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Encyclopedia > Forward caste
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"Forward caste" (or "upper caste") is used in India to denote people from any religion who do not currently qualify for Government of India Reservation benefits (that is, set quotas for political representation) for backward castes, scheduled castes and tribes.[1] The Government of India does not publish a separate list of forward castes. The population of these communities is estimated at around 36–39% of the Indian population based on various surveys conducted by Government of India.[2] Image File history File links Information_icon. ... Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... The Government of India (Hindi: भारत सरकार Bhārat Sarkār), officially referred to as the Union Government, and commonly as Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a federal union of 28 states and 7 union territories, collectively called the Republic of India. ... Reservation in Indian law is a term used to describe the governmental policy whereby a percentage of seats are reserved in the Parliament of India, State Legislative Assemblies, Central and State Civil Services, Public Sector Units, Central and State Governmental Departments and in all Public and Private Educational Institutions, except... Backward caste people are generally a group of people in India who generally live off income derived from self employment on caste-dependent skills assignment. ... In India, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are communities that are accorded special status by the Constitution of India. ... The Government of India (Hindi: भारत सरकार Bhārat Sarkār), officially referred to as the Union Government, and commonly as Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a federal union of 28 states and 7 union territories, collectively called the Republic of India. ...

Contents

Communities

The list of backward castes has many contradictions due to regional variations in the definition.

Castes that are considered backward in some states may be considered as forward in other states. For example, khatris are a forward caste in almost all Indian states except Tamil Nadu. Jats are considered backward only in Rajastan. The current Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh, a Khatri, would be considered as backward caste if he moved to the southern state of Tamil Nadu. Similarly, the Indian Finance Minister, P. Chidambaram, who is from the Nagarathar community would be considered backward if he moved to Kerala. Image File history File links ManmohanChidamparam. ... Image File history File links ManmohanChidamparam. ... Khatri is the Punjabi adaptation of Sanskrit word Kshatriya (Hindi: , ). The Kshatriya are the traditionally members of the Hindu military order. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... The Jat people (IAST: , Hindi: , Punjabi: , Urdu: ‎) of Northern India and Pakistan, are descendants of Indo-Aryan/Indo-Scythian tribes. ... Rajasthan (राजस्थान) is the geographically largest state in northwestern India. ... The Prime Minister of India is, in practice, the most powerful person in the government of India. ... This article is about the Prime Minister of India. ... Khatri is the Punjabi adaptation of Sanskrit word Kshatriya (Hindi: , ). The Kshatriya are the traditionally members of the Hindu military order. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... P. Chidambaram is the finance minister of India in the Congress-led UPA government (2004- present). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Nagarattar. ...


