NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Francisco Franco's

Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco Bahamonde (4 December 1892–20 November^[1] 1975), commonly abbreviated to Francisco Franco (pron. IPA: [fɾan'θisko 'fɾaŋko]) or Francisco Franco Bahamonde, and also known as Caudillo or Generalísimo, was the leader and later formal head of state of parts of Spain from October 1936, and of all of Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975. Low resolution picture of a historical person -> should qualify under fair use source: http://www. ... This is a list of Spanish monarchsâ€”that is, rulers of the country of Spain in the modern sense of the word. ... April 1 is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 274 days remaining. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Image:F manuel azana. ... Today, Spain is a monarchy, and there is thus no person holding the title of President of Spain. ... Juan Carlos I, King of Spain (baptized as Juan Carlos Alfonso VÃctor MarÃa de BorbÃ³n y BorbÃ³n-Dos Sicilias) was born on January 5, 1938 in Rome and is the reigning King (Rey de EspaÃ±a) and head of state of Spain. ... This is a list of Spanish monarchsâ€”that is, rulers of the country of Spain in the modern sense of the word. ... ... January 30 is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... League of Nations. ... Monument to Luis Carrero Blanco in SantoÃ±a (Cantabria, Spain) by Juan de Ãvalos Luis Carrero Blanco (March 4, 1903, SantoÃ±a, Cantabria â€“ December 20, 1973, Madrid, Spain) was a Spanish admiral and statesman. ... December 4th redirects here. ... 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Ferrol is an Atlantic-facing city in the Province of A CoruÃ±a in Galicia in north-western Spain. ... Galicia (Iberia) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Motto: De Madrid al Cielo (From Madrid to Heaven) Location Coordinates: Country Spain Autonomous Community Comunidad AutÃ³noma de Madrid Province Madrid Administrative Divisions 21 Neighborhoods 127 Founded 9th century Government - Mayor Alberto Ruiz-GallardÃ³n (PP) Area - Land 607 kmÂ² (234. ... Yoke and Arrows. ... Carlism restored the cross of Burgundy assimilated by the Spanish Bourbons throught the Spanish Habsburgs and used as flag of the Spanish empire. ... Carmen Polo with her husband in Burgos Carmen Polo y MartÃnez-ValdÃ¨s (June 11, 1900 - February 6, 1988) was Francisco Francos wife and a member of the Spanish nobility. ... In the military systems of many countries, the Chief of the General Staff is the professional head of that countrys General Staff. ... The Spanish Army (EjÃ©rcito de Tierra in Spanish; literally, Land Army) is one branch of the Spanish Armed Forces, in charge of land operations. ... The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus Christ and led by the Twelve Apostles, in particular Saint Peter. ... December 4th redirects here. ... 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Events Roman Empire Tiberias is built on the Sea of Galilee by Herod Antipas, in honour of Tiberius. ... Look up November in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Look up pronunciation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the â€œInternational Phonetic Alphabetâ€. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Look up Leader in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A generalissimo is a commissioned officer of the highest rank; the word is often translated as Supreme Commander or Commander in Chief. It is an Italian superlative substantive, which grammatically would actually be disallowed in Italian (superlatives can be made with adjectives only). ... Queen Elizabeth II, is the Head of State of 16 countries including: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Jamaica, New Zealand and the Bahamas, as well as crown colonies and overseas territories of the United Kingdom. ...

Franco led a successful military career and reached the rank of General. He fought in Morocco and suppressed a strike in 1934. In February, 1936, the left-wing Popular Front won the general election and formed a government. Widespread chaos followed the election, with escalating violence between left and right wing supporters. Anti-clerical violence against the Church by left wing militants further raised tensions. After the assassination of a major opposition figure, José Calvo Sotelo, by government forces in July 1936, Franco participated in a coup d'etat against the Popular Front government. The coup failed and evolved into the Spanish Civil War during which he emerged as the leader of the right-wing Nationalists against the left-wing government. The Popular Front (Spanish Popular Front) was an electoral coalition and pact signed in January 1936 by various left-wing political organisations, instigated by Manuel AzaÃ±a for the purpose of contesting that years election. ... During the Spanish Civil War of the 1930s, many of the Republican forces were violently anti-clerical anarchists and Communists, whose assaults during what has been termed Spains red terror included sacking and burning monasteries and churches and killing 6,832 members of the Catholic clergy. ... JosÃ© Calvo Sotelo (Tuy, Pontevedra, 1893-Madrid, July 13, 1936) was a Spanish political figure prior to and during the Second Spanish Republic. ... Combatants Spanish Republic With the support of: Soviet Union[1] Nationalist Spain With the support of: Italy Germany Commanders Manuel AzaÃ±a Francisco Largo Caballero Juan NegrÃn Francisco Franco Gonzalo Queipo de Llano Emilio Mola JosÃ© Sanjurjo Casualties 500,000[2] The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict...

After winning the civil war he presided over the government of the Spanish State. During the Second World War, Franco maintained a policy of neutrality, although he did assist Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy on a small scale. Most view Franco as a pragmatist rather than an ideologue. He appeased right-wing factions ranging from the fascist Falange, to monarchists and traditionalists. Franco's state combined corporatism, nationalism, and a focus on traditional values. From 1947 and until his death he was de facto regent of Spain which he ruled as dictator, repressing dissident opinions. After his death Spain began a transition to democracy. Flag Motto Una Grande Libre Anthem Marcha Real Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Religion Roman Catholic Church Government Monarchy Head of StateÂ¹ - 1939-1975 Francisco Franco - 1975-1978 Juan Carlos I Legislature Cortes Generales Historical era Cold War - Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 - Republic defeated April 4, 1939 - Death of... Yoke and Arrows. ... â€¹ The template below has been proposed for deletion. ... Regent, from the Latin, a person selected to administer a state because the ruler is a minor or is not present or debilitated. ...

Franco's legacy is still controversial. Some Spaniards remember him as a strong leader who pacified Spain, whereas many others remember him as a harsh dictator. Issues surrounding his controversial legacy include whether the Popular Front government he overthrew after the murder of José Calvo Sotelo was a democracy or had become a repressive Communist regime, the extent of violent anti-clericalism among his opponents, the nature of the relationship between his politics and those of contemporaries Hitler and Mussolini, and the shooting of thousands of opponents during the civil war and in the early years after. The Popular Front (Spanish Popular Front) was an electoral coalition and pact signed in January 1936 by various left-wing political organisations, instigated by Manuel AzaÃ±a for the purpose of contesting that years election. ... JosÃ© Calvo Sotelo (Tuy, Pontevedra, 1893-Madrid, July 13, 1936) was a Spanish political figure prior to and during the Second Spanish Republic. ... Anti-clericalism is a historical movement that opposes religious (generally Catholic) institutional power and influence in all aspects of public and political life, and the encroachment of religion in the everyday life of the citizen. ... Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945, standard German pronunciation in the IPA) was the Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) and of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. ... Benito Mussolini created a fascist state through the use of propaganda, total control of the media and disassembly of the working democratic government. ...

Early life

Franco was born in Galicia, Spain (between 1938 and 1982 his hometown would be known officially as El Ferrol del Caudillo).^[2] His father, Nicolás Franco y Salgado-Araújo, was a Navy paymaster and was very rude to his wife. His mother, María del Pilar Bahamonde y Pardo de Andrade, also came from a family with naval tradition. His siblings included Nicolás, navy officer and diplomat; and Ramón, a pioneering aviator who was hated by many of Francisco Franco's supporters. Their mother, through the 7th Conde de Lemos and his wife the 3rd Condessa de Villalva, was twice a descendant, from a sister of King Manuel I, and thus from other Portuguese Kings ^[3] ^[4]. Galicia (Iberia) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The multinational Combined Task Force One Five Zero (CTF-150) The British Grand Fleet, the supreme naval force of World War I A rare occurrence of a 5-country multinational fleet, during Operation Enduring Freedom in the Oman Sea. ... RamÃ³n Franco. ... Manuel I of Portugal (pron. ...

