Gustav Vasa

Main article: Gustav I of Sweden Gustav I of Sweden, Gustav Vasa or Gustav Eriksson Vasa (1496 - 1560), became king of Sweden in 1523 and was the first monarch of the house of Vasa. ...

Gusav Vasa

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Gustav I of Sweden (Vasa) had political and religious difficulties in his kingdom established in 1523. Shortly after seizing power, he addressed the Pope in Rome with a request for the confirmation of Johannes Magnus as Archbishop of Sweden, in the place of the rebellious archbishop Gustav Trolle, who as a convicted traitor had been formally deposed by the Riksdag of the Estates, and was actually an outlawed exile. Gustav I of Sweden This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Gustav I of Sweden This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Sweden, main coat of arms (small) - resorting to gif This image depicts a seal, an emblem, a coat of arms or a crest. ... The history of Sweden dates back to 9000 BCE. Pre-historic age: 9,000–500 BCE Sweden, aswell as the adjacent country Norway, has a high concentration of petroglyphs (ristningar or hällristningar in Swedish) throughout the country, with the highest concentration in the province of Bohuslän. ... Sweden, as well as the adjacent country Norway, has a high concentration of petroglyphs (ristningar or hällristningar in Swedish) throughout the country, with the highest concentration in the province of Bohuslän. ... Viking age See also Viking Age During the 9th century extensive Scandinavian settlements were made on the east side of the Baltic sea, and even as early as the reign of Louis I of France, we hear of Swedes arriving in Constantinople and of piratical expeditions on the Black Sea... The Kalmar Union (Danish/Norwegian/Swedish: Kalmarunionen) was a series of personal unions (1397–1520) that united the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden under a single monarch. ... // Charles IX Main article: Charles IX of Sweden Charles IX Not till March 6, 1604, after Duke John son of John III of Sweden, had formally renounced his hereditary right to the throne, did Charles IX of Sweden begin to style himself king. ... The Peace of Westphalia See also: Peace of Westphalia It was the exploits of Axel Oxenstierna and Johan Banér which alone enabled Sweden to obtain even what she did obtain at the great Peace of Westphalia congress in 1648. ... The Great Northern War See also: Great Northern War The victory at Narva Charles XI of Sweden had carefully provided against the contingency of his successors minority; and the five regents appointed by him, if not great statesmen, were at least practical politicians who had not been trained in... The Enlightened Despot See also: Gustav III of Sweden Adolf Frederick of Sweden died on February 12, 1771. ... A New Dynasty See also: Charles XIV of Sweden King Charles XIV Charles XIII was both infirm and childless. ... Politics in the New Riksdag See also: Riksdag The economic condition of Sweden, owing to the progress in material prosperity which had taken place in the country as the result of the Franco-German War, was at the accession of Oscar II to the throne on September 18, 1872 fairly... The policy of Sweden during World War II was to remain neutral. ... The Realm of Sweden or Svenska väldet is a term that historically was used to comprise all the territories under the control of the Swedish monarchs. ... This is a list of Swedish monarchs, that is, the Kings and ruling Queens of Sweden with Regents and Viceroys of the Kalmar Union up until the present time. ... This is a list of wars fought by Sweden between 1521 and 1814: The Swedish War of Liberation or Befrielsekriget (1521-1523) The Armstice of Gotland (1524) The Recess of Malmö (1524) The Danish Counts Feud or Danska Grevefejden (1534-1536) The Armstice of Copenhagen (1537) The Great Russian... Gustav I of Sweden, Gustav Vasa or Gustav Eriksson Vasa (1496 - 1560), became king of Sweden in 1523 and was the first monarch of the house of Vasa. ... Events April - Battle of Villalors - Forces loyal to Emperor Charles V defeat the Comuneros, a league of urban bourgeois rebelling against Charles in Spain. ... The Pope is the Catholic Bishop and patriarch of Rome, and head of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches. ... Johannes Magnus, (before 1530 Johannes Magni, a Latin translation of his birth name Johannes Store) was born March 19, 1488 in Linköping, Sweden and died March 22, 1544 in Rome, and was the son of Måns Petersson Store och Kristina Magnus. ... Uppsala Cathedral seen from the other side of the river. ... Gustav Eriksson Trolle (1488-1533) was Archbishop of Uppsala, Sweden, in two sessions, and involved in the turbulent events at the break between Catholicism and Lutheranism in Scandinavia. ... The Riksdag of the Estates, or Ståndsriksdagen, was the name used for the Estates of the Swedish realm, or Rikets ständer, when they were assembled. ...

