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The German word Fraktur (pronounced /frakˈtuːr/ in IPA) refers to a specific blackletter typeface. The term derives from the past participle of Latin frangere ("to break"), fractus ("broken"). As opposed to Antiqua (common) typefaces, modelled after antique Roman square capitals and Carolingian minuscule, the blackletter lines are broken up. The International Phonetic Alphabet. ...
Blackletter in a Latin Bible of AD 1407, on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. ...
In typography, a typeface consists of a co-ordinated set of character designs. ...
In linguistics, a participle is an adjective derived from a verb. ...
Latin is the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...
Antiqua describes a form of typeface in which the lines in letters are not broken up. ...
The Arch of Titus, with an inscription in Roman square capitals Roman square capitals, also called elegant capitals and quadrata, are an ancient Roman form of writing, and the basis for modern capital letters. ...
Example from 10th century manuscript Carolingian minuscule is a script developed as a writing standard in Europe so that the Roman alphabet could be easily recognized by the small literate class from one region to another. ...
Sometimes, all blackletter typefaces are called fraktur. Blackletter in a Latin Bible of AD 1407, on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. ...
In typography, a typeface is a co-ordinated set of character designs, which usually comprises an alphabet of letters, a set of numerals and a set of punctuation marks. ...
Characteristics
 overview on some blackletter typefaces One difference between the Fraktur and other blackletter scripts is that in the small-letter o, the left part of the bow is broken, but the right part is not. Download high resolution version (1000x1000, 37 KB) Overview on several blackletter typefaces. ...
Download high resolution version (1000x1000, 37 KB) Overview on several blackletter typefaces. ...
Besides the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, and the ess-zet and vowels with umlauts as well, Fraktur typefaces often include the long s, a variant form of the letter r, and a variety of ligatures once intended to aid the typesetter and which have specialized rules for their use. The ß — Eszett [] in German or scharfes Es (sharp es) if spelled out — is a letter used only in the German alphabet. ...
Ä ä Ö ö Ü ü The term umlaut is used for two closely related notions: a special kind of vowel modification and a particular diacritic mark. ...
The long or medial s (ſ) is a form of the minuscule letter s that was formerly used when the s occurred within or at the beginning of the word, for example ſinfulneſs (sinfulness). The modern letterform was called the terminal or short s. ...
In writing and typography, a ligature occurs where two or more letterforms are written or printed as a unit. ...
Origin The first Fraktur typeface was designed when Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (r. 1493–1519) established a series of books and had a new typeface created specifically for this purpose. Fraktur quickly overtook the earlier Schwabacher and Textualis typefaces in popularity, and a wide variety of Fraktur fonts were carved. This page is about the Germanic empire. ...
Portrait by Albrecht Dürer, 1519 (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna). ...
Events January 4 - Christopher Columbus leaves the New World. ...
Events March 4 - Hernán Cortés lands in Mexico. ...
The German word Schwabacher (pronounced in IPA) refers to a specific blackletter typeface. ...
Blackletter in a Latin Bible of 1407 AD, on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. ...
Use As opposed to other countries, in Germany, typesetting in Fraktur was entirely common still in the 19th century. Some books from the time used Schwabacher still; however, the predominant typeface was the Normalfraktur (Fig. 1), which came in various slight variations. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Since the 18th century, the Fraktur was replaced more and more by antiqua because of the obvious communication problems with non-native German speakers. However, in an attempt to deliberately differentiate Germany from the rest of the Western world, it was reinforced by Nazi Germany, which pronounced that Antiqua typefaces were not Aryan. This policy was officially upheld until January 3, 1941, when Martin Bormann issued a circular letter to all public offices which suddenly declared Fraktur to be Judenlettern (Jewish letters) and prohibited further use. It has been speculated that the régime had realized that Fraktur would inhibit communication in the territories occupied during World War II, but the main problem there was the Fraktur-based handwriting of the German occupiers; the real reason may have been a desire to use fonts and equipment confiscated outside Germany for the printing of German language texts. Fraktur saw a short resurgence after the War because many printers did not have the money for new typefaces during the economic hardships of (roughly) 1945-1955, but after the economy started to recover it was quickly abandoned. (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...
Antiqua describes a form of typeface in which the lines in letters are not broken up. ...
Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...
This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
January 3 is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...
1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...
Martin Bormann Martin Bormann (June 17, 1900 – May 2, 1945), a prominent German National Socialist official, became head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler. ...
World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons like the atom bomb. ...