Francisco was to follow his father into the navy, but entry into the Naval Academy was closed from 1906 to 1913. To his father's chagrin, he decided to join the army. In 1907, he entered the Infantry Academy in Toledo, from which he graduated in 1910. He was commissioned as a lieutenant. Two years later, he obtained a commission to Morocco. Spanish efforts to physically occupy their new African protectorate provoked the protracted Rif War (from 1909 to 1927) with native Moroccans. Tactics at the time resulted in heavy losses among Spanish military officers, but also gave the chance of earning promotion through merit. It was said that officers would get either la caja o la faja (a coffin or a general's sash). Toledo is a city and municipality located in central Spain, about 70 kilometers south of Madrid. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... This article is about states protected and/or dominated by a foreign power. ... Combatants Spain France Republic of the Rif Commanders Manuel Silvestre DÃ¡maso Berenguer JosÃ© MillÃ¡n Astray Miguel Primo de Rivera Philippe PÃ©tain Abd el-Krim Strength 465,000 regulars 15,000 irregulars Casualties 31,000 dead or wounded 54,000 dead or wounded The Rif War of 1920... An officer is a member of a military or naval service who holds a position of responsibility. ...

Franco soon gained a reputation as a good officer. He joined the newly formed regulares, colonial native troops with Spanish officers, who acted as shock troops. Regulares (Spanish for Regulars) was the name commonly used to designate the infantry and cavalry units recruited in Spanish Morocco. ... In general, the word colonial means of or relating to a colony. In United States history, the term Colonial is used to refer to the period before US independence. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Stormtrooper. ...

In 1916, at the age of 23 and already a captain, he was badly wounded in a skirmish at El Biutz. His survival marked him permanently in the eyes of the native troops as a man of baraka (good luck). He was also proposed unsuccessfully for Spain's highest honor for gallantry, the coveted Cruz Laureada de San Fernando. Instead, he was promoted to major (comandante), becoming the youngest field grade officer in the Spanish Army. Baraka can refer to several things: // In Judaism, a berakhah or bracha (Hebrew: ×‘×¨×›×”; plural ×‘×¨×›×•×ª, berakhot) is a blessing, usually recited at a specific moment during a ceremony or other activity. ... Major is a military rank the use of which varies according to country. ... A field officer or field grade officer is an army or marine commissioned officer senior in rank to a company officer but junior to a general officer. ...

From 1917 to 1920, he was posted on the Spanish mainland. That last year, Lieutenant Colonel José Millán Astray, a histrionic but charismatic officer, founded the Legión Extranjera, along similar lines to the French Foreign Legion. Franco became the Legion's second-in-command and returned to Africa. JosÃ© MillÃ¡n-Astray as a young officer. ... The Spanish Foreign Legion was founded by General Milian Astry in February 1920 as the Spanish equivelent to the French Foreign Legion. ... Legionnaire (film) The French Foreign Legion (French: LÃ©gion Ã©trangÃ¨re) is a unique elite unit within the French Army established in 1831. ...

On July 24, 1921, the poorly commanded and overextended Spanish Army suffered a crushing defeat at Annual at the hands of the Rif tribes led by the Abd el-Krim brothers. The Legion symbolically, if not materially, saved the Spanish enclave of Melilla after a gruelling three-day forced march led by Franco. In 1923, already a lieutenant colonel, he was made commander of the Legion. July 24 is the 205th day (206th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 160 days remaining. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for full calendar). ... Combatants Republic of the Rif Spain Commanders Abd el-Krim El Khattabi Manuel FernÃ¡ndez Silvestre Strength 3,000 combatants 25,700 Spanish troops plus 5,100 Moroccan auxillaries Casualties ~1,000 dead ~13,192 dead ~1,100 captured The Battle of Annual was a battle fought in Spanish Morocco... Annual is a settlement in northeastern Morrocco about 120 km west of Melilla. ... This is about a region in Morocco: RIF is also an acronym/initialism. ... Abd el-Krim Abd el-Krim (c. ... Spain Area â€“ Total 20 kmÂ² (8 miÂ²) Population â€“ Total (2006) â€“ Density 66,871 3,343. ... In the U.S. Army, Air Force and Marine Corps, a lieutenant colonel is a commissioned officer superior to a major and inferior to a colonel. ...

The same year, he married María del Carmen Polo y Martínez Valdés; they had one child, a daughter, María del Carmen, born in 1926.^[5] As a special mark of honor, his best man (padrino) at the wedding was King Alfonso XIII, a fact that would mark him during the Republic as a monarchical officer. Carmen Polo with her husband in Burgos Carmen Polo y MartÃnez-ValdÃ¨s (June 11, 1900 - February 6, 1988) was Francisco Francos wife and a member of the Spanish nobility. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Alfonso XIII of Spain (May 17, 1886 â€“ February 28, 1941), King of Spain, posthumous son of Alfonso XII of Spain, was proclaimed King at his birth. ... Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic PresidentÂ¹ - 1931 Niceto AlcalÃ¡-Zamora - 1937-1939 Juan NegrÃn Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931 - Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 - Surrender to Franco April 1, 1939 Currency Spanish peseta Â¹ Formal...

Promoted to colonel, Franco led the first wave of troops ashore at Alhucemas in 1925. This landing in the heartland of Abd el-Krim's tribe, combined with the French invasion from the south, spelled the beginning of the end for the shortlived Republic of the Rif. Colonel (IPA: or ) is a military rank of a commissioned officer, with the corresponding ranks existing in nearly every country in the world. ... Al Hoceima is a Moroccan port on the Mediterranean Sea, and it is the main city in the Rif. ... Flag of the Republic of the Rif The Republic of the Rif (full name The Confederal Republic of the Tribes of the Rif, or Dawlat al-Jumhuriyya ar-Rifiyya) was created in September 1921, when the people of the Rif (the Riffians) revolted and declared their independence from Spanish Morocco. ...

Becoming the youngest general in Spain in 1926, Franco was appointed in 1928 director of the newly created Joint Military Academy in Zaragoza, a new college for all Army cadets, replacing the former separate institutions for young men seeking to become officers in infantry, cavalry, artillery, and other branches of the army. This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Zaragoza (Spanish) Spanish name Zaragoza Founded 24 Postal code 50001 - 50018 Website http://www. ... A cadet is a future officer in the military. ...

During the Second Spanish Republic

With the fall of the monarchy in 1931, in keeping with his long-standing apolitical record he did not take any notable stand. But the closing of the Academy, in June, by War Minister Manuel Azaña, provoked his first clash with the Republic. Azaña found Franco's farewell speech to the cadets^[6] insulting. For six months, Franco was without a post and under surveillance. Image:F manuel azana. ...

On February 5, 1932, he was given a command in La Coruña. Franco avoided being involved in José Sanjurjo's attempted coup that year, and even wrote a hostile letter to Sanjurjo expressing his anger over the attempt. As a side result of Azaña's military reform, in January 1933, Franco was relegated from the first to the 24th in the list of Brigadiers; conversely, the same year (February 17), he was given the military command of the Balearic Islands: a post above his rank. February 5 is the 36th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ... Torre de HÃ©rcules View from the Torre de HÃ©rcules A CoruÃ±a (Galician name, also known in English as Corunna; in Spanish as La CoruÃ±a) is a Galician city, in north-western Spain at 43Â° 22â€² 0â€³ N 8Â° 22â€² 60â€³ W. It is the capital of... Jose Sanjurjo JosÃ© Sanjurjo Sacanell (Pamplona, 1872 - Estoril, Portugal, July 20, 1936) Marquess of the Rif and general, was a Spanish Army Officer who was one of the chief conspirators of the military uprising that led to the Spanish Civil War. ... February 17 is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Capital Palma de Mallorca Official language(s) Spanish and Catalan Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 17th 4,992 kmÂ² 1. ...