If the pope would confirm the elections of his bishops, Gustav I promised to be an obedient son of the Church. However, shortly after sending the letter, the King received a papal bull ordering the immediate reinstatement of Gustav Trolle. Due to the remoteness of the Sweden, the Pope was initially convinced of the triumph of the Danish King Christian II. It was a conviction shared by the rest of Europe; but, none the less, its immediate effect was the loss of the Church of Sweden. Papal bull of Pope Urban VIII, 1637, sealed with a leaden bulla. ... Christian II (1481 – 1559) was a Danish monarch and King of Denmark, Norway (1513 – 1523) and Sweden (1520 – 1521), under the Kalmar Union. ... A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ... The Church of Sweden, or Svenska kyrkan, is the national church of Sweden. ...

Gustav could not accept as primate an open and determined traitor like Trolle. He protested, in the sharpest language, that unless Johannes Magni were recognized at Rome as archbishop of Uppsala, he was determined to break with Rome of his own royal authority. He declared to order the affairs of the Church in his realm to the glory of God, and to the satisfaction of all Christian men. This article is about the modern city of Uppsala. ... Rome - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ...

He began by protecting and promoting the Swedish reformers Olaus and Laurentius Petri, and Laurentius Andreae. The new teaching was allowed to spread, and the Lutheran scholared Petri brothers were convinient techers. A few months later there was an open rupture between the King and the Archbishop Magni, who ultimately was frightened into exile by a sudden accusation of treason. In 1526 all Catholic printing-presses were suppressed, and two-thirds of the Church's tithes were appropriated to the payment of the national debt. Olaus Petri, originally Olof Persson, (January 6, 1493 - April 19, 1552) was a Swedish clergyman and protestant reformer. ... Laurentius Petri, originally Lars Persson, (1499-1573) was a Swedish clergyman and the first Evangelical Lutheran Archbishop of Sweden. ... Laurentius Andreae (born as Lars Andersson) was a Swedish clergyman and scholar, and one of the main proponents of the Swedish Protestant reformation in the years 1520-1540. ...

Gustav Vasa's own triumph image of the Recess of Västerås in 1527. The woman in yellow represents the subdued Catholicism.

On February 18, 1527 two bishops, the first martyrs of Catholicism in Sweden, were gibbeted at Stockholm after a trial which was a parody of justice. This act of violence, was effectual enough, for at the subsequent Riksdag of Västerås in June, 1527, the bishops durst not even present a protest which they had privately prepared, and the assembly itself was bullied into an absolute submission to the ordinance royal will. The result was the Recess of Västerås, which transferred all ecclesiastical property to the Crown. By the subsequent Västerås Ordinance the Church of Sweden was absolutely severed from Rome. Download high resolution version (1090x358, 163 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1090x358, 163 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... February 18 is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events January 5 - Felix Manz, co-founder of the Swiss Anabaptists, was drowned in the Limmat River in Zürich by the Zürich Reformed state church. ... VästerÃ¥s Municipality [vÉ›stÉ™roːs] is a municipality in central Sweden, where the city VästerÃ¥s is the residential seat. ...

Nevertheless, the changes so made were mainly administrative. There was no modification of doctrine, for the general resolution that God's Word should be preached plainly and purely was not contrary to the teaching of the ante-Tridentine Church. Even at the Synod of Örebro, summoned in February 1529, "for the better regulation of church ceremonies and discipline according to God’s Word," there was no formal protest against Rome; and the old ritual was retained for two years longer, though it was to be explained as symbolical. Henceforth the work of the Reformation continued uninterruptedly. The adjective Tridentine means pertaining to the city of Trent, which in Latin is called Tridentum. ... Events April 22 - Treaty of Saragossa divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal, stipulating that the dividing line should lie 297. ... The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ...

