortifications with the aim being to recreate Louisbourg as it would have been at its height in the 1740s. The work required an interdisciplinary effort by archaeologists, historians, engineers, and architects. The reconstruction was aided by unemployed coal miners from the industrial Cape Breton area, many of whom learned French masonry techniques from the 18th century and other skills to create an accurate replica. Where possible, many of the original stones were used in the reconstruction. 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1961 calendar). ... Events and Trends The War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) rages. ... Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada Cape Breton Island (French: île du Cap-Breton, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Cheap Breatuinn, Mikmaq: Unamakika, simply: Cape Breton) is an island on the Atlantic coast of North America. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...

Today, the entire site of Fortress Louisbourg, including the 1/4 reconstruction, has been designated a National Historic Site of Canada with guided and unguided tours available. The fortress has also greatly aided the local economy of the town of Louisbourg as it has struggled to diversify economically with the decline of the North Atlantic fishery. Louisbourg, on Cape Breton Island Louisbourg is a town in southeastern Cape Breton Island, in Cape Breton Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia, Canada. ...

External links

• Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic Site - Parks Canada
• Louisbourg Institute
• Account of New England vessels used against Louisbourg in 1745