The Asturias uprisings

New elections held in October 1933 resulted in a center-right majority. In opposition to this government, a revolutionary movement broke out October 5, 1934. This uprising was rapidly quelled in most of the country, but gained a stronghold in Asturias, with the support of the miners' unions. Franco, already general of a Division and assessor to the war minister, Diego Hidalgo, was put in command of the operations directed to suppress the insurgency. The forces of the Army in Africa were to carry the brunt of this, with General Eduardo López Ochoa as commander in the field. After two weeks of heavy fighting (and a death toll estimated between 1,200 and 2,000), the rebellion was suppressed. Anarchism has historically gained the most support and influence in Spain, especially in the seventy or so years before Francisco Francos victory in the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939. ... October 5 is the 278th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (279th in leap years). ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Anthem: Asturias, patria querida Capital Oviedo Official language(s) Spanish; Asturian have special status Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 10th 10,604 kmÂ² 2. ... The El Chino Mine located near Silver City, New Mexico is an open-pit copper mine Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body, vein, or (coal) seam. ... Eduardo LÃ³pez Ochoa y Portuondo (1877-1936), was a Spanish general, Africanist, and prominent freemason. ...

The uprising and, in general, the events that led over the next two years to the civil war, are still heavily debated (between, for example, Enrique Moradiellos and Pio Moa.^[7]^[8]^[9]) Nonetheless, it is universally agreed that the insurgency in Asturias sharpened the antagonism between Left and Right. Franco and López Ochoa—who, prior to the campaign in Asturias, was seen as a left-leaning officer—were marked by the left as enemies. At the start of the Civil War, López Ochoa was persecuted, decapitated, his head stuck on a broomstick and paraded in the streets. [Jorge Reverte] By mobilising against these revolts, Franco had acted in defence of the Republic and stabilising the democratic institutions. Some time after these events, Franco was briefly commander-in-chief of the Army of Africa (from February 15 onwards), and from May 19, 1935 on, Chief of the General Staff, the top military post in Spain. February 15 is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... May 19 is the 139th day of the year (140th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ... In the military systems of many countries, the Chief of the General Staff is the professional head of that countrys General Staff. ...

The drift to war

After the ruling centre-right coalition collapsed amid the Straperlo corruption scandal, new elections were scheduled. Two wide coalitions formed: the Popular Front on the left, ranging from Republican Union Party to Communists, and the Frente Nacional on the right, ranging from the center radicals to the conservative Carlists. On February 16, 1936, the left won by a narrow margin.^[10] The days after were marked by near-chaotic circumstances. Franco lobbied unsuccessfully to have a state of emergency declared, with the stated purpose of quelling the disturbances and allowing an orderly vote recount.^{[citation needed]} Straperlo or stra-perlo is a Spanish term referring to a fraudulent business activity, usually involving abusive prices. ... The Popular Front (Spanish Popular Front) was an electoral coalition and pact signed in January 1936 by various left-wing political organisations, instigated by Manuel AzaÃ±a for the purpose of contesting that years election. ... The Republican Union Party were a political party in Spain led by Diego Martinez Barrio who in 1936 led them into the Spanish Popular Front, a collection of left-wing political parties brought together for the purpose of contesting the 1936 election. ... PCE symbol The Communist Party of Spain (Partido Comunista de EspaÃ±a or PCE) is the third largest political party of Spain. ... The Frente Nacional (Spanish: National Front) was a political party of the Spanish far-right. ... The term Radical (latin radix meaning root) was used from the late 18th century for proponents of the Radical Movement and has since been used as a label in political science for those favouring or trying to produce thoroughgoing political reforms which can include changes to the social order to... Carlism restored the cross of Burgundy assimilated by the Spanish Bourbons throught the Spanish Habsburgs and used as flag of the Spanish empire. ... February 16 is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Instead, on February 23, Franco was sent away to be military commander of the Canary Islands, a distant place with few troops under his command. February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Capital Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife Official language(s) Spanish Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 13th 7,447 kmÂ² 1. ...

Meanwhile, a conspiracy led by Emilio Mola was taking shape. Franco was contacted, but maintained an ambiguous attitude almost up until July. On June 23, 1936, he even wrote to the head of the government, Casares Quiroga, offering to quell the discontent in the army, but was not answered. The other rebels were determined to go ahead, con Paquito o sin Paquito (with Franco or without him), as it was put by José Sanjurjo, the honorary leader of the military uprising. After various postponements, July 18 was fixed as the date of the uprising. The situation reached a point of no return and, as presented to Franco by Mola, the coup was unavoidable and he had to choose a side. He decided to join the rebels and was given the task of commanding the Army of Africa. A privately owned DH 89 De Havilland Dragon Rapide, (still referred to in Spain as the Dragon Rapide), was chartered in England July 11 to take him to Africa. Emilio Mola Vidal (June 9, 1887 â€“ June 3, 1937) Spanish army officer, was one of the leaders of the 1936 army revolt which began the Spanish Civil War. ... June 23 is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 191 days remaining. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Santiago Casares Quiroga (La Coruña, 1884 - París, 1950) was a Spanish politician who was Prime Minister of Spain from May 13 to July 19, 1936. ... Jose Sanjurjo JosÃ© Sanjurjo Sacanell (Pamplona, 1872 - Estoril, Portugal, July 20, 1936) Marquess of the Rif and general, was a Spanish Army Officer who was one of the chief conspirators of the military uprising that led to the Spanish Civil War. ... July 18 is the 199th day (200th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 166 days remaining. ... The Spanish Army of Africa was a Spanish field army that administered Spanish Morocco until Moroccos independence. ... The de Havilland DH 89 Dragon Rapide was a successful British short-haul passenger airliner of the 1930s. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem God Save the King (Queen) England() â€“ on the European continent() â€“ in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification - by Athelstan 967 Area... July 11 is the 192nd day (193rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 173 days remaining. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...

The assassination of the right-wing opposition leader José Calvo Sotelo by government police troops (quite possibly acting on their own, as in the case of José Castillo) precipitated the uprising. On July 17, one day earlier than planned, the African Army rebelled, detaining their commanders. On July 18, Franco published a manifesto^[11] and left for Africa, where he arrived the next day to take command. JosÃ© Calvo Sotelo (Tuy, Pontevedra, 1893-Madrid, July 13, 1936) was a Spanish political figure prior to and during the Second Spanish Republic. ... JosÃ© Castillo (? â€“ July 12, 1936) was a Spanish Police Assault Guard lieutenant during the Second Spanish Republic. ... July 17 is the 198th day (199th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 167 days remaining. ... July 18 is the 199th day (200th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 166 days remaining. ...

A week later, the rebels, who soon called themselves the Nationalists, controlled only a third of Spain, and most navy units remained under control of the opposition Republican forces, which left Franco isolated. The coup had failed, but the Spanish Civil War had begun. The Spanish Civil War officially ended on 1 April 1939, the day Francisco Franco announced the end of hostilities. ... The multinational Combined Task Force One Five Zero (CTF-150) The British Grand Fleet, the supreme naval force of World War I A rare occurrence of a 5-country multinational fleet, during Operation Enduring Freedom in the Oman Sea. ... Combatants Spanish Republic With the support of: Soviet Union[1] Nationalist Spain With the support of: Italy Germany Commanders Manuel AzaÃ±a Francisco Largo Caballero Juan NegrÃn Francisco Franco Gonzalo Queipo de Llano Emilio Mola JosÃ© Sanjurjo Casualties 500,000[2] The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict...

