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This page gives a very brief introduction to Foucault's work (or the part of it that interests us), plus a select bibliography and a bunch of links to some web resources on other sites.
Since (as I explain further in 'Why Foucault?') Foucault didn't really go for making clear statements of his 'argument', even some of the basic claims above are open to other people coming along and saying "I hardly think that Foucault would have wanted you to feel that he was saying that...".
Foucault, Michel (1985 [1984]), The Use of Pleasure: The History of Sexuality, Vol.
Foucault was born in Poitiers, France, on June 15, 1926.
Archaeology was an essential method for Foucault because it supported a historiography that did not rest on the primacy of the consciousness of individual subjects; it allowed the historian of thought to operate at an unconscious level that displaced the primacy of the subject found in both phenomenology and in traditional historiography.
Foucault maintains that the great "turn" in modern philosophy occurs when, with Kant (though no doubt he is merely an example of something much broader and deeper), it becomes possible to raise the question of whether ideas do in fact represent their objects and, if so, how (in virtue of what) they do so.