Castes considered forward everywhere

Aroras (or Aror-vanshis) are an urban mercantile community of the Punjab and Sindh. ... Look up Punjab in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article is about the urban region that is the capital of India. ... Young Indian brahmachari Brahmin A Brahmin (less often Brahman) is a member of the Hindu priestly caste. ... Brahmin communities in India are traditionally divided into two regional groups: Pancha-Gauda Brahmins and Pancha-Dravida Brahmins as per the shloka, कर्णाटकाश्च तैलंगा द्राविडा महाराष्ट्रकाः, गुर्जराश्चेति पञ्चैव द्राविडा विन्ध्यदक्षिणे || सारस्वताः कान्यकुब्जा गौडा उत्कलमैथिलाः, पन्चगौडा इति ख्याता विन्ध्स्योत्तरवासिनः || The classification first occurs in Rajatarangini of Kalhana. ... Bunt is a Tulu/Kannada-speaking class found mainly in Southern coastal Karnataka. ... Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu (CKP) (Marathi: चांद्रसेनीय कायस्थ प्रभू) is the name of an social group from India. ... Maharashtra   (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र , English: , IPA: ) is Indias third largest state in terms of area and second largest in terms of population after Uttar Pradesh. ... The word Kamma denotes: 1. ... Andhra Pradesh  : (Telugu: ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్, Urdu: آندھرا پردیش, IPA: ), is a state in South India. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... Kapu (Telugu:కాపు) is a community found mainly in the Southern Indian State of Andhra Pradesh. ... Balija is a caste found in the state of Andhra Pradesh,Tamil Nadu and Karnataka and primarily concentrated in the Southern Districts of Andhra Pradesh. ... Telaga is a community and a Branch or a Division of the Kapu, or Naidu Community of Andhra and concentrated primarily in the Coastal Areas of Andhra. ... Kāyastha or Kayasth (scribe / administrator) is an Indian caste (Maha-parivar). ... The Khatris is a sub-group of Punjabis and are the original Kshatriya group of the Hindu caste system. ... Delhi   (Hindi: , Urdu: , Punjabi: ) is the second-largest metropolis in India after Mumbai with a population of 13 million. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Himachal Pradesh   (Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश, IPA: ), formerly the Punjab Hill States, is a mostly mountainous state in northern India. ... Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: , Urdu: ‎, translation: Northern Province, IPA: ,  ), also popularly known by its abbreviation U.P., is the most populous and fifth largest state in the Republic of India. ... The Marāthās (Marathi: मराठा)is a collective term referring to an Indo Aryan group of Hindu warriors and peasants hailing mostly from the present-day state of Maharashtra, who created a substantial empire, covering a major part of India, in the late 17th and 18th centuries AD. The Marathas... Goa   (Konkani: गोंय goṃya; Marathi: गोवा govā; Portuguese: Goa) is Indias smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population (after Sikkim, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh). ... Nair (Malayalam: നായര്‍, and sometimes spelt Nayar) is the name of a Hindu caste from the southern Indian state of Kerala. ... Kerala ( ; Malayalam: കേരളം; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A Rajput (possibly from Sanskrit rāja-putra, son of a king) is a member of a prominent caste who live throughout northern and central India, primarily in the northwestern state of Rajasthan. ... Agarwal, variously spelt as Aggarwal, Agrawal or Agarwala is a common surname or the last name amongst one of the important trading communities in India. ... The Marwari (also variously Marvari, Marwadi, Marvadi) is a language originating in the Western Indian state of Rajasthan, but is also found in the neighboring state of Gujarat and in Eastern Pakistan. ... This article is about the surname Gupta. ... Oswal are basically Jains originated from Osian or Osia in the Jodhpur district of Rajasthan; they are generally followers of the Swetamber Jain section. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Reddy (Telugu:రెడ్డి, also transliterated as Raddi, Reddi, etc. ... Karnātakā   (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: ) is one of the four southern states of India. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... Maharashtra (महाराष्ट्र) is a state in west-central India. ... Vellalars are a dominant caste of agriculturalists of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Sri Lanka. ... ... This article or section contains self-references. ... Vishwakarma is the presiding deity of all craftsmen and architects. ...

Castes considered backward in some regions and forward in other regions

  • Banias (caste) of Bihar are listed in OBC list [11]. See Sl No 119
  • Jats, mainly concentrated in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Gujarat/Rajastan, are only considered as backward in Rajastan.
  • Karuneegars, who are scribes by profession like Kayasthas of North India, are considered backward in Tamil Nadu.
  • Komati Chettiar, mainly found in parts of Tamil Nadu & Andhra Pradesh. One variant of the Arya vaishya caste called Ayira vaishya has been included in the backward caste list in Tamil Nadu.
  • Nagarathar Chettiar mainly found in Tamil Nadu. They are considered as Forward Caste in Tamil Nadu but Backward caste in Kerala and Pondichery.[3].
  • Naidu. Some subcastes of Naidu like Gavara Naidu are considered backward castes in states like Tamilnadu.[4].Variants of Kapu Naidu like Vannekapu,Munnurukapu are considered backward castes in Andhra Pradesh.[5]
  • Dhangars are Kshatriya, in Maharashtra they are OBC but in Karnataka they are in Open Category.