The Spanish Civil War

Combatants Spanish Republic With the support of: Soviet Union[1] Nationalist Spain With the support of: Italy Germany Commanders Manuel AzaÃ±a Francisco Largo Caballero Juan NegrÃn Francisco Franco Gonzalo Queipo de Llano Emilio Mola JosÃ© Sanjurjo Casualties 500,000[2] The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... The Wikimedia Commons (also called Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo. ... Image File history File links Wikiquote-logo. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Image File history File links WikiNews-Logo. ... Image File history File links Wikiversity-logo-Snorky. ...

The first months

Despite Franco having no money, while the state treasury was in Madrid with the government, there was an organized economic lobby in London looking after his financial needs with Lisbon as their operational base.^{[citation needed]} Eventually, he was to receive enormous help from his economic and diplomatic boosters abroad. The first days of the rebellion were marked with a serious need to secure control over the Spanish Moroccan Protectorate. On one side, Franco managed to win the support of the natives and their (nominal) authorities, and, on the other, to ensure his control over the army. This led to the summary execution of some 200 senior officers loyal to the Republic (one of them his own first cousin).^[12] Franco had to face the problem of how to move his troops to the Iberian Peninsula, because most units of the Navy had remained in control of the Republic and were blocking the Strait of Gibraltar. He requested help from Mussolini, who responded with an unconditional offer of arms and planes; Wilhelm Canaris in Germany persuaded Hitler, as well, to support the Nationalists. From July 20 onward he was able, with a small group of 22 mainly German Junkers Ju 52 airplanes, to initiate an air bridge to Seville, where his troops helped to ensure the rebel control of the city. Through representatives, he started to negotiate with the United Kingdom, Germany and Italy for more military support, and above all for more airplanes. Negotiations were successful with the last two on July 25, and airplanes began to arrive in Tetouan on August 2. On August 5, Franco was able to break the blockade with the newly arrived air support, successfully deploying a ship convoy with some 2,000 soldiers. Location - Country Portugal - Region Lisboa - Subregion Grande Lisboa - District or A.R. Lisbon Mayor Carmona Rodrigues - Party PSD Area 84. ... This article is about states protected and/or dominated by a foreign power. ... The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... The Strait of Gibraltar as seen from space. ... Benito Mussolini created a fascist state through the use of propaganda, total control of the media and disassembly of the working democratic government. ... Wilhelm Franz Canaris (January 1, 1887 â€“ April 9, 1945) was a German admiral and head of the Abwehr, the German military intelligence service, from 1935 to 1944. ... Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945, standard German pronunciation in the IPA) was the Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) and of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. ... July 20 is the 201st day (202nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 164 days remaining. ... The Junkers Ju 52 (nicknamed Tante Ju - Auntie Ju - and Iron Annie) was a transport aircraft and bomber manufactured 1932 â€“ 1945 by Junkers. ... NO8DO (I was not abandoned) Location Coordinates : ( ) Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Sevilla (Spanish) Spanish name Sevilla Founded 8th-9th century BC Postal code 41001-41080 Website http://www. ... July 25 is the 206th day (207th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 159 days remaining. ... Tétouan (Arabic: Titwan or Tittawen) is the capital and cultural centre of the region Tanga (Tangiers) in the north of Morocco. ... August 2 is the 214th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (215th in leap years), with 151 days remaining. ... August 5 is the 217th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (218th in leap years), with 148 days remaining. ...

In early August, the situation in western Andalusia was stable enough to allow him to organize a column (some 15,000 men at its height), under the command of then Lieutenant-Colonel Juan Yagüe, which would march through Extremadura towards Madrid. On August 11, Mérida was taken, and on August 15 Badajoz, thus joining both nationalist-controlled areas. Additionally, Mussolini ordered a voluntary army (CTV) of some 12,000 Italians of fully motorised units to Seville and Hitler added to them a professional squadron from the Luftwaffe (2JG/88) with about 24 planes. All these planes had the Nationalist Spanish insignia painted on them, but were flown by Italian and German troops. The backbone of Franco's aviation in those days were the Italian SM79 and SM.81 bombers, the biplane Fiat CR.32 fighter and the German Junkers Ju 52 cargo-bomber and the Heinkel He 51 biplane fighter. Motto: AndalucÃa por sÃ, para EspaÃ±a y la humanidad (Andalusia by herself, for Spain, and for humankind) Capital Seville Official language(s) Spanish Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 2nd 87,268 kmÂ² 17. ... Juan YagÃ¼e Blanco (1891 â€“ October 29, 1952) was a Spanish army officer during the Spanish Civil War. ... Capital MÃ©rida Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 5th 41 634 kmÂ² 8,2% Population â€“ Total (2005) â€“ % of Spain â€“ Density Ranked 12th 1 083 879 2,5% 26,03/kmÂ² Demonym â€“ English â€“ Spanish â€” extremeÃ±o/a, castÃºo Statute of Autonomy February 26, 1983 ISO 3166-2 EX Parliamentary representation... Motto: De Madrid al Cielo (From Madrid to Heaven) Location Coordinates: Country Spain Autonomous Community Comunidad AutÃ³noma de Madrid Province Madrid Administrative Divisions 21 Neighborhoods 127 Founded 9th century Government - Mayor Alberto Ruiz-GallardÃ³n (PP) Area - Land 607 kmÂ² (234. ... August 11 is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Second Spanish Republic Nationalist Spain Commanders Unknown Carlos Asensio Heli Rolando de Tella Strength 2,600 militia 1,000 regulars Casualties Unknown Unknown The Battle of MÃ©rida was contested early in the Spanish Civil War when Republican militia twice attempted to halt the Army of Africa near the... August 15 is the 227th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (228th in leap years), with 138 days remaining. ... Combatants Second Spanish Republic Nationalist Spain Commanders Ildefonso Puigdendolas Juan YagÃ¼e Carlos Asensio Antonio CastejÃ³n Strength 5,000 militia 2,250 regulars 750 Moroccan regulares 30 guns Casualties 4,500 dead, wounded, or captured 2,000 dead or wounded The Battle of Badajoz was one of the first... This or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 Sparviero (Italian: sparrowhawk) was the most important Italian bomber of World War II. The three engined airplane was well made, and performed well as torpedo and medium bomber. ... Savoia Marchetti SM.81 in action. ... Fiat CR.32 The Fiat CR.32 was an Italian biplane fighter used in the Spanish Civil War and WW2. ... The Junkers Ju 52 (nicknamed Tante Ju - Auntie Ju - and Iron Annie) was a transport aircraft and bomber manufactured 1932 â€“ 1945 by Junkers. ... The Heinkel He 51 was a single-seat biplane which was produced in a number of different versions. ...

On September 21, with the head of the column at the town of Maqueda (some 80 km away from Madrid), Franco ordered a detour to free the besieged garrison at the Alcázar of Toledo, which was achieved September 27. This controversial decision gave the Popular Front time to strengthen its defences in Madrid and hold the city that year, but was an important morale and propaganda success. September 21 is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years). ... Maqueda is a Spanish town located in the province of Toledo. ... An alcÃ¡zar is a Spanish castle, from the Arabic word Ø§Ù„Ù‚ØµØ± al qasr meaning palace or fortress, from the Latin castellum fortress (ultimately from castrum watchpost). Many cities in Spain have an alcÃ¡zar. ... This article is about the city in Spain named Toledo. ... September 27 is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Rise to power