In 1531 Laurentius Petri was elected the first Protestant primate of Sweden. Subsequently matters were much complicated by the absolutist tendencies of Gustav Vasa. From 1539 onwards there was a breach between him and his own prelates in consequence of his arbitrary appropriation of the Church’s share of the tithes, in direct violation of the Västerås Recess. Then Gustav so curtailed the power of the bishops, ordinances of 1539 and 1540, that they had little of the dignity left but the name, and even that he was disposed to abolish, for after 1543 the prelates appointed by him, without any pretence of previour election by the cathedral chapters, were called ordinaries, or superintendents. Finally, at the Riksdag of Västerås, in 1544. though no definite confession of faith was formulated, a final breach was made with the traditions of the old religion. Events January 26 - Lisbon, Portugal is hit by an earthquake-- thousands die October 1 - Battle of Kappel - The forces of Zürich are defeated by the Catholic cantons. ... Events May 30 - In Florida, Hernando de Soto lands at Tampa Bay with 600 soldiers with the goal to find gold. ... Events April 11 - Battle of Ceresole - French forces under the Comte dEnghien defeat Imperial forces under the Marques Del Vasto near Turin. ...

Commemorative coin on the 4th centennial of Gustav Vasa reign

Swedish 2 krona coin from 1921, commemorating the 4th centennial of the Gustav Vasas victory in the liberation war 1521. ... Swedish 2 krona coin from 1921, commemorating the 4th centennial of the Gustav Vasas victory in the liberation war 1521. ...

Reformation

See also: Church of Sweden The Church of Sweden, or Svenska kyrkan, is the national church of Sweden. ...

Thus the Reformation in Sweden was practically the work of one strong man, acting first from purely political and latterly from purely economical reasons for the good of the state as he understood it. In this Gustav acted contrary to the religious instincts of the vast majority of the Swedish nation; for there can be no doubt at all that the Swedes at the beginning of the 16th century were not only still devoted to the old Church, but violently anti-Protestant. This popular Romanism was the greatest of all Gustav’s difficulties, because it tended to alienate the Swedish peasants. (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ...

For the last hundred years the peasants had been a leading factor in the political life of the land; and perhaps in no other contemporary European state could so self-reliant the a class of yeomen have been found. Again and again they had defended their own and the national liberties against foreign foes. In the national assemblies, too, their voice had always been powerful, and not infrequently predominant. In a word, they were the sound kernel of the still but partially developed Swedish constitution, the democratic safeguard against the monarchical tendency which was enveloping the rest of Europe. Gustav’s necessities had compelled him to break with the ecclesiastical traditions of Sweden; and they also compelled him, contrary to his masterful disposition, to accept constitutionalism, because without it his footing in his own kingdom would have been insecure. The peasants therefore were his natural allies, but, from the nature of the case, they tended to become his most formidable rivals. They prided themselves on having set King Gustav in the high seat, but they were quite ready to unseat him if his rule was not to their liking, and there were many things with which they were by no means contented. This anomalous state of things was responsible for the half-dozen peasant risings with which Gustav had to contend from 1525 to 1543. In all these rebellions the religious difficulty figured largely, though the increasing fiscal burdens were undoubtedly grievous and the peasants had their particular grievances besides. The wholesale seizure and degradation of Church property outraged them, arid they formally protested against the introduction of “Luthery.” They threatened, more than once, to march upon and destroy Stockholm, because the Reformers had made of it “a spiritual Sodom.” They insisted on, the restoration of the ancient Catholic customs, and would have made neglect of fasting and other sins of omission penal offences. Though he prevailed in the end, Gustav was obliged to humour the people throughout. And thus, though he was strong enough to maintain what he had established and finish what be had begun, he was not strong enough to tamper seriously with the national liberties or to crush altogether Catholic aspirations. At the time of his death the Riksdag was already a power in the state, and a Catholic reaction in Sweden was by no means an impossibility, if only the Catholics had been able to find capable leaders. A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ... Events January 21 - The Swiss Anabaptist Movement was born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptized each other in the home of Manzs mother on Neustadt-Gasse, Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union. ... Events February 21 - Battle of Wayna Daga - A combined army of Ethiopian and Portuguese troops defeat the armies of Adal led by Ahmed Gragn. ... Stockholm  listen? is the capital and the largest city of Sweden. ... Sodom redirects here. ...

