FACTOID # 58: Looking for geniuses? Head straight to Iceland. There are more than 3 Nobel Prize Winners for every million Icelanders.
 
 Home   Encyclopedia   Statistics   Countries A-Z   Flags   Maps   Education   Forum   FAQ   About 
 
 
 
WHAT'S NEW
RECENT ARTICLES
More Recent Articles »
 

SEARCH ALL

FACTS & STATISTICS    Advanced view

Search encyclopedia, statistics and forums:

 

 

(* = Graphable)

 

 


Encyclopedia > Francis Cardinal George
Cardinal George is the current Archbishop of Chicago. He is also the first native Chicagoan to assume the office.
Cardinal George is the current Archbishop of Chicago. He is also the first native Chicagoan to assume the office.

Francis Eugene Cardinal George, O.M.I. (born January 16, 1937 in Chicago, Illinois) is a Roman Catholic bishop and member of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate, a French religious order of the Roman Catholic Church. He currently serves as the Archbishop of Chicago and was elevated to Cardinal Priest by Pope John Paul II. By virtue of his dignity as a prince of the Church, Cardinal George is formally addressed as His Eminence. The Cardinal is one of the most important members of the body of American bishops, and is in charge of the second largest U.S. diocese- in terms of Catholic population- after Los Angeles. He had once served as prior provincial, or head, of the American province of his order; before that, he taught at some noted American Catholic seminaries. This work is copyrighted. ... This work is copyrighted. ... January 16 is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Flag Seal Nickname: The Windy City Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location Location in Chicagoland and northern Illinois Coordinates , Government Country State Counties United States Illinois Cook, DuPage Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 606. ... Official language(s) English Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Area  Ranked 25th  - Total 57,918 sq mi (149,998 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 390 miles (629 km)  - % water 4. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... It has been suggested that Valid Bishops be merged into this article or section. ... Seal of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate, a religious order of the Roman Catholic Church. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Monasticism. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... Holy Name Cathedral is the motherchurch of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago. ... Cardinal Priests are the most numerous of the three orders of Cardinals in the Roman Catholic Church. ... Coat of Arms of Pope John Paul II. The Letter M is for Mary, the mother of Jesus, to whom he held strong devotion Pope John Paul II the Great (Latin: ), (Italian: Giovanni Paolo II), born   (May 18, 1920 – April 2, 2005) reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church from... His Eminence is the official style or standard of address in reference to a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and several patriarchs of the Eastern Rite. ...


Cardinal George also served as the Bishop of Yakima and the Archbishop of Portland. He speaks English, French, Italian, Spanish and German. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Yakima is an ecclessiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the central region of the State of Washington in the United States. ... The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon (Archidioecesis Portlandensis in Oregon) encompasses the western part of the State of Oregon from the summit of the Cascades to the Pacific Ocean, an area of about 29,717 square miles (76,967 km²). The Archbishop of Portland serves as the Ordinary... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Contents

[edit]

Early years

Born in Chicago to Francis J. and Julia R. McCarthy George, he attended St. Pascal Grade School on the city's northwest side. Cardinal George then enrolled at St. Henry Preparatory Seminary in Belleville, Illinois before joining the religious order of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate on August 14, 1957. He was sent to the University of Ottawa in Canada to study theology before being ordained to the priesthood on December 21, 1963. Ordination took place at his home parish of St. Pascal Church by Bishop Raymond Hillinger. Cardinal George has been afflicted with polio for many years; recently, he was taken to a hospital for a heart-related concern and was soon released. Belleville is a city in St. ... Seal of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate, a religious order of the Roman Catholic Church. ... August 14 is the 226th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (227th in leap years), with 139 days remaining. ... 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Tabaret Hall The University of Ottawa (also casually known as U of O or Ottawa U) is a research-intensive, non-denominational, international university. ... Theology (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογος, logos, word or reason) means reasoned discourse concerning religion, spirituality and God. ... Roman Catholic deacon candidates prostrate before the altar of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles during a 2004 diaconate ordination liturgy Holy Orders in the modern Roman Catholic Church and in the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, Assyrian, Old Catholic, and Independent Catholic Churches, includes... December 21 is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ...