The designated leader of the uprising, Gen. José Sanjurjo had died on July 20 in an air crash. In the nationalist zone, "Political life ceased."^[13] Initially, only militarily command mattered; this was divided into regional commands: (Emilio Mola in the North, Gonzalo Queipo de Llano in Seville commanding Andalusia, Franco with an independent command and Miguel Cabanellas in Zaragoza commanding Aragon). From July 24, a coordinating junta was established, based at Burgos. Nominally led by Cabanellas, as the most senior general,^[14] it initially included Mola, three other generals, and two colonels; Franco was added in early August.^[15] On September 21, it was decided that Franco was to be commander-in-chief (this unified command was opposed only by Cabanellas),^[16] and September 28, and after some discussion, with no more than a lukewarm agreement from Queipo de Llano and from Mola, also head of government.^[17] He was doubtless helped to this primacy by the fact that, in late July, Hitler had decided that all of Germany's aid to the nationalists would go to Franco.^[18] Jose Sanjurjo JosÃ© Sanjurjo Sacanell (Pamplona, 1872 - Estoril, Portugal, July 20, 1936) Marquess of the Rif and general, was a Spanish Army Officer who was one of the chief conspirators of the military uprising that led to the Spanish Civil War. ... July 20 is the 201st day (202nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 164 days remaining. ... Emilio Mola Vidal (June 9, 1887 â€“ June 3, 1937) Spanish army officer, was one of the leaders of the 1936 army revolt which began the Spanish Civil War. ... Gonzalo Queipo de Llano y Sierra (Tordesillas, Spain, February 5, 1875 - Seville, March 9, 1951) was a Spanish Army Officer during the Spanish Civil War. ... NO8DO (I was not abandoned) Location Coordinates : ( ) Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Sevilla (Spanish) Spanish name Sevilla Founded 8th-9th century BC Postal code 41001-41080 Website http://www. ... Motto: AndalucÃa por sÃ, para EspaÃ±a y la humanidad (Andalusia by herself, for Spain, and for humankind) Capital Seville Official language(s) Spanish Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 2nd 87,268 kmÂ² 17. ... Miguel Cabanellas Ferrer, (1872-1938) was a Spanish Army officer during the Spanish Civil War. ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Zaragoza (Spanish) Spanish name Zaragoza Founded 24 Postal code 50001 - 50018 Website http://www. ... Capital Zaragoza Official language(s) Spanish Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th 47,719 kmÂ² 9. ... July 24 is the 205th day (206th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 160 days remaining. ... General Augusto Pinochet (sitting) as head of the newly established military junta in Chile, September 1973. ... The cathedral Our Lady of Burgos. ... September 21 is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years). ... September 28 is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Mola considered Franco as unfit and not part of the initial revolutionary group.^{[citation needed]} But Mola himself had been somewhat discredited as the main planner of the attempted coup that had now degenerated into a civil war, and was strongly identified with the Carlists and not at all with the Falange, nor did he have good relations with Germans; Queipo de Llano and Cabanellas had both previously rebelled against the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera and were therefore discredited in some nationalist circles; and Falangist leader José Antonio Primo de Rivera was in prison in Madrid (a few months later, he would be executed) and the desire to keep a place open for him prevented any other falangist leader from emerging as a possible head of state. Franco's previous aloofness from politics meant that he had few active enemies in any of the factions that needed to be placated, and had cooperated in recent months with both Germany and Italy.^[19] Carlism restored the cross of Burgundy assimilated by the Spanish Bourbons throught the Spanish Habsburgs and used as flag of the Spanish empire. ... Yoke and Arrows. ... Spanish dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, MarquÃ©s de Estella (Jerez, January 8, 1870 - Paris, March 16, 1930) was a Spanish military official who ruled Spain as a dictator from 1923 to 1930, ending the turno system of alternating parties. ... For other people called Jose Rivera, see Jose Rivera JosÃ© Antonio Primo de Rivera JosÃ© Antonio Primo de Rivera, MarquÃ©s de Estella (April 24, 1903â€“November 20, 1936) was the son of general Miguel Primo de Rivera, who was dictator of Spain from 1923 until 1930. ...

On October 1, 1936, in Burgos, Franco was publicly proclaimed as Generalísimo of the National army and Jefe del Estado (Head of State).^[20] Mola was furious and Cabanellas intervened to calm the spirits down.^{[citation needed]} When Mola was killed in another air accident a year later (June 2, 1937), no military leader was left from those who organized the conspiracy against the Republic between 1933 and 1935.^[21] It is still disputed if Mola's death was a deliberate assassination by the Germans.^{[citation needed]} October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Queen Elizabeth II, is the Head of State of 16 countries including: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Jamaica, New Zealand and the Bahamas, as well as crown colonies and overseas territories of the United Kingdom. ... Miguel Cabanellas Ferrer, (1872-1938) was a Spanish Army officer during the Spanish Civil War. ... June 2 is the 153rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (154th in leap years), with 212 days remaining. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Military command

From that time until the end of the war, Franco personally guided military operations. After the failed assault on Madrid in November 1936, Franco settled to a piecemeal approach to winning the war, rather than bold maneuvering. As with his decision to relieve the garrison at Toledo, this approach has been subject of some debate; some of his decisions, such as, in June 1938, when he preferred to head for Valencia instead of Catalonia, remain particularly controversial. The Siege of Madrid was a three year siege of the Spanish capital Madrid, during the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939. ... Combatants Second Spanish Republic Nationalist Spain Commanders CÃ¡ndido Cabello JosÃ© MoscardÃ³ Ituarte Strength 8,000 militia 1,028 regulars and militia Casualties Unknown 65 dead 438 wounded 22 missing The Siege of the AlcÃ¡zar was a highly symbolic battle in the opening stages of the Spanish Civil War. ... Capital Valencia Official language(s) Valencian and Spanish Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 8th 23,255 kmÂ² 4. ... Anthem: Capital Barcelona Official language(s) Catalan,Spanish and Aranese. ...

Unable to receive support from any other nation, his army was supported by Nazi Germany in the form of the Condor Legion. These German forces also provided maintenance personnel and trainers, and some 22,000 Germans and 91,000 Italians served over the entire war period in Spain. Principal assistance was received from Fascist Italy (Corpo Truppe Volontarie), but the degree of influence of both powers on Franco's direction of the war seems to have been very limited. Nevertheless, the Italian troops, despite not being always effective, were present in most of the large operations in big numbers, while the CTV helped the Nationalist airforce dominate the skies for most of the war. António de Oliveira Salazar's Portugal also openly assisted the Nationalists from the start, contributing some 20,000 troops. Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Hermann GÃ¶ring delivering an honour (likely to be the Spanienkreuz, Spanish Cross) to a member of the Legion Condor (April 1939) The Condor Legion was a unit of Nazi Germanys air force which was sent as volunteers to support the right wing Nationalists (i. ... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... The Corpo Truppe Volontarie (Division of Volunteer Troops) was an Italian expeditionary force which was sent to Spain to support Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War. ... The Guadalajara Offensive (8 March – 23 March 1937) was an engagement in the Spanish Civil War. ... AntÃ³nio de Oliveira Baboon Salazar, pron. ...

It is said that Franco's direction of the Nazi and Fascist forces was limited, particularly in the direction of the Condor Legion, however, he was officially, by default, their supreme commander and they rarely made decisions on their own. For reasons of prestige, it was decided to continue assisting Franco till the end of the war, and Italian and German troops paraded on the day of the final victory in Madrid.^[22] Hermann GÃ¶ring delivering an honour (likely to be the Spanienkreuz, Spanish Cross) to a member of the Legion Condor (April 1939) The Condor Legion was a unit of Nazi Germanys air force which was sent as volunteers to support the right wing Nationalists (i. ...

Political command

He managed to fuse the ideologically incompatible national-syndicalist Falange ("phalanx", a far-right Spanish political party) and the Carlist monarchist parties under his rule. This new political formation appeased the more extreme and Germanophile Falangists while tempering them with the anti-German, pro-Spain Carlists. Franco's brother-in-law Ramón Serrano Súñer, who was his main political advisor, was able to turn the various parties under Franco against each other to absorb a series of political confrontations against Franco himself. At a certain moment he even expelled the original leading members of both the Carlists (Manuel Fal Conde) and the Falangists (Manuel Hedilla) to secure Franco's political future. An ideology is a collection of ideas. ... Yoke and Arrows. ... Far right, extreme right, ultra-right, or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or relative position a group or person occupies within a political spectrum. ... Political parties Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: A political party is a political organization that seeks to attain political power within a government, usually by participating in electoral campaigns. ... Carlism restored the cross of Burgundy assimilated by the Spanish Bourbons throught the Spanish Habsburgs and used as flag of the Spanish empire. ... RamÃ³n Serrano SÃºÃ±er (September 12, 1901 â€“ September 1, 2003), was a Spanish politician and creator of the radio station Radio Intercontinental. ...