Gustav’s foreign policy at first aimed at little more than self-preservation. Only with the pecuniary assistance of the wealthy merchants of Lübeck had he been able to establish himself originally; and Lübeck in return had exploited Sweden, as Spain at a later day was to exploit her American colonies. When, with the aid of Denmark, Gustav at last freed himself from this greedy incubus by the truce of August 28, 1537, Sweden for the first time in her history became the mistress of her own waters. But even so she was but of subordinate importance in Scandinavian politics. The hegemony of Denmark was indisputable, and Gustav regarded that power with an ever-increasing suspicion which forbore ill for peace in the future. The chief cause of dispute was the quartering by the Danish king of the three crowns of Sweden on the Dano-Norwegian coat of arms, which was supposed to indicate a claim of sovereignty. Still more offensive was the attitude of Sweden’s eastern neighbor Russia, with whom the Swedish king was nervously anxious to stand on good terms. Gustav attributed to Ivan IV of Russia, whose resources he unduly magnified, the design of establishing a universal monarchy round the Baltic sea. Statistics State: Schleswig-Holstein District: Independent city Area: 214. ... August 28 is the 240th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (241st in leap years), with 125 days remaining. ... Events January 6 - Alessandro de Medici assassinated August 25 - The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, was formed. ... Scandinavia, Fennoscandia, and the Kola Peninsula. ... Heraldry is the science and art of describing coats-of-arms, also referred to as achievements or armorial bearings. ... Ivan IV (Ivan Vasilyevich) (August 25, 1530–March 18, 1584) was the first ruler of Russia to assume the title of tsar. ... The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, bounded by the Scandinavian Peninsula, the mainland of Eastern Europe and Central Europe, and the Danish islands. ...

Eric XIV

Main article: Eric XIV of Sweden Erik XIV of Sweden (December 13, 1533–February 26, 1577) was the son of Gustav I of Sweden and Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg. ...

Nevertheless events were already occurring which ultimately compelled Sweden to depart from her neutrality and lay the foundations of an overseas empire. In the last year of Gustav’s life, 1560, the ancient Livonian Order, amalgamated since 1237, with the more powerful Teutonic Order, had by the secularization of the latter order into the dukedom of Prussia, 1525 become suddenly isolated in the midst of hostile Slavonians. It needed but a jolt to bring down the crazy anachronism, and the jolt came when, in 1558-1560, floods of Muscovites poured over the land, threatening the whole province with destruction. Events February 27 - The Treaty of Berhick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation of Scotland The first tulip bulb was brought from Turkey to the Netherlands. ... The Livonian Brothers of the Sword (Latin Fratres militiae Christi, literally the brothers of the army of Christ), also known as the Christ Knights, Sword Brethren or The Militia of Christ of Livonia, was a military order started in 1202 by Albert von Buxhövden, bishop of Riga (or Prince-Bishop... Events Thomas II of Savoy becomes count of Flanders. ... Teutonic Knights, charging into battle. ... The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 The word Prussia (German: Preußen or Preussen, Polish: Prusy, Lithuanian: Prūsai, Latin: Borussia) has had various (often contradictory) meanings: The land of the Baltic Prussians (in what is now parts of southern Lithuania, the Kaliningrad exclave of Russia and... Events January 21 - The Swiss Anabaptist Movement was born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptized each other in the home of Manzs mother on Neustadt-Gasse, Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union. ... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... Events January 7 - French troops led by Francis, Duke of Guise take Calais, the last continental possession of England July 13 - Battle of Gravelines: In France, Spanish forces led by Count Lamoral of Egmont defeat the French forces of Marshal Paul des Thermes at Gravelines. ... Events February 27 - The Treaty of Berhick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation of Scotland The first tulip bulb was brought from Turkey to the Netherlands. ...

In his despair the last master of the order, Gotthard von Kettler, appealed to all his more civilized neighbours to save him, and his dominions were quickly partitioned between Poland, Denmark and Sweden. Sweden’s original share of the spoil of the Livonian War was Reval, which, driven to extremities, placed itself beneath the protection of the Swedish crown in March 1561. From the moment that Sweden got a firm footing in Estonia by the acquisition of Reval she was committed to a policy of combat and aggrandisement. The Reformation reached Livonia in the 1520s. ... The city of Tallinn is the capital city and main seaport of Estonia. ... Events The Edict of Orleans suspends the persecution of the Huguenots. ...

