Dr. Francis Lister Hawks (10 June 1798 – 26 September 1866) was an American priest of the Episcopal Church. June 10 is the 161st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (162nd in leap years), with 204 days remaining. ... 1798 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... September 26 is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 96 days remaining. ... 1866 is a common year starting on Monday. ... Roman Catholic priest LCDR Allen R. Kuss (USN) aboard USS Enterprise A priest or priestess is a holy man or woman who takes an officiating role in worship of any religion, with the distinguishing characteristic of offering sacrifices. ... The Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in Washington DC is the National Cathedral of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America. ...

After practicing law with some distinction he entered the Episcopalian ministry in 1827 and proved a brilliant and impressive preacher, holding livings in New Haven, Philadelphia, New York City and New Orleans, and declining several bishoprics. Scandal eventually led him to posts on the American frontier, although he eventually returned to New York City. Law (from the Old Norse lagu) in politics and jurisprudence, is a set of rules or norms of conduct which mandate, proscribe or permit specified relationships among people and organizations, intended to provide methods for ensuring the impartial treatment of such people, and provide punishments of/for those who do... This article is about the city in Connecticut. ... Philadelphia is a village located in Jefferson County, New York. ... The Empire State Building (right) and the Chrysler Building (left) are easily recognized symbols of New York City to the world. ... New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ... A scandal is a widely publicized incident involving allegations of wrong-doing, disgrace, or moral outrage. ...

Hawks's work on church history remains important today. On his appointment as historiographer of his church in 1835, he went to England and collected the abundant materials afterwards utilized in his Contributions to the Ecclesiastical History of U.S.A. (New York, 1836-1839). These two volumes dealt with Maryland and Virginia, while two later ones (1863 1864) were devoted to Connecticut. Official language(s) None Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 42nd 32,160 km² 145 km 400 km 21 37°53N to 39°43N 75°4W to 79°33W Population  - Total (2000)  - Density Ranked 19th 5,296,486 165... Official language(s) English Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 35th 110,862 km² 320 km 690 km 7. ... Official language(s) English Capital Hartford Largest city Bridgeport Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 48th 14,371 km² 113 km 177 km 12. ...

Early life and career

Hawks was born in New Bern, North Carolina. He graduated from the state university in 1815 and entered law, later serving on the North Carolina legislature. Hawks also became active in the Episcopal Church, where he took the post of lay reader of his parish. Hawks felt drawn to the ministry^[1] and entered the tutelage of Bishop John Stark Ravenscroft. New Bern is a city located in Craven County, North Carolina where the Trent River and the Neuse River converge. ... The University of North Carolina, often called the University of North Carolina System to avoid confusion, is a federation of all sixteen public universities in North Carolina. ... Law (from the Old Norse lagu) in politics and jurisprudence, is a set of rules or norms of conduct which mandate, proscribe or permit specified relationships among people and organizations, intended to provide methods for ensuring the impartial treatment of such people, and provide punishments of/for those who do... The Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in Washington DC is the National Cathedral of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America. ... The term ministry can refer to the following: A ministry is a department of a government. ...

Hawks quickly climbed the church ranks, becoming deacon in 1827 and assistant minister of Trinity parish in New Haven, Connecticut, a short while later. His preaching was widely praised,^[1] and in short order, he was ordained a priest. His next post was as assistant to Bishop White of St. James' Church in Philadelphia. He next took a position as Professor of Divinity at Washington College (now Trinity College) in Hartfort, Connecticut. Deacon is a role in the Christian Church which is generally associated with service of some kind, but which varies among theological and denominational traditions. ... A minister can mean several things: A government minister is a politician who heads a government ministry A minister of religion is a member of the clergy A minister is the rank of diplomat directly below ambassador This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that... Nickname: The Elm City Motto: Official website: www. ... Preaching is the most important element in the protestant churches. ... Ordination is the process in which clergy become authorized by their religious denomination and/or seminary to perform religious rituals and ceremonies. ... Roman Catholic priest LCDR Allen R. Kuss (USN) aboard USS Enterprise A priest or priestess is a holy man or woman who takes an officiating role in worship of any religion, with the distinguishing characteristic of offering sacrifices. ... Philadelphia is a village located in Jefferson County, New York. ... Washington College is a private, selective, independent liberal arts college located on a 112 acre (453,000 m²) campus in Chestertown, Maryland on the Delmarva Peninsula. ... Trinity College is a private liberal arts college in Hartford, Connecticut. ...