Jats are now preeminently a farming community. ... Look up Punjab in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: , Urdu: ‎, translation: Northern Province, IPA: ,  ), also popularly known by its abbreviation U.P., is the most populous and fifth largest state in the Republic of India. ... Rajasthan (राजस्थान) is the geographically largest state in northwestern India. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Komati, also self identified as Arya Vysya, is a caste of the Telugu speaking community in Andhra Pradesh, India. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Nagarattar. ... Naidu or Nayudu or Naidoo is a common title used by various social groups of Andhra Pradesh. ... Andhra Pradesh  : (Telugu: ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్, Urdu: آندھرا پردیش, IPA: ), is a state in South India. ... The Dhangar caste is primarily located in the Indian state of Maharashtra. ...

Other religious people who are not eligible for Reservation benefits

The following proportion of other religious(Non-Hindus) people are not eligible for reservations benefits:[6]

  • 59% of Muslims, mostly of foreign descent ashrafs: Syed, Sheikh, Mughal, Pathan, Bohra.[7] All Muslims are considered backward in Kerala, and separate reservation is provided for them. Most of the Muslims living in south Indian states have been classified as backward.
  • 33% of Christians. In South Indian states like Tamil Nadu, Kerala and even Goa, many Christians follow a Hindu caste pattern.

For example, Kerala's Syrian Christians who follow Syriac Christianity, who are believed to be converted from caste Hindus, Ezhavas, Jews and are certainly the descendents of the maritime trade syndicate that had links with Kerala from time imemorial, along with different groups and denominations within Nasrani people fall in the unreserved category. Goan Catholics follow a caste system which generally comes into play when choosing marriage partners. Christian Nadars are a backward caste in these regions. Other Christians like Latin Catholics, supposedly converted from the fishermen in the Kerala coast by the Jesuits, have been included in the list of backward castes in states like Tamilnadu & Kerala.[8].[9] A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ... Sayyid (Arabic: سيد ) Sayyid is an honorific title often given to claimed descendants of the Prophet Muhammad through his grandsons, Husayn and Hasan, the sons of his daughter Fatima Zahra and his son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib (who was Muhammads younger cousin and had been raised in his... For other uses, see Sheikh (disambiguation). ... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ... The Pashtuns (also Pushtun, Pakhtun (Persian: پختون) (Urdu: پشتون ), or Pathan) or ethnic Afghans[4] are an ethno-linguistic group living primarily in eastern and southern Afghanistan and in North West Frontier Province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Baluchistan provinces of Pakistan. ... Dawoodi Bohras are the main branch of the Bohras (a Mustali subsect of Ismaili Shia Muslims) based primarily in India and Pakistan. ... This article is about the religous people known as Christians. ... South India is a geographic and linguistic-cultural region of India. ... The Saint Thomas Christians are a group of Christians from the Malabar coast (now Kerala) in South India, who follow Syriac Christianity. ... Syriac Christianity is a culturally and linguistically distinctive community within Eastern Christianity. ... The Syrian Kuriz also known as Nasrani Menorah or the Mar Thoma sliva The Syrian Malabar Nasrani people are an ethnic group from Kerala, South India. ...

The hand with a wheel on the palm symbolizes the Jain Vow of Ahinsa, meaning non-injury and nonviolence. ... a person from Pars (the middle-Persian word for Fars), a region now within the geographical boundaries of Iran, and is roughly the original homeland of the Persian people. ... A Sikh man wearing a turban The adherents of Sikhism are called Sikhs. ... Statues of Buddha such as this, the Tian Tan Buddha statue in Hong Kong, remind followers to practice right living. ...