Fraktur is today used merely for decorative typesetting; for example, a number of traditional German newspapers still print their name in Fraktur on the first page, and it is also popular for pub signs. In this modern decorative use the Fraktur rules about long s and short s or about ligatures are often disregarded. Isolated Fraktur letters are also used in mathematics, e.g. to denote Lie algebras, σ-algebras or ring ideals. The long or medial s (Å¿) is a form of the minuscule letter s that was formerly used when the s occurred within or at the beginning of the word, for example Å¿infulneÅ¿s (sinfulness). The modern letterform was called the terminal or short s. ...
The word ligature can mean more than one thing. ...
Wikibooks Wikiversity has more about this subject: School of Mathematics Wikiquote has a collection of quotations by or about: Mathematics Look up Mathematics in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Wikimedia Commons has more media related to: Mathematics Bogomolny, Alexander: Interactive Mathematics Miscellany and Puzzles. ...
In mathematics, a Lie algebra is an algebraic structure whose main use lies in studying geometric objects such as Lie groups and differentiable manifolds. ...
In mathematics, a σ-algebra (or σ-field) X over a set S is a family of subsets of S which is closed under countable set operations; σ-algebras are mainly used in order to define measures on S. The concept is important in mathematical analysis and probability theory. ...
In ring theory, a branch of abstract algebra, an ideal is a special subset of a ring which generalizes important properties of integers. ...
Earlier versions of the Volapük language added vowels from Fraktur to the Roman ones. Later versions substituted them by the Roman version with a ¨. Volapük edition of Wikipedia This article is about the international auxiliary language. ...
In phonetics, a vowel is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by an open configuration of the vocal tract, in contrast to consonants, which are characterized by a constriction or closure at one or more points along the vocal tract. ...
In linguistics, a diaeresis or dieresis (AE) (from Greek διαιÏειν (diaerein), to divide) is the modification of a syllable by distinctly pronouncing one of its vowels. ...
Samples
 Fig. 1: Walbaum-Fraktur ( 1800)
 Fig. 2: Humboldtfraktur (Hiero Rhode, 1938) (The German sentence in the figures reads: "Victor jagt zwölf Boxkämpfer quer über den Sylter Deich". This is a nonsense sentence meaning "Victor chases twelve box fighters across the dike of Sylt", but contains all 26 letters of the alphabet plus the German umlauts and is thus an example of a pangram.) Font sample created by djmutex. ...
1800 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
Font sample created by djmutex. ...
1938 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...
The German island of Sylt is located in the North Sea off the coast of Germany and Denmark. ...
This page is about punctuation. ...
A pangram (Greek: pan gramma, every letter) or holoalphabetic sentence is a piece of text which uses every letter of the alphabet. ...
Related articles Sütterlin example showing the German text of a Letter by Immanuel Kant The Sütterlinschrift, or Sütterlin for short, is a form of the old German blackletter handwriting (Spitzschrift) that was designed by and named after Ludwig Sütterlin, a German graphical designer and teacher who was commissioned...
The long or medial s (ſ) is a form of the minuscule letter s that was formerly used when the s occurred within or at the beginning of the word, for example ſinfulneſs (sinfulness). The modern letterform was called the terminal or short s. ...
The ß — Eszett [] in German or scharfes Es (sharp es) if spelled out — is a letter used only in the German alphabet. ...
Bold Bold, see Bold (disambiguation). ...
Blackletter in a Latin Bible of AD 1407, on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. ...
An ornate Taufschein, or baptismal certificate In the United States, Fraktur is used to describe highly artistic and elaborate 18th century and 19th century illuminated folk art drawings created by the Pennsylvania Germans (often erroneously called Pennsylvania Dutch). ...
The Pennsylvania Dutch (more correctly Pennsylvania Deutsch or Pennsylvania German, speakers of the Pennsylvania German language) are a people of various religious affiliations, living mostly in central Pennsylvania, with cultural traditions dating back to the German immigrations to America in the 17th and 18th centuries. ...
Sources, external links | | Wikimedia Commons has multimedia related to Fraktur, as well as samples of the letterforms at Fraktur alphabet. File links The following pages link to this file: Abu Dhabi Abraham Lincoln Australia Adolf Hitler Animation Andorra Alaska Anatomy Asia Albert Einstein Asterales Automobile Aircraft Alexander Graham Bell Apple Computer American Civil War Ancient Egypt Asteraceae Alps Arches National Park Aarhus Almond Caesar Augustus Acacia Acropolis Acupuncture Amaranth Alexander...
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