From early 1937, every death sentence had to be signed (or acknowledged) by Franco. However, this does not mean that he had intimate or complete knowledge of every official execution. From the beginning of the revolt, all the Junta generals were more than keen in publicly executing many people in order to spread fear and reduce resistance. After Franco's victory the executions continued with another 20,000 estimated victims. Recent searches with parallel excavations of mass graves in Spain estimate that the total of people executed after the war may even arrive to a number between 15,000 to 27,000. During World War II, Admiral Wilhelm Canaris had regular meetings with Franco and informed Franco of Germany's attitude and plans for Spain. This information prompted Franco to surreptitiously reposition his best and most experienced troops to camps near the Pyrenees and to reshape the terrain to be unfriendly to tanks and other military vehicles. Wilhelm Franz Canaris (January 1, 1887 â€“ April 9, 1945) was a German admiral and head of the Abwehr, the German military intelligence service, from 1935 to 1944. ...

The end of the war

On March 4, 1939, an uprising broke out within the Republican camp, claiming to forestall an intended Communist coup by prime minister Juan Negrín. Led by Colonel Segismundo Casado and Julián Besteiro, the rebels gained control over Madrid. They tried to negotiate a settlement with Franco, who refused anything but unconditional surrender. They gave way; Madrid was occupied on March 27, and the Republic fell. The war officially ended on April 1, 1939. On this very date, Franco placed his sword upon the altar in a church and in a vow, promised that he would never again take up his sword unless Spain itself was threatened with invasion, a vow which he kept. March 4 is the 63rd day of the year (64th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... Segismundo Casado LÃ³pez (1893, Nava de la AsunciÃ³n, Segoviaâ€”1968, Madrid) was a Spanish Army officer in the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War. ... JuliÃ¡n Besteiro FernÃ¡ndez (September 21, 1870 - September 27, 1940) was a Spanish socialist politician and university professor. ... Motto: De Madrid al Cielo (From Madrid to Heaven) Location Coordinates: Country Spain Autonomous Community Comunidad AutÃ³noma de Madrid Province Madrid Administrative Divisions 21 Neighborhoods 127 Founded 9th century Government - Mayor Alberto Ruiz-GallardÃ³n (PP) Area - Land 607 kmÂ² (234. ... Unconditional surrender refers to a surrender without conditions, except for those provided by international law. ... March 27 is the 86th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (87th in leap years). ... April 1 is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 274 days remaining. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ...

However, during the 1940s and 1950s, guerrilla resistance to Franco (known as "the maquis") was widespread in many mountainous regions. In 1944, a group of republican veterans, which also fought in the French resistance against the Nazis, invaded the Val d'Aran in northwest Catalonia, but they were easily defeated. Look up guerrilla in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The term maquis may refer to: The Cameroonian maquis, guerrillas from the outlawed Union des Populations Camerounaises political party; The Corsican maquis democracy of the 18th century; The maquis shrublands found in France, Corsica, and elsewhere around the Mediterranean Sea; The French maquis, who resisted the Nazis during World War... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... Val dAran, a small valley (620. ... Anthem: Capital Barcelona Official language(s) Catalan,Spanish and Aranese. ...

Spain under Franco

Spain was bitterly divided and economically ruined as a result of the civil war. Even with the war over, Franco's government sought to repress any dissent. The early years of Franco's administration were marked by harsh repression, with thousands of summary executions, an unknown number of political prisoners and tens of thousands of people in exile, largely in France and Latin America. The 1940 shooting of the president of the Catalan government, Lluís Companys, was one of the most notable cases of this early repression. While the major groups targeted were real and suspected leftists, ranging from the leftist supporters to Communists and Anarchists, the Spanish intelligentsia, atheists and military and government figures who had remained loyal to the Madrid government during the war. The repression in Spain did not end with the cessation of hostilities; many political prisoners suffered execution by the firing squad, under the accusation of treason by martial courts. The Spanish Civil War officially ended on 1 April 1939, the day Francisco Franco announced the end of hostilities. ... The Generalitat de Catalunya (Government of Catalonia ) is the institution in which the self-government of Catalonia is politically organised. ... LluÃs Companys i Jover (21 June 1882 â€“ Spain, 15 October 1940) was a Catalan politician and leader of the Esquerra Party (Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya). ... In politics, left-wing, political left, leftism, or simply the left, are terms which refer (with no particular precision) to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism, social democracy, or liberalism (especially in the American sense of the word), or with opposition... This article is about communism as a form of society, as an ideology advocating that form of society, and as a popular movement. ... Anarchism is a form of social criticism, a political movement as well as a political philosophy. ... The notion of an intellectual elite as a distinguished social stratum can be traced far back in history. ... For information about the band, see Atheist (band). ...

Franco was officially known as "Su Excelencia el Jefe de Estado" ("His Excellency the Head of State"), but in state and official documents he was also referred to as "Caudillo de España" ("the Leader of Spain") and "el Generalísimo" ("the Most High General"). During his rule he was called "el Caudillo de la Última Cruzada y de la Hispanidad" ("the Leader of the Last Crusade and of the Hispanic World") and "el Caudillo de la Guerra de Liberación contra el Comunismo y sus Cómplices" ("the Leader of the War of Liberation Against Communism and Its Collaborators").

World War II

In September 1939, World War II broke out in Europe, and although Adolf Hitler met Franco once in Hendaye, France (October 23, 1940), to discuss Spanish entry on the side of the Axis, Franco's demands (food, military equipment, Gibraltar, French North Africa, Portugal, etc.) proved too much and no agreement was reached. (An oft-cited remark attributed to Hitler is that the German leader would sooner have some teeth extracted than to have to deal further with Franco.) Contributing to the disagreement was an ongoing dispute over German mining rights in Spain. Some historians argue that Franco made demands that he knew Hitler would not accede to in order to stay out of the war. Other historians argue that he, as leader of a destroyed country in chaos, simply had nothing to offer the Germans and their military. Yet, after the collapse of France in June 1940, Spain did adopt a pro-Axis non-belligerency stance (for example, he offered Spanish naval facilities to German ships) until returning to complete neutrality in 1943 when the tide of the war had turned decisively against Germany and its allies. Some volunteer Spanish troops (the División Azul, or "Blue Division")—not given official state sanction by Franco—went to fight on the Eastern Front under German command. Some historians have argued that not all of the Blue Division were true volunteers and that Franco expended relatively small but significant resources to aid the Axis powers. At the start of World War II, in September 1939, Spain had only recently come through its bitter civil war. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Hitler redirects here. ... Hendaye (Basque Hendaia) is the most southwesterly town in France. ... October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... In various forms, France had colonial possessions since the beginning of the 17th century until the 1960s. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Blue Division (Spanish DivisiÃ³n Azul), also known as , was a unit of Spanish volunteers that served on the German side of the Second World War, mainly on the Eastern Front. ... The Eastern Front was the theatre of combat between Nazi Germany and its allies against the Soviet Union during World War II. It was somewhat separate from the other theatres of the war, not only geographically, but also for its scale and ferocity. ...