Population

Many Political leaders who support Reservation for Backward classes like Mr. Karunanidhi, Dr. Udit Raj, Mr. Ramadoss, etc. estimate the Forward Castes population as anywhere from 5-15%.[10][11] However, they have not quoted sources for their estimations. National sample survey estimates Forward Caste population almost same as Backward Classes at around 36%. Family health survey combined Forward castes population along with all communities of other religions. If you exclude Backward castes of other religions, then it is around 38.6% which is more than Backward castes population. State wise Forward Caste Population can be found from the chart.

NSS 99-00

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1017x745, 59 KB) I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1017x745, 59 KB) I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...

Economic and educational status

Based on NSS-99-00.Rural/Urban weightages based on 2001 census)
Based on NSS-99-00.Rural/Urban weightages based on 2001 census)

The Government of India does not collect community census data except for SC/ST. Economic and educational level of various social groups are gauged using large sample surveys. The National Sample Survey taken in 1999–2000 and the National Family Health Survey taken in estimated economic, educational, and health indicators of various communities. These surveys were used extensively in the report submitted by the oversight committee.[12] Image File history File links FCEconomicRural. ... Image File history File links FCEconomicRural. ... Image File history File links FCEconomicUrban. ... Image File history File links FCEconomicUrban. ...



Forward Castes will have to compete only in the open category, as they are considered socially, educationally, and economically advanced. Currently the reservation proportion stands at 50% in central-government educational institutions and central-government jobs. However, in certain states such as Tamil Nadu, the reservation percentage stands at around 69%.[13]


Economic status

The 1998–1999 National Sample Survey calculated the economic status of forward communities separately for rural/urban areas in various income brackets. It shows

  • Only 6.4% of forward castes in rural areas appear in upper income bracket with per capita monthly income stands at above Rs 925 per month.
  • 30% of rural population is amde up of forward castes.
  • More than 65% of forward castes per capita income stands below Rs 525 per month.

For urban areas:

  • Only 5.6% of forward castes appear in the upper-income bracket with per capita income at or above Rs. 1925 per month (around US $40).
  • More than 25% of forward castes per capita income stands below Rs. 500 per month (around $10)

Educational status

Based on NSS-99-00.Rural/Urban weightages based on 2001 census)
    • More than 30% of Forward Castes above 15 years of age are illiterate.
    • Only 8% of Forward Castes are graduates.
    • Around 85% of Forward Castes above 15 years of age have done equal to or below secondary Education (10 Years of Education)

Image File history File links FCEducation. ... Image File history File links FCEducation. ...

Reservation for economically backward among forward castes

Currently Forward Castes will have to compete only in unreserved category in educational institutions and central government jobs irrespective of their educational/economical status in the society. Significant percentage of Forward Caste population lives below poverty line and more than 30% members of their communities are illiterates. To meet their aspirations, demands have been raised for providing separate reservations for economically poor among Forward castes. Many political parties like Congress, BJP, Samajwadi Party, LJP, Rastriya Janata Dal, Communist Party of India(Marxist), Bahujan Samaj Party[14][15][16][17] have supported proposals for providing separate reservation for poor among forward castes. These parties have more than 400 members out of 542 members in existing parliament and ruling most of the states in India.

Indian Government surveys have pointed out that Poverty is widespread in all communities. Indian definition of poverty is living life with less than 0.25 US$/Day(Approx). Whereas United nations definition of Poverty is living life with less than $1/Day.[8]. More than 65% of Forward castes will be living below poverty line if UN poverty definition is considered.[9] Current Indian reservation system gives preference to the super rich among lower castes than people below poverty line in Forward castes. *Sachar committee has indicated poverty details separately for Hindu upper castes. Poverty level of general category among all religions will be still higher.

Image File history File links PovertyLevelFC.jpg‎ Sachar committee report taken from http://www. ... Image File history File links PovertyLevelFC.jpg‎ Sachar committee report taken from http://www. ... A boy from an East Cipinang trash dump slum in Jakarta, Indonesia shows what he found. ...