Rectorships

In 1831, Hawks took his first church appointment, as rector of St. Stephens' Church on the corner of Broome and Chrystie streets in New York City. There his sermons attracted a large congregation.^[1] On 4 October, a mere nine months since he had moved to St. Stephens', the congregation of nearby St. Thomas Church called upon him to take over as their rector. The position offered $1,500 in annual salary with an additional $500 for other expenses.^[2] Hawks turned the offer down. St. Thomas did not give up, and Hawks eventually accepted their offer on 17 December, becoming the third rector for St. Thomas Church. The word rector (ruler, from the Latin regere) has a number of different meanings. ... The Empire State Building (right) and the Chrysler Building (left) are easily recognized symbols of New York City to the world. ... October 4 is the 277th day of the year (278th in Leap years). ... December 17 is the 351st day of the year (352nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

Hawks's new church experienced a boom in membership after his arrival. Much of the congregation of St. Stephen's followed him to the new post, and many more congregants began attending as Hawks's fame for oratory spread. Eventually, the church had to be expanded with a gallery to contain the overflow. Hawks's Bible classes had an average attendance of 100 students.^[1] Philip Hone, ex-mayor of New York City, spoke for many when he wrote, "I went yesterday morning to St. Thomas' where I heard from Dr. Hawks a glorious sermon."^[3] Praise came from other clergymen, as well. Bishop Thomas March Clark of Rhode Island wrote: Oratory is the art of eloquent speech. ... Philip Hone (b. ... Official language(s) None Capital Providence Largest city Providence Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 50th 4,005 km² 50 km 65 km 32. ...

To hear him preach was like listening to the harmonies of a grand organ with its various stops and solemn sub-bass and tremulous pathetic reeds. The rector of one of the Washington churches, where Daniel Webster was an attendant, told me that after Dr. Hawks had preached for him on a Sunday morning, Mr. Webster said that it was the greatest sermon he had ever heard.^[4]

In 1833, Hawks's salary rose to $3000 with an additional $500 allowed for other expenditures;^[5] this made him the highest paid clergyman in the United States.^[6] He also received an assistant rector for St. Thomas. He was elected bishop of the Southwestern region in 1835, but he declined the post, citing a lack of support for his family in what was then the American frontier. A bishop is an ordained member of the Christian clergy who, in certain Christian churches, holds a position of authority. ...

Hawks continued to participate in other church affairs, as well. In 1832, he was appointed assistant secretary to the House of Deputies of the General Convention of the Episcopal Church. In 1833, he took a part-time post as Professor of Ecclesiastical History and Pulpit Eloquence at the General Theological Seminary. The following year, Hawks was named secretary of the New York diocesan convention in New York City. The General Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church is located in Chelsea, Manhattan in New York. ...

Church history was another of Hawks's interests, and his writings are an important source on the early American church.^[7] In 1835, the General Convention named Hawks "Conservator of all books, pamphlets and manuscripts of this church."^[8] Hawks's interest in history led him to London in 1835. There he copied important historical documents, which he used as material for a two-volume work on the church history of Maryland and Virginia. In 1851, Hawks accepted the post of Historiographer of the Protestant Episcopal Church, which he held until 1866. He began as editor of Documentary History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1863 and held the post until 1864. He later gave the endowment for St. Mark's Church-in-the-Bowery Chair of Ecclesiastical History at the General Seminary. This article outlines the history of Christianity and provides links to relevant topics. ... London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... Official language(s) None Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 42nd 32,160 km² 145 km 400 km 21 37°53N to 39°43N 75°4W to 79°33W Population  - Total (2000)  - Density Ranked 19th 5,296,486 165... Official language(s) English Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 35th 110,862 km² 320 km 690 km 7. ... Endowment refers to the innate capacities of an individual, group, or institution. ...

Finally, Hawks wrote and published material on general church affairs. In 1837, he partnered with Reverend Caleb S. Henry to put out a magazine called the New York Review. The publication, a response to the Unitarian North American Review, lasted for a few years. Afterward, Hawks helped start The Church Record, a journal of Christian education, in 1843. This was followed in 1853 by The Church Journal. Historic Unitarianism believed in the oneness of God as opposed to traditional Christian belief in the Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit). ... First issue of the North American Review with signature of its editor William Tudor (1779-1830). ...

Scandal and later life

In late 1838, Hawks became one of many targets of a trend among the American penny press to expose the alleged vices of holy men. The accuser was George Washington Dixon, a man best known for his blackface music act, who claimed that Hawks was engaging in sexual affairs.^[9] Hawks charged Dixon with libel on 31 December 1838. After a heated trial, Dixon pled guilty on 10 and 11 May 1839. The reasons for this remain a mystery, though Dale Cockrell surmises that Hawks likely did not want to face further defamation of character in trial and may have paid Dixon off; Dixon himself claimed as much in 1841.^[10] Even mainstream newspaper had begun to turn on the reverend at this point; the New York Weekly Herald wrote that "[he] may explain and explain till doomsday—but these facts and their inferences [will] adhere."^[11] Penny press newspapers were cheap, tabloid-style papers produced in the middle of the 19th century. ... Portrait of George Washington Dixon, c. ... This reproduction of a 1900 minstrel show poster, originally published by the Strobridge Litho Co. ... An affair is a euphemism for a situation where two people are involved in an illicit sexual, romantic and/or passionate attachment, usually for a limited duration. ... In English and American law, and systems based on them, libel and slander are two forms of defamation (or defamation of character), which is the tort or delict of making a false statement of fact that injures someones reputation. ... December 31 is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Jöns Jakob Berzelius, discoverer of protein 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... (Redirected from 10 May) May 10 is the 130th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (131st in leap years). ... May 11 is the 131st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (132nd in leap years). ... 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... In English and American law, and systems based on them, libel and slander are two forms of defamation (or defamation of character), which is the tort or delict of making a false statement of fact that injures someones reputation. ...