On June 14, 1940, the Spanish forces in Morocco occupied Tangier (a city under the rule of the League of Nations) and did not leave it until 1945. June 14 is the 165th day of the year (166th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A view of Tangier bay at sunrise as seen from Cape Malabata Tangier(Tanja Ø·Ù†Ú†Ø© in Berber and Arabic, TÃ¢nger in Portuguese, and Tanger in French), is a city of northern Morocco with a population of 669,685 (2004 census). ... The League of Nations was an international organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919-1920. ...

According to a recent book Hitler's Chief Spy (author Richard Basset, 2006), his neutrality was bought dearly with a sum paid by Churchill into Swiss bank accounts for him and his generals. Franco thus waited quite a long time after WWII to pressure the United Kingdom regarding Spanish claims on Gibraltar.

After the war

With the end of World War II, Franco and Spain were forced to suffer the economic consequences of the isolation imposed on it by nations such as the United Kingdom and the United States. This situation ended in part when, due to Spain's strategic location in light of Cold War tensions, the United States entered into a trade and military alliance with Spain. This historic alliance commenced with United States President Eisenhower's visit in 1953 which resulted in the Pact of Madrid. This launched the "Spanish Miracle," which developed Spain from corporatist autarky into semi-capitalism. During the 1960s, Francist Spain's population would experience an enormous increase in personal wealth. Spain was admitted to the United Nations in 1955. In spite of this, once in power, Franco almost never left Spain. Image File history File links Franco_eisenhower_1959_madrid. ... Image File history File links Franco_eisenhower_1959_madrid. ... Dwight David Ike Eisenhower, born David Dwight Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 - March 28, 1969) was an American soldier and politician, who served as the thirty-fourth President of the United States (1953-1961). ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... This article is about the office in the United States. ... Dwight David Ike Eisenhower, born David Dwight Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 - March 28, 1969) was an American soldier and politician, who served as the thirty-fourth President of the United States (1953-1961). ... The Pact of Madrid, signed in 1953 by Spain and the United States, ended a period of virtual isolation for Spain, although the other victorious allies of World War II and much of the rest of the world remained hostile to what they regarded as a fascist regime sympathetic to... A white SEAT 600, an icon of the Spanish Miracle The 1957 built, 142m high, Torre de Madrid somehow heralded the advent of the Spanish Miracle The Spanish miracle (Spanish: Desarrollo econÃ³mico de EspaÃ±a) was the name given to the Spanish economic boom between 1959 and 1973. ... â€¹ The template below has been proposed for deletion. ... An autarky is an economy that limits trade with the outside world, or an ecosystem not affected by influences from the outside, and relies entirely on its own resources. ... It has been suggested that Definitions of capitalism be merged into this article or section. ... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ...

Lacking any strong ideology, Franco initially sought support from various right-wing groups. He initially allied very closely with the fascist elements of the Falange, but Franco's administration became less ideological as time progressed. While fascists initially had a great deal of power in Franco's administration, they were marginalized in favor of technocrats, especially after the defeat of fascist Italy and Germany during WWII. Yoke and Arrows. ... This article is about a movement that supports the use of technology to enhance society. ...

In 1947, Franco proclaimed Spain a monarchy, but did not designate a monarch. This gesture was largely done to appease monarchist factions within the Movimiento. Although a self-proclaimed monarchist himself, Franco had no particular desire for a king, and as such, he left the throne vacant, with himself as de facto regent. He wore the uniform of a Captain General (a rank traditionally reserved for the King) and resided in the El Pardo Palace (not to be confused with the El Prado). In addition, he appropriated the kingly privilege of walking beneath a canopy, and his portrait appeared on most Spanish coins. Indeed, although his formal titles were Jefe del Estado (Chief of State), and Generalísimo de los Ejércitos Españoles (Generalísimo of the Spanish Armed Forces), he had originally intended any government that succeeded him to be much more authoritarian than the previous monarchy. This is indicated in his use of "by the grace of God" in his official title, a phrase often used by monarchs. â€œKingdomâ€ redirects here. ... Regent, from the Latin, a person selected to administer a state because the ruler is a minor or is not present or debilitated. ... Captain General is a rank and a title. ... Palacio Real de El Pardo is a Spanish royal palace near Madrid. ... Bold text The Museo del Prado is a famous museum and art gallery located in Madrid; the capital of Spain. ... The Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller at Rhodes under a canopy of estate, on a dais: there is a cushion under his feet Margaret Beaufort, Queen Mother, at prayer, by an anonymous artist, about 1500 Engraving of the Gnadenaltar in the Vierzehnheiligen Basilica, Bad Staffelstein, Bavaria. ... By the Grace of God, as well as the various equivalent phrases in other languages thus rendered in English, is not a title in its own right, but a common introductory part of the full styles of many Monarchs, preceding the actual princely styles in chief of the specific realm...

During his rule, non-government trade unions and all political opponents across the political spectrum, from communist and anarchist organizations to liberal democrats and Catalan or Basque nationalists, were either suppressed or tighly controlled by all means including violent police repression. The only legal "trade union" was the government-run Sindicato Vertical. A trade union or labor union is a continuous association of wage-earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment. ... Political parties Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: A political spectrum is a way of visualizing different political positions. ... Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. ... Anarchism is a form of social criticism, a political movement as well as a political philosophy. ... Liberal democracy is a form of government. ... Catalan nationalism, or Catalanism, is a political movement that advocates the political autonomy of Catalonia or the Catalan Countries and in some cases, independence from Spain and France. ... The Gernika oak is a symbol of Basque freedoms. ... The Sindicato vertical (literally, vertical trade union) was the only legal trade union during the reign of Francisco Franco in Spain. ...

The legal usage of languages other than Spanish (especially Catalan, Galician and Basque languages) was forbidden. Language politics in Francoist Spain stated that all government, notarial, legal and commercial documents were drawn up exclusively in Spanish and any written in other languages were deemed null and void. The usage of any other language was forbidden in schools and banned on advertising and road and shop signs. Citizens continued to speak these languages in private. Catalan IPA: (catalÃ IPA: or []) is a Romance language, the national language of Andorra, and a co-official language in the Spanish autonomous communities of Balearic Islands, Catalonia and Valencia (in the latter with the name of Valencian), and in the city of LAlguer in the Italian island of... Galician (Galician: galego, IPA: ) is a language of the Western Ibero-Romance branch, spoken in Galicia, an autonomous community with the constitutional status of historic nationality, located in northwestern Spain and small bordering zones in neighbouring autonomous communities of Asturias and Castilla y LeÃ³n. ... Basque (native name: Euskara) is the language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain and the adjoining region of South-Western France. ... Language politics in Francoist Spain centered on attempts in Spain under Franco to increase the dominance of Castilian (castellano), the most widely used Spanish language, over the other languages of Spain. ...

All cultural activities were subject to censorship, and many were plainly forbidden on various, often spurious, grounds. This cultural policy relaxed with time, most notably in the early 1970s. Censorship is the removal and withholding of information from the public by a controlling group or body. ...

Civil marriages which had taken place under Republican Spain were declared null and void and had to be reconfirmed by the Church. The enforcement by public authorities of strict Roman Catholic social mores was a stated intent of the regime, mainly by using a law (the Ley de Vagos y Maleantes, Vagrancy Act) enacted by Azaña [1]. The remaining nomads of Spain (Gitanos and Mercheros like El Lute) were especially affected. In 1954, homosexuality, pedophilia, and prostitution were, through this law, made criminal offenses [2], although its application was inconsistent. The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Mores are strongly held norms or customs. ... Image:F manuel azana. ... The Gitanos are Roma people living in Spain. ... Quinqui is the language of a semi-nomadic group present mainly in the northern half of Spain known as quinquilleros (tinkers), although they prefer to be called mercheros. ... Eleuterio SÃ¡nchez holding a copy of his book Camina o revienta (Forge on or Die). Photographer: Luis Jauregialtzo, Argazki Press Eleuterio SÃ¡nchez (born 1942), known as El Lute, was a legendary Spanish outlaw, now a writer. ... Homosexuality refers to sexual interaction and / or romantic attraction between individuals of the same sex. ... Pedophilia or pÃ¦dophilia (see spelling differences) is the paraphilia of being sexually attracted primarily or exclusively to prepubescent or peripubescent children. ... Whore redirects here. ...

