It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Framing (psychology). (Discuss)

In communication theory, and sociology, framing is a process of selective control over the individual's perception of media, public, or private communication, in particular the meanings attributed to words or phrases. Framing defines how an element of rhetoric is packaged so as to allow certain interpretations and rule out others. Media frames can be created by the mass media or by specific political or social movements or organizations. The concept is generally attributed to the work of Erving Goffman, especially his 1974 book, Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Frames, according to many psychologists, linguists and cognitive scientists, are mental structures that are used to facilitate the thinking process. ... We might say that communication consists of transmitting information from one person to another. ... Social interactions and their consequences are the subject of sociology. ... The word, Perception, comes from the latin word, capere, meaning to take, the prefix per- means completely. In psychology and the cognitive sciences, perception is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory information. ... Rhetoric (from Greek ρήτωρ, rhêtôr, orator, teacher) is the art or technique of persuasion, usually through the use of language. ... Mass media is a term used to denote, as a class, that section of the media specifically conceived and designed to reach a very large audience (typically at least as large as the whole population of a nation state). ... Erving Goffman (June 11, 1922 – November 19, 1982), was a sociologist and writer. ...

Experts in this area include George Lakoff who has written the books Moral Politics and Don't Think of an Elephant on this subject as applied to politics (his earlier work, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind also looks at framing, but from a more academic point of view). This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Politics is the process by which individuals or relatively small groups attempt to exert influence over the actions of an organization. ...

In politics, Lakoff points to an example of framing in the phrase "tax relief." The use of the word "relief" implies a notion that taxes put strain on the citizen. A tax cut is a reduction in the rate of tax charged by a government, for example on personal or corporate income. ...

Another example is the use of death taxes as a substitution for estate taxes, a clever substitution by those opposed to taxation at the higher economic levels ^{[citation needed]} since everyone will die. But in fact few will have a taxable estate under United States law. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Estate is a term used in the common law. ...

Another example of framing is the word "progressive" to describe left-wing politics. The word "progressive" implies an improvement, or a step forward, and therefore suggests that right-wing politics are a regression or a step back. The use of the word progessive is largely a substitute for the word liberal, earlier effectivey framed by various opponents into a negative word, now being reclaimed as an honorable appellation. In politics, left-wing, political left, leftism, or simply the left, are terms which refer (with no particular precision) to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism, social democracy, or liberalism (especially in the American sense of the word), or with opposition... In politics, right-wing, the political right, or simply the right, are terms which refer, with no particular precision, to the segment of the political spectrum in opposition to left-wing politics. ... Look up liberal on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Liberal may refer to: Politics: Liberalism American liberalism, a political trend in the USA Political progressivism, a political ideology that is for change, often associated with liberal movements Liberty, the condition of being free from control or restrictions Liberal Party, members of... To reclaim is to bring a word back to a more acceptable course. ...

Other examples are the phrases "Pro-Life" (which implies its opponents are "anti-life" or "pro-death"), "Pro-Choice" (which implies its opponents are "anti-choice" or "pro-compulsion"), "anti-immigrant" (which implies the people this term is applied to are against individual immigrants as opposed to being against immigration or illegal immigrants.), and "Reality-based community" (which implies that its opponents are unrealistic). Pro-life advocates make a silent complaint in front of the United States Supreme Court in Washington, D.C. Pro-life is a term representing a variety of perspectives and activist movements in bioethics. ... Pro-choice activists on the steps of the U.S. Supreme Court, to rally for abortion rights on the anniversary of Roe v. ... Reality-based community is a popular term among Internet bloggers that is an example of political framing. ...

Terms which frame debate seek to limit the possibilities of discourse by setting the vocabulary and metaphors by which an issue can be discussed. In Lakoff's view, framing cannot be avoided—it is an inherent part not just of political discourse, but of literally all cognition, both conscious and unconscious—but the effort should be made to do it consciously.

According to Klandermans, a sociologist, the "social construction of collective action frames," involves "public discourse, that is, the interface of media discourse and interpersonal interaction; persuasive communication during mobilization campaigns by movement organizations, their opponents and countermovement organizations; and consciousness raising during episodes of collective action." (1997: p. 45)

See also

• communication theory
• Political Frame
• Code word (figure of speech)
• Buzzword
• Power word
• Demagoguery
• Figure of speech
• Frame analysis
• Language and thought
• Meme
• Newspeak
• Trope

We might say that communication consists of transmitting information from one person to another. ... // Definition A political frame is a word or idea that brings to mind other words or ideas within a specific paradigm. ... A code word is a word or a phase designed to evoke a pre-determined meaning to certain listeners, while disguising the speakers true meaning by allowing them to use a word that sounds much more acceptable to an average listener. ... A buzzword (also known as a fashion word or vogue word) is an idiom, often a neologism, commonly used in managerial, technical, administrative, and sometimes political environments. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Demagogy is generally a method of convincing a listener by appealing to the persons common sense and leaps of logic. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Stylistic device. ... Frame analysis theory is a social theory on social movements that employs framing and social constructionism paradigms, and more generally, on the large social interactionism paradigm. ... A variety of different authors, theories and fields purport influences between language and thought. ... It has been suggested that Memetic engineering be merged into this article or section. ... Newspeak is a fictional language in George Orwells novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. ... A trope is a rhetorical figure of speech that consists of a play on words, i. ...

References

• Goffman, Erving. 1974. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. London: Harper and Row.
• Fairhurst, Gail T. and Sarr, Robert A. 1996. The Art of Framing: Managing the Language of Leadership. USA: Jossey-Bass, Inc.
• Klandermans, Bert. 1997. The Social Psychology of Protest. Oxford: Blackwell.
• Cutting, Hunter and Makani Themba Nixon. 2003. Talking the Walk: A Communications Guide for Racial Justice." San Francisco: We Interrupt This Message:
• Framing the Dems: How conservatives control political debate and how progressives can take it back. The American Prospect. Volume 14, Issue 8, September 2003. http://www.prospect.org/print/V14/8/lakoff-g.html

External links

• Curry, Tom. 2005. "Frist chills talk of judges deal (Page 2)." The question in the poll was not framed as a matter of whether nominee ought to get an up-or-down vote. And that framing of the issue, Republican strategists believe, is the most advantageous one... MSNBC.com.