Another scandal erupted closer to home. Hawks had opened a boys' school in 1839 in Flushing, Long Island. The school had financial difficulties and was failing within three years, and Hawks was accused of mismanaging the funds. This proved one scandal too many. Hawks resigned from St. Thomas Church on 21 October 1843. October 21 is the 294th day of the year (295th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 71 days remaining. ... 1843 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

Over the next decade, Hawks bounced from church to church. He first moved to a church in Holly Springs, Mississippi, on the American frontier and far from the disgrace of New York.^[12] There he went to work starting another school. He gave a speech at an 1844 diocesan convention and was unanimously elected bishop of the diocese. The confirmation nearly failed due to problems at Hawks's current church and debts he had accrued; in the end, Hawks turned the post down.^[7] He instead moved to Christ Church in New Orleans, Louisiana. In 1847, he was named the first president of the University of Louisiana. Then in 1849, he returned to New York City to pastor Calvary Church. He stayed there until 1862. Hawks declined most non-clerical appointments during his time at Calvary, including an election to the Rhode Island episcopate in 1852 and a professorship at the University of North Carolina in 1859. He continued to write, and in 1855 and 1856 he co-authored the Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan with Commodore Matthew Perry. Holly Springs is a city located in Marshall County, Mississippi. ... New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ... Official language(s) English and French Capital Baton Rouge Largest city New Orleans at last census; probably Baton Rouge since Hurricane Katrina Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 31st 134,382 km² 210 km 610 km 16 29°N to 33°N 89°W to 94°W Population... The University of Louisiana System is one of four public University systems in Louisiana. ... The University of North Carolina, often called the University of North Carolina System to avoid confusion, is a federation of all sixteen public universities in North Carolina. ... Matthew Perry may be: Matthew Perry (1794-1858), American naval officer. ...

During the American Civil War, Hawks moved to Calvary parish in Baltimore, Maryland. By 1861 he was editing again, this time with William Stevens Perry on the Journal of the General Conventions. He returned once more to New York City in 1865, where he helped to start the Chapel of the Holy Saviour on 25th Street. Another project was a Spanish-speaking church called Iglesia de Santiago, where Hawks preached on occasion. Hawks died in 26 September 1866. He was buried at Calvary Church in New York City. The American Civil War (1861–1865) was fought in North America between the United States of America, called the Union and the Confederate States of America, a coalition of eleven southern states that declared their independence and claimed the right of secession from the Union. ... This article is about the city in the US state of Maryland. ... Official language(s) None Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 42nd 32,160 km² 145 km 400 km 21 37°53N to 39°43N 75°4W to 79°33W Population  - Total (2000)  - Density Ranked 19th 5,296,486 165... September 26 is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 96 days remaining. ... 1866 is a common year starting on Monday. ...

Notes

1. ^ ^a b c d Wright 37.
2. ^ Wright 36.
3. ^ Hone, Philip (1936). Diary entry for 26 August 1836. The Diary of Philip Hone: 1828-1851. Allan Nevins, ed. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., p. 418. Quoted in Wright 37-8.
4. ^ Clark, Thomas March (1895). Reminiscences, 2nd ed. New York: Thomas Whittaker, p. 36. Quoted in Wright 38.
5. ^ Wright 40.
6. ^ Garnet 200.
7. ^ ^a b Wright 39.
8. ^ Quoted in Wright 39.
9. ^ Cockrell 116.
10. ^ 18 December 1841 The New York Flash. Quoted in Cockrell 127.
11. ^ 27 April 1839 New York Weekly Herald. Quoted in Cockrell 127.
12. ^ Cockrell 127.

August 26 is the 238th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (239th in leap years). ... Charles Darwin 1836 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... December 18 is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... take you to calendar). ... April 27 is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 248 days remaining. ... 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

References

• Beasley, W. G. (2002). "Introduction", The Perry Mission to Japan, 1853-1854. Richmond, Surrey: Japan Library.
• Cockrell, Dale (1997). Demons of Disorder: Early Blackface Minstrels and Their World. Cambridge University Press.
• Garnet, Henry Highland (1848). "The Past and the Present Condition, and the Destiny of the Colored Race." African-American Social & Political Thought 1850-1920. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
• Wright, J. Robert (2001). Saint Thomas Church Fifth Avenue. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Lerdman's Publishing Co.

This article incorporates text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, a publication in the public domain. The 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1910-1911) is the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...