To have retreated would have meant the ruin of her Baltic trade, upon which the national prosperity so much depended. Her next-door neighbours, Poland and Russia, were necessarily her competitors; fortunately they were also each other’s rivals; obviously her best policy was to counterpoise them. To accomplish this effectually she required to have her hands free, and the composition of her long outstanding differences with Denmark by the Treaty of Stettin on December 13, 1570, which put an end to the Northern Seven Years' War of 1563-1570, the chief political event of the reign of Eric XIV of Sweden, 1560-1568, the eldest son-and successor of Gustav I, was therefore a judicious act on the part of the new king John III of Sweden, 1568-1592. December 13 is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 23 - The assassination of regent James Stewart, Earl of Moray throws Scotland into civil war February 25 - Pope Pius V excommunicates Queen Elizabeth I of England. ... Erik XIV (1533-1577), Swedish King 1560-1568 The Northern Seven Years War was the war between Sweden and a coalition of Denmark, Lubeck and Poland. ... Events February 1 - Sarsa Dengel succeeds his father Menas as Emperor of Ethiopia February 18 - The Duke of Guise is assassinated while besieging Orléans March - Peace of Amboise. ... Events January 23 - The assassination of regent James Stewart, Earl of Moray throws Scotland into civil war February 25 - Pope Pius V excommunicates Queen Elizabeth I of England. ... Erik XIV of Sweden (December 13, 1533–February 26, 1577) was the son of Gustav I of Sweden and Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg. ... Events February 27 - The Treaty of Berhick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation of Scotland The first tulip bulb was brought from Turkey to the Netherlands. ... Events March 23 - Peace of Longjumeau ends the Second War of Religion in France. ... John III of Sweden or Johan III of the Royal House of Vasa, was the king of Sweden (1568-1592). ... Events March 23 - Peace of Longjumeau ends the Second War of Religion in France. ... Events January 30 - The death of Pope Innocent IX during the previous year had left the Papal throne vacant. ...

Equally judicious was the anti-Russian league with Stephen Bathory, king of Poland, concluded in 1578. The war between Russia and Sweden for the possession of Estonia and Livonia (1571-1577) had been uninterruptedly disastrous to the latter, and, in the beginning of 1577, a countless Russian host sat down before Reval, Sweden’s last stronghold in those parts. István) see: István Báthory Reign From December 9, 1575 until December 12, 1586 Elected On December 9, 1575 in Wola, today suburb of Warsaw, Poland Coronation On May 1, 1576 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Noble Family Bathory Parents Stephen Bathory Catherine Telegdi Consorts Anna Jagiellonka Children none Date... Poland was ruled by dukes (c. ... Events January 31 - Battle of Gemblours - Spanish forces under Don John of Austria and Alexander Farnese defeat the Dutch. ... This article is about the region in Europe. ... Events January 11 - Austrian nobility is granted Freedom of religion. ... Events March 17 - formation of the Cathay Company to send Martin Frobisher back to the New World for more gold May 29 - Publication of the Bergen Book which is better known as the Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord, one of the Lutheran confessional writings, later condensed into an...

The energetic intervention of Bathory, however, speedily turned the scales in the opposite direction. Six months after his humiliating peace with the Polish monarch, Ivan IV was glad to conclude a truce with Sweden also on a “uti possidetis” basis at Pliusa, on August 5, 1582. August 5 is the 217th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (218th in leap years), with 148 days remaining. ... Events January 15 - Russia cedes Livonia and Estonia to Poland February 24 - Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian Calendar. ...

John III

Portrait: John III of Sweden This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Portrait: John III of Sweden This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ...

Johan III

Main article: John III of Sweden John III of Sweden or Johan III of the Royal House of Vasa, was the king of Sweden (1568-1592). ...

