In artificial intelligence, the frame problem has a number of possible formulations. One of the most common is that it is the question of how to determine efficiently which things remain the same in a changing world. John McCarthy and Patrick J. Hayes introduced the term "frame problem" in their 1969 essay, Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence. Artificial intelligence (also known as machine intelligence and often abbreviated as AI) is intelligence exhibited by any manufactured (i. ... John McCarthy (computer scientist), inventor of the term artificial intelligence and much more. ...

The name 'frame problem' was coined for this phenomenon because of a common technique used by cartoon makers called framing where the currently moving parts of the cartoon are superimposed on the "frame" or the surroundings which do not change. Taken in an AI context, actions change the truth values of some facts but almost everything else remains unchanged. A cartoon is a form of art with diverse origins and even more diverse modern meanings. ... The term framing can have several possible meanings: framing (telecommunication), where it relates to synchronization framing (economics), where it relates to rational choice theory framing (World Wide Web), where it relates to the use of multiple panes within a web page framing (communication theory), where it relates to the contextual...

From its origins as a special problem in AI, it now has a broader meaning in philosophy and knowledge representation. (Redirected from ) In the eddic poem R gthula (Old Norse R ula ) Song of R g, the name R g is applied to a god who is called old and wise, mighty and strong who wandered through the world and brought into being (apparently by fathering them) the progenitors of... Philosophy (from a combination of the Greek words philos meaning love and sophia meaning wisdom), as a practice, aims at some kind of understanding, knowledge or wisdom about fundamental matters such as reality, knowledge, meaning, value, being and truth. ... Knowledge representation is needed for library classification and for processing concepts in an information system. ...

According to J. van Brakel, some other problems that are related to, or more specific versions of, the frame problem include the following:

• extended prediction problem
• holism problem
• inertia problem
• installation problem
• planning problem
• persistence problem
• qualification problem
• ramification problem
• relevance problem
• temporal projection problem

Suggested solutions to the frame problem include satisficing, heuristics, and rational ignorance. In philosophy and AI, the qualification problem is concerned with the impossibility of listing all the preconditions required for a real-world action to have its intended effect. ... The ramification problem is concerned with indirect consequences of an action. ... In economics, satisficing is a behaviour which attempts to achieve at least some minimum level of a particular variable, but which does not strive to achieve its maximum possible value. ... For heuristics in computer science, see heuristic (computer science) Heuristic is the art and science of discovery and invention. ... Rational ignorance is a term most often found in economics, particularly public choice theory, but also used in other disciplines which study rationality and choice, including philosophy (epistemology) and game theory. ...

See also

• combinatorial explosion
• common sense
• non-monotonic logic

In cryptanalysis, a brute force attack on a cipher is a brute-force search of the key space; that is, testing all possible keys, in an attempt to recover the plaintext used to produce a particular ciphertext. ... The term common sense (or as an adjective, commonsense) describes beliefs or propositions that seem, to most people, to be prudent and of sound judgment, without dependence upon esoteric knowledge. ... When declaiming a line of reasoning, it is the custom to present a case for the object of discourse. ...

External link

• The Frame Problem (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frame-problem/) at the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy.
• Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence (http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/mcchay69/mcchay69.html); the original article of McCarthy and Hayes that proposed the problem.
• Robotics and the common sense informatic situation (http://www.iis.ee.ic.ac.uk/~mpsha/roboticsECAI96.pdf) presents solution to the frame problem