[edit]

Father of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate

Father George's religious order sent him to Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. where he earned a master's degree in philosophy in 1965 and where he is now a member of the Board of Trustees. He then attended classes at Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana where he obtained a doctorate in American philosophy in 1970. Father George then returned to the University of Ottawa to obtain a master's degree in theology in 1971. The Catholic University of America (abbreviated CUA), located in Washington, DC, is unique as the national university of the Roman Catholic Church and as the only higher education institution founded by U.S. Roman Catholic bishops. ... Nickname: DC, The District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., with regard to the surrounding states of Maryland and Virginia. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... As of 2005, the Board of Trustees at The Catholic University of America was composed of: Carl A. Anderson, Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus Richard D. Banziger, B.A. 1981, Managing Director, Salomon Smith Barney Nancy J. Bidwill, owner, Arizona Cardinals Bertha S. Braddock, Alexandria, VA philanthropist Michael... Tulane University is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational research university located in New Orleans, Louisiana. ... Nickname: The Crescent City, The Big Easy, The City That Care Forgot Location in the State of Louisiana and the United States Coordinates: Country United States State Louisiana Parish Orleans Founded 1718 Mayor Ray Nagin (D) Area    - City 350. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1970 calendar). ... A masters degree is an academic degree usually awarded for completion of a postgraduate (or graduate) course of one to three years in duration. ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1971 calendar). ...


While studying for college, Father George at the same time taught philosophy at Oblate Seminary in Pass Christian, Mississippi from 1964 to 1969, at Tulane in 1968 and at Creighton University in Omaha, Nebraska from 1969 to 1973. Pass Christian is a city in Harrison County, Mississippi, United States. ... 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... Creighton University, founded in 1878, is a Jesuit-Catholic college located in Omaha, Nebraska. ... Nickname: Gateway to the West Location in Nebraska Coordinates: Country United States State Nebraska County Douglas Founded 1854 Incorporated 1857 Mayor Michael Fahey Area    - City 307. ... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ...


Upon his departure from Creighton, Father George served as Provincial Superior of the Midwestern Province for the Oblates in St. Paul, Minnesota for a year. He was then elected Vicar General of the Oblates and served in Rome through 1986. It was in Rome that Father George obtained his Doctorate of Sacred Theology from the Pontifical Urban University in 1988. State capitol building in Saint Paul Saint Paul is the capital and second-largest city of the state of Minnesota in the United States of America. ... Nickname: The Eternal City Location within Province of Rome in the Region of Latium Coordinates: Region Latium Province Province of Rome Mayor of Rome Walter Veltroni Area    - City 1,285 km²  (496. ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Doctor of Sacred Theology (S.T.D. = Sacrae Theologiae Doctor) is the final degree in the Pontifical University System of the Roman Catholic Church. ... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

[edit]

Early episcopate

Pope John Paul II appointed Father George the fifth Bishop of Yakima in Washington state on July 10, 1990. He was ordained and installed on September 21 in St. Paul Cathedral. He served Yakima for five and a half years. Coat of Arms of Pope John Paul II. The Letter M is for Mary, the mother of Jesus, to whom he held strong devotion Pope John Paul II the Great (Latin: ), (Italian: Giovanni Paolo II), born   (May 18, 1920 – April 2, 2005) reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church from... Official language(s) None Capital Olympia Largest city Seattle Area  Ranked 18th  - Total 71,342 sq mi (184,824 km²)  - Width 240 miles (385 km)  - Length 360 miles (580 km)  - % water 6. ... July 10 is the 191st day (192nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 174 days remaining. ... This article is about the year. ... September 21 is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years). ...


Pope John Paul II appointed Bishop George to become the ninth Archbishop of Portland in Oregon on April 30, 1996. He was installed in a ceremony on May 27. Official language(s) None Capital Salem Largest city Portland Area  Ranked 9th  - Total 98,466 sq mi (255,026 km²)  - Width 260 miles (420 km)  - Length 360 miles (580 km)  - % water 2. ... April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... May 27 is the 147th day (148th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 218 days remaining. ...