The amicable relations between Sweden and Poland promised, at first, to be permanent. Sixteen years before his accession to the throne, John III of Sweden, then duke of Finland, had wedded Catherine Jagiellonica, the sister of Sigismund II of Poland on October 4, 1562. Duke Sigismund of Sweden, the fruit of this union, was brought up by his mother in the Catholic religion, and, on August 19, 1587, he was elected king of Poland. Sixteen days later the Articles of Kalmar, signed by John and Sigismund, regulated the future relations between the two countries when, in process of time, Sigismund should succeed his father as king of Sweden. The Articles of two kingdoms were to be in perpetual alliance, but each of them was to retain its own laws and customs. Sweden was also to enjoy her religion, subject to such changes as the Privy Council might make; but neither pope nor council was to claim or exercise the right of releasing Sigismund from his obligations to his Swedish subjects. During Sigismund’s absence from Sweden that realm was to be ruled by seven Swedes, six elected by the king and one by his uncle Duke Charles of Sudermannia, the leader of the Swedish Protestants. No new tax was to be levied in Sweden during the king’s absence, but Sweden was never to be administered from Poland. Any necessary alterations in these articles were only to be made with the common consent of the king, Duke Charles, the Estates and the gentry of Sweden. John III of Sweden or Johan III of the Royal House of Vasa, was the king of Sweden (1568-1592). ... Catherine Jagiellonica of Poland, (1526 - 1583), was youngest daughter of Sigismund I of Poland and Bona Sforza, mother of Sigismund I of Sweden and wife of John III of Sweden. ... Reign From April 1, 1548 until July 6, 1572 Coronation On September 15, 1697 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Royal House Jagiellon Parents Zygmunt I Stary Bona Sforza Consorts Elżbieta Habsburzanka Barbara Radziwiłł Katarzyna Austriaczka Barbara Giżycka Children with Barbara Giżycka Barbara Date of Birth August 1, 1520 Place... October 4 is the 277th day of the year (278th in Leap years). ... Events Earliest English slave-trading expedition under John Hawkins. ... Reign in Poland From September 18, 1587 until April 19, 1632 Reign in Sweden From November 17, 1592 until July 24, 1599 Elected in Poland On September 18, 1587 in Wola, today suburb of Warsaw, Poland Coronation in Poland On December 27, 1587 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Coronation... August 19 is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events February 8 - Mary, Queen of Scots is beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle in England after she is implicated in a plot to murder her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I. July 22 - Colony of Roanoke: A group of English settlers arrive on Roanoke Island off of North Carolina to re-establish the... The Swedish Senate: Riksrådet, from 1809 Statsrådet, from 1975 Regeringen was and is the principal government institution of Sweden The Swedish Senate, Senatus Regni Sueciae, originated as a council of Regional Magnates acting as advisers to the Monarch of the combined Realms of the Swedes (from 996, approximately). ... The Pope is the Catholic Bishop and patriarch of Rome, and head of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches. ... Charles IX, or Karl IX (1550 – 1611), king of Sweden, was the youngest son of Gustav I of Sweden and Margareta Lejonhufvud. ... Sudermannia or Södermanland, is a historical province or landskap on the south eastern coast of Sweden. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ...

Sigismund

Main article: Sigismund I of Sweden Reign in Poland From September 18, 1587 until April 19, 1632 Reign in Sweden From November 17, 1592 until July 24, 1599 Elected in Poland On September 18, 1587 in Wola, today suburb of Warsaw, Poland Coronation in Poland On December 27, 1587 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Coronation...

Sigismund

The endeavours of Swedish statesmen to bind the hands of their future king were due to their fear of the rising flood of Sweden and the Catholic reaction in Europe. Under Eric XIV the Catholic the Reformation in Sweden had proceeded on much Reaction, the same lines as during the reign of his father, retaining all the old Catholic customs not considered contrary to Scripture. Portrait: Sigismund I of Sweden File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Portrait: Sigismund I of Sweden File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Naturally, after 1544, when the Council of Trent had formally declared the Bible and tradition to be equally authoritative sources of all Christian doctrine, the contrast between the old and the new teaching became more obvious; and in many countries a middle party arose which aimed at a compromise by going back to the Church of the Fathers. King John III of Sweden, the most learned of the Vasas, and somewhat of a theological expert, was largely influenced by these “middle” views. Events April 11 - Battle of Ceresole - French forces under the Comte dEnghien defeat Imperial forces under the Marques Del Vasto near Turin. ... The Council of Trent (Italian: Trento) was an ecumenical council of the Catholic Church held in discontinuous sessions between 1545 and 1563 in response to the Protestant Reformation. ... A Bible handwritten in Latin, on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. ... The term Christian means belonging to Christ and is derived from the Greek noun Χριστός Khristós which means anointed one, which is itself a translation of the Hebrew word Moshiach (Hebrew: משיח, also written Messiah), (and in Arabic it is pronounced Maseeh مسيح). ... John III of Sweden or Johan III of the Royal House of Vasa, was the king of Sweden (1568-1592). ... The Vasa Coat of Arms The House of Vasa was the Royal House of Sweden (1523-1654) and of Poland (1587-1668). ...