Timeline

  • 1991: Congress Government headed by Narasimha Rao introduced 10% separate reservation for poor among forward castes.
  • 1992: The Supreme court has ruled in the Indra Sawhney case that separate reservation for poor among forward castes as invalid. Government has withdrawn separate reservation as per supreme court judgement.(Many other verdicts given in same case has been overruled by constitutional amendments like quota in promotions, Exceeding 50% reservations for Tamilnadu, Judgement regarding creamy layer in the same case was not implemented by Tamilnadu so far.)
  • 2003: BJP Government appointed Group of Ministers for suggesting measures for implementation of separate reservation for poor among forward castes. [12]
  • 2004: Task force has been setup to work out modalities for providing reservations to Poor among Forward castes.No information available regarding report submitted by this task force.[13]
  • 2006: Present Congress Government appointed commission to study separate reservation for economically backward classes.[14]
  • 2006: Communist government in Kerala earmarked 12% seats in private professional colleges for economically poor among forward castes.[15]

Kerala ( ; Malayalam: കേരളം; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ...

Comparison with other communities

Performance of Various communities in Tamilnadu(All percentages rounded off to nearest integer)

Many backward class leaders allege forward castes are over represented in many spheres of life. State and central governments have not released adequate data regarding representation of various communities in their services and admissions to educational institutions.Most of the Private companies in India does not collect data regarding community of their employees.Very few reports are available regarding representation of various communities in Public/Private services and admissions in educational institutions. Image File history File links TNPerformance. ... Image File history File links TNPerformance. ...

  • In Tamil Nadu forward castes have secured around 1.9% of seats in Medical colleges in 2004 and 2.68 % seats in 2005 as against their population percentage of 13%.See Also Caste Based Reservations In Tamil Nadu. This trend of poor representation has continued for the last 10 years as claimed by lawyers in one of the Reservation cases.[16]
    • Narendra committee report in Kerala has pointed out that Forward castes representation in Public services and PSU units is around 36 to 38% which is more or less equal to their population.[17].
    • Karnataka Minister in state Assembly has announced that per capita income of the Brahmins is lesser than all communities including scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.[18]
    • Oversight committee in its final report has indicated that Forward castes are placed better than Backward castes in some indicators and comparable with Backward castes in few indicators and backward castes are superior in some parameters like Health indicators in states like Assam, Maharastra, Haryana, West Bengal, etc.[19]
    • National Survey 99-00 indicates that Forward castes are better placed than SC/ST in almost all parameters. However, in rural unemployment,Forward castes score worser than all other communities.
    • Recently released Provisional report of National Survey 04-05 states that Buying capacity of Backward Classes in rural and urban areas are comparable to Forward Castes. It also revises Backward classes figure as 41%. It also states that Landownership of Backward classes are comparable to Forward Classes. It reiterates its earlier finding(in 99-00 survey) that Forward castes are poorly employed(More unemployment).[20]
Rural landholding pattern of various social groups calculated by National Sample Survey 99-00 indicate that OBC and Forward Castes are comparable in Wealthiness.)
    • National surveys used rural landholding pattern to assess wealthiness of various social groups. Its findings indicate that OBC and FC are comparable and there is a very minor difference between them. There is a big difference between OBC/FC and SC. Even Scheduled Tribes are placed better than Scheduled Castes. Experts who analysed National survey results point out that other backward classes are near average in many parameters.Please refer chart.[21]

This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... Young Indian brahmachari Brahmin A Brahmin (less often Brahman) is a member of the Hindu priestly caste. ... Image File history File links RuralLandholding. ... Image File history File links RuralLandholding. ...