[edit]

Archbishop of Chicago

On April 8, 1997, Pope John Paul II appointed Archbishop George to become the eighth Archbishop of Chicago to fill a vacancy left by the death of the much beloved Joseph Cardinal Bernardin on November 14, 1996. On May 7 after his appointment, the Apostolic Pro-Nuncio Agostino Cacciavillan installed Archbishop George in Holy Name Cathedral. On January 18, 1998, Pope John Paul II announced Archbishop George's elevation to the Sacred College of Cardinals with the title of Cardinal Priest of San Bartolomeo all'Isola. Newly named Cardinal George was awarded the privileges of the scarlet vestments and biretta in consistory at the Vatican on February 21. April 8 is the 98th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (99th in leap years). ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Joseph Cardinal Bernardin, served as Archbishop of Chicago from 1982 till his death in 1996. ... November 14 is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 47 days remaining until the end of the year. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... May 7 is the 127th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (128th in leap years). ... The flag of Vatican City and the Holy See flies above the Nunciature to the United States. ... Agostino Cardinal Cacciavillan was the last Aostolic Pro-Nuncio to the United States. ... Holy Name Cathedral sits on the corner of North State Street at Superior in downtown Chicago. ... January 18 is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ... The Sacred College of Cardinals is the body of all Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church. ... Cardinal Priests are the most numerous of the three orders of Cardinals in the Roman Catholic Church. ... Facade of San Bartolomeo allIsola. ... A Cardinals biretta The biretta is a square cap with three ridges or peaks [four for those who hold doctorates in sacred sciences(canon law, sacred scripture, and theology)], surmounted by a tuft, traditionally worn by Roman Catholic clergy, as well as by some clergy of the Anglican Churches. ... // Antiquity Originally, the Latin word consistorium meant simply sitting together, just as the Greek syn(h)edrion (from which the Biblical sanhedrin was a corruption). ... February 21 is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...


George was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that selected Pope Benedict XVI. George was an influential voice in that conclave. He will be eligible to participate in any future papal conclaves that occur before January 16, 2017 when he will reach his 80th birthday. Cardinal George publishes a locally well-read column weekly in the Chicago archdiocesan newspaper, The Catholic New World, called The Cardinal's Column. As Cardinal Bernardin referred to himself as "Joseph your brother", George refers to himself as "Francis your neighbor". At the conclave, he, like Cardinal Rigali of Philadelphia, was known as a 'conservative' supporter of Benedict- saying afterward in a press conference, "It was a choice that was apparent almost immediately." The following were the cardinal electors in the 2005 papal conclave. ... The Papal conclave of 2005 was convoked due to the death of Pope John Paul II on April 2, 2005. ... Papal Arms of Pope Benedict XVI. The papal tiara was replaced with a bishops mitre, and pallium of the Pope was added beneath the coat of arms. ... January 16 is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2017 (MMXVII) will be a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

[edit]

Clergy Abuse Scandals

The Archdiocese of Chicago has not been immune from the clergy abuse scandals that have rocked the church in recent years. Prior to the election of Benedict XVI, George had spoken with then Cardinal Ratzinger and asked for his assistance in the matter. After the election of Benedict XVI, the new Pope told Cardinal George that he remembered their previous conversation and that he would attend to the matter.


While George has had to deal with the fallout from clergy sexual abuse cases from many years ago, he has come under fire for his actions duing a recent abuse case. George acknowledged that he had made mistakes in the case of Rev. Daniel McCormack, who was charged with two counts of aggravated criminal sexual abuse on January 21, 2006. It is alleged that McCormack had abused two boys repeatedly from 2001 to 2005. George has faced criticism for allowing McCormack to remain at his post after allegations first surfaced in August of 2005. At the time prosecutors were not able to move forward because there was not enough evidence. Instead McCormack was told to not have any unsupervised contact with minors and had a personal monitor assigned to him. George has since indicated that had he known several months ago what he knew now that he would've removed McCormack from his duties right away. George took some responsibility for the matter, saying, "The sins of priests and bishops destroy the church, and I think that's what we're seeing here."[1]. Following this incident, the procedures for reporting abuse in Chicago were reportedly reevaluated by a panel and their importance was stressed, as one would expect following the matter. January 21 is the 21st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