As soon as he had mounted the throne he took measures to bring the Church of Sweden John III, and back to “the primitive Apostolic Church and the Swedish Catholic faith “; and, in 1574, persuaded a synod. assembled at Stockholm to adopt certain articles framed by himself on what we should call a High Church basis. In February 1575 a new Church ordinance, approximating still more closely to the patristic Church, was presented to another synod, and accepted thereat, but very unwillingly. In 1576 a new liturgy was issued on the model of the Roman missal, but with considerable modifications. The Church of Sweden, or Svenska kyrkan, is the national church of Sweden. ... Events April 14 - Battle of Mookerheyde. ... High church is a term used in Protestant Christianity in general, and churches associated with the Anglican tradition in particular, in relation to those congregations that continue, with modifications, much of the ritual associated with the Roman Catholic Mass. ...

To a modern High Anglican these innovations seem innocent enough, and, despite the opposition of Duke Charles and the ultra-Protestants, they were adopted by the Riksdag of 1577. These measures greatly encouraged the Catholic party in Europe, and John III was ultimately persuaded to send an embassy to Rome to open negotiations for the reunion of the Swedish Church with the Holy See. But though the Jesuit Antonio Possevino was sent to Stockholm to complete John’s “conversion,” John would only consent to embrace Catholicism under certain conditions which were never kept, and the only result of all these subterraneous negotiations was to incense the Protestants still more against the new liturgy, the use of which by every congregation in the realm without exception was, nevertheless, decreed by the Riksdag of 1582. The Riksdag of the Estates, or Ståndsriksdagen, was the name used for the Estates of the Swedish realm, or Rikets ständer, when they were assembled. ... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ... Events January 15 - Russia cedes Livonia and Estonia to Poland February 24 - Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian Calendar. ...

At this period Duke Charles and his Protestant friends were clearly outnumbered by the promoters of the via media. Nevertheless, immediately after King John’s death, a synod summoned to Uppsala by Duke Charles rejected the new liturgy and drew up an anti-Catholic confession of faith, March 5, 1593. Holy Scripture and the three primitive creeds were declared to be the true foundations of Christian faith, and the Augsburg confession was adopted. This article is about the modern city of Uppsala. ... The Augsburg Confession, in Latin Confessio Augustana, is the central document of the Lutheran reformation, which was a reaction against the Roman Catholic Church. ...

That Sigismund, now the lawful king of Sweden, should regard the summoning of Civil War, the synod of Uppsala without his previous knowledge Expulsion of and consent as a direct infringement of his prerogative was only natural. On his arrival in Sweden, however, he tried to gain time by provisionally confirming what had been done; but the aggressiveness of the Protestant faction and the persistent usurpations of Duke Charles (the Riksdag of 1595 proclaimed him regent though the king had previously refused him that office) made a civil war inevitable. Events January 30 - William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is performed for the first time May 24 - Nomenclator of Leiden University Library appears, the first printed catalog of an institutional library. ...

The Battle of Stångebro on September 25, 1598 decided the struggle in favour of Charles - and Protestantism. Sigismund fled from Sweden, never to return, and on March 19, 1600 the Riksdag of Linköping proclaimed the duke king under the title of Charles IX of Sweden. Sigismund and his line of posterity were declared to have forfeited the Swedish crown, which was to pass to the male heirs of Charles. The Battle of StÃ¥ngebro took place at Linköping, Sweden on September 25, 1598, and effectively ended the personal union between Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, that had only existed since 1592. ... September 25 is the 268th day of the year (269th in leap years). ... Events January 7 - Boris Godunov seizes the throne of Russia following the death of his brother-in-law, Tsar Feodor I April 13 - Edict of Nantes - Henry IV of France grants French Huguenots equal rights with Catholics. ... March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). ... Events January January 1 - Scotland adopts January 1st as being New Years Day February February 17 - Giordano Bruno burned in a stake for heresy July July 2 - Battle of Nieuwpoort: Dutch forces under Maurice of Nassau defeat Spanish forces under Archduke Albert in a battle on the coastal dunes. ... Charles IX, or Karl IX (1550 – 1611), king of Sweden, was the youngest son of Gustav I of Sweden and Margareta Lejonhufvud. ...

See also: History of Russia, History of Poland, History of Finland The history of Russia begins with that of the East Slavs, the ethnic group that eventually split into the Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians. ... History of Poland is filled with the struggle to get, keep, and regain freedom—the pride of Poles and main value of Polish culture. ... The history of Finland has been heavily influenced by the relationships Finland has had with neighboring counties. ...

References

• This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.