Shrinking educational opportunities

During April 2006, India’s Human Resource Minister announced that 27% seats will be reserved exclusively for candidates from Other Backward Classes in addition to existing 22.5 % reservation for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.[22] This announcement was done when polling process was underway in Tamilnadu and Kerala (States with highest backward caste population in India).[23] Incidentally many opinion polls at that time were predicting rout of ruling UDF alliance in these states.[24](UDF alliance subsequently won in Tamilnadu but lost in Kerala). Election commission reprimanded Human Resources Ministry for making such announcement when election process was in progress.[25]

Sachar committee report indicated that Hindu OBC's enrollment in all educational institutions is close to their populations in the 2004-5 national survey (page 93/425 of Sachar committee report). Union Human Resources minister appointed panel to study about sachar committee recommendations regarding Indian Muslims[10] but did not give his opinion on this subject.

Image File history File links CurrentEducation. ... Image File history File links CurrentEducation. ...

Impact of announcement on forward castes

After implementing OBC reservation, only 50% seats will be available in open competition. All communities can compete in open competition which means Forward castes will have to secure around 72-78% seats in open competition even to maintain their representation as per their estimated population of 36-39% whereas other communities will get major chunk of seats through exclusive reservations. This led to protests from their community members and supporters from other communities under the banner of Youth for Equality. They pointed out following as main reasons for their protests.[26] Logo of Youth for Equality The Youth for Equality (YFE) was set up in order to counter the Government of Indias move to implement 27% reservation for OBCs in institutes of higher education (twenty central universities, the IITs, IIMs and AIIMS). ...

    • Government is implementing reservations for more than 60 years for Scheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes whereas social and economical situation has not seen much improvement. It shows reservation in higher educational institutions is not the better way to achieve social equality.
    • Any difference between proportion of different communities in Higher educational institutions is mainly because of difference in primary school enrollment. (This fact was also confirmed in National sample surveys and pointed out by Oversight committee in its final report). Government should attack the cause instead of providing reservation at higher education level
    • Already 24% of college seats are with Other backward classes. Providing another 27% seats will deprive chances of Forward castes.
    • Reservation on the basis of caste is cornered only by rich and affluent. For example daughter of former President of India got admission into Indian Foreign Services denying opportunity to another poor person from her own community.
Certain indian states has Forward castes population of more than 50% or close to 50%.In some of these states,no.of forward castes admitted in educational institutions will be much less than their population even if they secure 100% seats in open competition.)

Interestingly Government of India decided to introduce 27% reservations for other backward classes all over India. Many states does not have even 27% of other backward class population as per national sample surveys.(This includes major Indian states like Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra, Punjab, West Bengal).[27].Some Indian states like Assam, Goa, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal has more than 50% Forward Castes population [28]which means no. of seats secured by Forward castes will not be equal to their population proportion even if they secure 100% seats in open competition in central government institutions of these states. Central government, however, excluded 27% reservations to other backward classes to the areas with high tribal populations.[29]. Image File history File links FCOC.jpg‎ Figures for state wise Forward Castes population taken from National Sample Survey 99-00. ... Image File history File links FCOC.jpg‎ Figures for state wise Forward Castes population taken from National Sample Survey 99-00. ...


References

  1. ^ http://www.indianexpress.com/sunday/story/5704._.html
  2. ^ http://mospi.nic.in/rept%20_%20pubn/ftest.asp?rept_id=469&type=NSSO surveys
  3. ^ Kerala Government Website
  4. ^ [1]
  5. ^ [2]
  6. ^ Sachar committee report.
  7. ^ Most Muslims covered by Quota The Times of India. Retrieved on November 27, 2006.
  8. ^ classes/tamilnadu.html
  9. ^ [3]
  10. ^ The Hindu
  11. ^ [4]
  12. ^ MOSPI.NIC.IN
  13. ^ [5]
  14. ^ ExspressIndia.com Link 01
  15. ^ ExpressIndia.com Link 02
  16. ^ [6]
  17. ^ [7]
Reservation in India
  Indian caste system | Scheduled Castes and Tribes | Other Backward Classes | Forward Castes   
  Mandal Commission | 2006 Anti-reservation protests | Youth for Equality | Reservation policy in IITs | Poona Pact  


 
 

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