[edit]

Health Concerns

The Archdiocese of Chicago anounced on Wednesday, July 26th, 2006 that Cardinal George had bladder cancer, also that he had spoken to archdiocesan officials, and would undergo surgery the next day at Loyola University Medical Center in Maywood, west of Chicago. The seal of the Archdiocese of Chicago. ... July 26 is the 207th day (208th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 158 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bladder cancer refers to any of several types of malignant growths of the urinary bladder. ... Loyola University Chicago is a private co-educational religious-affiliated university established in Chicago, Illinois in 1870 as Saint Ignatius College. ... Maywood may refer to: Maywood, California Maywood, New Jersey Maywood, Illinois Maywood, Nebraska This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...


His personal physician, the Reverend Dr. Myles Sheehan, S.J., M.D., a Jesuit priest, said that there was a drop in blood pressure after the surgery and some bleeding in a small blood vessel, but that George had only suffered only minor complications. The Society of Jesus — also known by its Latin name Societas Iesu or its English variant Jesuit Order — is a religious order of the Roman Catholic Church in direct service to the Pope. ... The Medicinæ Doctor or Doctor of Medicine (M.D. or D.M.) is a doctorate level degree held by medical doctors. ...


George was released recently and will not need chemotherapy or radiation because the bladder cancer, while an aggressive type, was strictly confined to the bladder and a ureter as a carcinoma in situ and had not spread to lymph nodes or otherwise extensively spread by metastasis. He was recently released, eating and not needing an indwelling catheter or other artificial system because a new bladder was reconstructed from some intestinal tissue. He will be undergoing physical therapy and rehabilitation at his residence to regain full use of a leg stricken by his childhood bout with polio, and is on a walker. Chemotherapy is the use of chemical substances to treat disease. ... Radiation in Physics is the process of emitting energy in the form of waves or particles. ... In medicine, carcinoma is any cancer that arises from epithelial cells. ... In situ is a Latin phrase meaning in the place. ... Metastasis (Greek: change of the state) is the spread of cancer from its primary site to other places in the body. ... Catheter disassembled In medicine, a catheter is a tube that can be inserted into a body cavity duct or vessel. ... Biological tissue is any substance made up of cells that perform a similar function within an organism. ... This article concerns the health profession. ...


He is attending to certain affairs with the archdiocese's vicar general, Father John Canary, whom he designated to attend to daily affairs while he recuperates; he will resume certain limited functions from the residence soon, followed by his regular schedule after September 2006. He has a favorable prognosis for recovery, and is recuperating at his residence. He traveled to Rome on Sunday, October 15, 2006, to concelebrate the canonization Mass of Indiana's first saint, Saint Mother Theodore Guerin, and three other new saints. He also resumed writing his column in the archdiocesan newspaper. A vicar general is an ecclesiastical office in the Latin rite of the Catholic Church existing in each particular church. ... September 2006 is the ninth month of 2006 and has begun on a Friday. ...

[edit]

References

1. Associated Press: George admits errors handling recent sexual-abuse charges. Article from the Dubuque Telegraph Herald web site. Date Accessed: January 29, 2006. 2006: The Associated Press. Downtown Dubuque and the Riverfront Dubuque is a city in Dubuque County, Iowa, United States. ... The Telegraph Herald is a daily newspaper published in Dubuque, Iowa for the population of Dubuque and surrounding areas in Iowa, Illinois, and Wisconsin. ... January 29 is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

[edit]

Duties in the Roman Curia

Arms of Cardinal George
Arms of Cardinal George

Pope John Paul II appointed Cardinal George to several offices of the Roman Curia: This work is copyrighted. ... This work is copyrighted. ... The Roman Curia - usually (though inaccurately) called the Vatican - is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See, coordinating and providing the necessary organisation for the correct functioning of the Roman Catholic Church and the achievement of its goals. ...

Cardinal George had been mentioned as potential candidate to succeed Pope Benedict XVI as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. However, Benedict appointed the Archbishop of San Francisco, William Joseph Levada, to fill that office. The Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments (Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum) is the congregation of the Roman Curia that handles most affairs relating to liturgical practices of the Latin Catholic Church as distinct from the Eastern Catholic Churches and also some technical matters... The Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life (Congregatio pro Institutis Vitae Consecratae et Societatibus Vitae Apostolicae) is the congregation of the Roman Curia responsible for everything which concerns institutes of consecrated life (orders and religious congregations, both of men and of women, secular institutes) and... The headquarters of the Propaganda fide in Rome, North facade on Piazza di Spagna by architect Bernini, the southwest facade seen here by Borromini: etching by Giuseppe Vasi, 1761 [1] The Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples (Congregatio pro Gentium Evangelizatione) is the congregation of the Roman Curia responsibile for... The Congregation for the Oriental Churches (Congregatio pro Ecclesiis Orientalibus) is the congregation of the Roman Curia responsible for contact with the Eastern Rite Catholic Churches for the sake of assisting their development, protecting their rights and also maintaining whole and entire in the one Catholic Church, alongside the liturgical... The Pontifical Council for Culture (Pontificium Consilium de Cultura) dates back to the Second Vatican Council. ... Papal Arms of Pope Benedict XVI. The papal tiara was replaced with a bishops mitre, and pallium of the Pope was added beneath the coat of arms. ... The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) (Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei) is the oldest of the nine congregations of the Roman Curia. ... As of 2003 the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco covers the city and county of San Francisco, as well as Marin and San Mateo counties, California. ... William Joseph Levada William Joseph Cardinal Levada, (born 15 June 1936, Long Beach, California) is a Roman Catholic cardinal, currently serving in the Roman Curia as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. ...

[edit]

Episcopal Succession

Episcopal Lineage
Consecrated by: Agostino Cardinal Cacciavillan
Date of consecration: September 21, 1990
Consecrator of
Bishop Date of consecration
Joseph Perry June 29, 1998
George Joseph Lucas December 13, 1999
Jerome Edward Listecki January 8, 2001
Francis Joseph Kane March 19, 2003
Thomas John Paprocki March 19, 2003
Gustavo Garcia-Siller March 19, 2003
[edit]

The episcopate is the status of a bishop. ... Agostino Cardinal Cacciavillan (born 14 August 1926) is a Cardinal Deacon and the President Emeritus of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See in the Roman Catholic Church. ... September 21 is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years). ... This article is about the year. ... Joseph Nathaniel Perry was born on (April 18, 1948) in Chicago, Illinois. ... June 29 is the 180th day of the year (181st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 185 days remaining. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ... December 13 is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... Bishop Listecki Jerome Edward Listecki (born March 12, 1949 in Chicago, Illinois) is a Roman Catholic bishop currently of the Diocese of La Crosse, Wisconsin. ... January 8 is the 8th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Preceded by:
William Stephen Skylstad
Bishop of Yakima
1990–1996
Succeeded by:
Carlos Arthur Sevilla, SJ
Preceded by:
William Joseph Levada
Archbishop of Portland
1996–1997
Succeeded by:
John George Vlazny
Preceded by:
Joseph Cardinal Bernardin
Archbishop of Chicago
1997 – present
Incumbent


 
 

COMMENTARY     


Share your thoughts, questions and commentary here
Your name
Your comments

Want to know more?
Search encyclopedia, statistics and forums:

 


Lesson Plans | Student Area | Student FAQ | Reviews | Press Releases |  Feeds | Contact
The Wikipedia article included on this page is licensed under the GFDL.
Images may be subject to relevant owners' copyright.
All other elements are (c) copyright NationMaster.com 2003-5. All Rights Reserved.
Usage implies agreement with terms, 1022, m