Most towns were patrolled by pairs of Guardia Civil, a military police for civilians, and functioned as his chief means of social control. Franco, like others at the time, evidenced a concern about a possible Masonic conspiracy against his regime. Some non-Spanish authors^{[attribution needed]} have described it as being an "obsession". Patrol boat, Nervion river, Bilbao. ... The Masonic Square and Compasses. ...

Student revolts at universities in the late 60s and early 70s were violently repressed by the heavily-armed Policía Armada (Armed Police), aka "los grises" because of their grey uniforms.

Franco continued to personally sign all death warrants until just months before he died, despite international campaigns requesting him to desist.

In popular imagination, he is often remembered as in the black and white images of No-Do newsreels, inaugurating a reservoir, hence his nickname Paco Ranas (Paco – a familiar form of Francisco – "frogs"), or catching huge fish from the Azor yacht during his holidays. No-Do is the abbreviation for Noticiarios y Documentales (News and Documentaries), and the popular name for the state-controlled cinema newsreels produced in Spain during the 1936-1975 dictatorship of General Francisco Franco. ... A newsreel is a documentary film that is regularly released in a public presentation place containing filmed news stories. ... The Ashokan Reservoir, located in Ulster County, New York, USA. It is one of 19 that supplies New York City with drinking water. ...

In 1968, due to United Nations' pressure, Franco granted Spain's colony of Equatorial Guinea its independence, and the next year, ceded the exclave of Ifni to Morocco. Under Franco, Spain also pursued a campaign to gain sovereignty of the British colony of Gibraltar, and closed the border in 1969, which was not fully reopened until 1985 . The Valley of the Fallen Ones, Tomb of Francisco Franco and Jose Antonio, a monument erected to preserve the memory of the fascist and conservative fighters of the Civil War and to remind the visitors of the horrors of war. ... The Valley of the Fallen Ones, Tomb of Francisco Franco and Jose Antonio, a monument erected to preserve the memory of the fascist and conservative fighters of the Civil War and to remind the visitors of the horrors of war. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Santa Cruz del Valle de los CaÃdos. ... Combatants Spanish Republic With the support of: Soviet Union[1] Nationalist Spain With the support of: Italy Germany Commanders Manuel AzaÃ±a Francisco Largo Caballero Juan NegrÃn Francisco Franco Gonzalo Queipo de Llano Emilio Mola JosÃ© Sanjurjo Casualties 500,000[2] The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... D is Bs exclave, but is not an enclave. ... Ifni was a Spanish province on the African coast in what is now Morocco, south of Agadir and across from the Canary Islands. ... A United Kingdom overseas territory (formerly known as a dependent territory or earlier as a crown colony) is a territory that is under the sovereignty and formal control of the United Kingdom but is not part of the United Kingdom proper (Great Britain and Northern Ireland). ... For the Stargate SG-1 episode, see 1969 (Stargate SG-1). ...

In 1969, he designated Prince Juan Carlos de Borbón, with the new title of Prince of Spain, as his successor. This came as a surprise for the Carlist pretender to the throne, as well as for Juan Carlos's father, Don Juan, the Count of Barcelona, who technically had a superior right to the throne. By 1973, Franco had surrendered the function of prime minister (Presidente del Gobierno), remaining only as head of state and commander in chief of the military. As his final years progressed, tension within the various factions of the Movimiento would consume Spanish political life, as varying groups jockeyed for position to control the country's future. Juan Carlos I, King of Spain (baptized as Juan Carlos Alfonso VÃctor MarÃa de BorbÃ³n y BorbÃ³n-Dos Sicilias) was born on January 5, 1938 in Rome and is the reigning King (Rey de EspaÃ±a) and head of state of Spain. ... Carlism restored the cross of Burgundy assimilated by the Spanish Bourbons throught the Spanish Habsburgs and used as flag of the Spanish empire. ... HRH Infante Don Juan of Spain, Count of Barcelona, Juan Carlos Teresa Silvestre Alfonso de BorbÃ³n (June 20, 1913 - April 1, 1993), was the fourth son and designated heir of King Alfonso XIII of Spain, the monarch replaced by the Second Spanish Republic, and father of King Juan Carlos... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ...

Spain after Franco

Franco's intended successor, Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco, was killed in 1973 by a car bomb planted by the Basque nationalist group ETA. The Spanish transition to democracy or new Bourbon restoration was the era when Spain moved from the dictatorship of Francisco Franco to a liberal democratic state. ... Monument to Luis Carrero Blanco in SantoÃ±a (Cantabria, Spain) by Juan de Ãvalos Luis Carrero Blanco (March 4, 1903, SantoÃ±a, Cantabria â€“ December 20, 1973, Madrid, Spain) was a Spanish admiral and statesman. ... The OperaciÃ³n Ogro (Operation Ogre) was the name given by ETA to the killing of Luis Carrero Blanco the then Prime Minister of Spain in 1973. ... Car bomb in Iraq, made from a number of concealed artillery shells in the back of a pickup truck. ... The Gernika oak is a symbol of Basque freedoms. ... ETA symbol or ETA (Basque for Basque Homeland and Freedom; IPA pronunciation: [) is a paramilitary Basque nationalist organization. ...

Franco's successor as head of state was the current Spanish monarch, Juan Carlos. Though much beloved by Franco, the King held liberal political views which earned him suspicion among conservatives who hoped he would continue Franco's policies. Instead, Juan Carlos would proceed to restore democracy in the nation, and help crush an attempted military coup in 1981. Juan Carlos I, King of Spain (baptized as Juan Carlos Alfonso VÃctor MarÃa de BorbÃ³n y BorbÃ³n-Dos Sicilias) was born on January 5, 1938 in Rome and is the reigning King (Rey de EspaÃ±a) and head of state of Spain. ... Antonio Tejero with a gun in his hand, breaking into the Congress of Deputies February 23, 1981, attempting a coup. ...

Very recently (2005) a somewhat systematic search for mass graves of people executed during his regime has been started by the present Socialist government in Spain, whose party bears the same name as the main party in the Republican government during the war: PSOE. There is talk about officially recognizing the crimes against civilians during the Francoist rule after the end of the Civil War. Some statues of Franco and other public Francoist signs have been removed. Additionally, the EU has taken steps toward a European resolution on this topic which may rewrite some historic views on Franco.^[23] In Germany a squadron named after Werner Mölders has been renamed, because as a pilot he led the escorting units in the bombing of Guernica. The controversy remains however. As recently as 2006, the BBC reported that an MEP from Poland had expressed admiration for Franco's stature as a saviour of the free world. [3]. The Spanish Socialist Workers Party (Partido Socialista Obrero Español or PSOE) is one of the main parties of Spain. ... Werner MÃ¶lders (March 18, 1913 - November 22, 1941) was a German Luftwaffe World War II fighter ace. ... The bombing of Gernika during the Spanish Civil War, 1937 The bombing of Guernica was an aerial attack on April 26, 1937, during the Spanish Civil War by planes of the German Luftwaffe Condor Legion and subordinate Italian Fascists from the Corpo Truppe Volontarie expeditionary force organized as Aviazione Legionaria. ...

Legacy

Franco's legacy is still controversial. Some Spaniards remember him as a strong leader who pacified an unstable and violent country. Many others remember him as a harsh dictator. Various major issues surround his mixed and controversial legacy.

Nature of government he overthrew

Democracy

A major issue is whether the Popular Front government he overthrew after the murder of José Calvo Sotelo was a democracy or had become a repressive Communist regime. Government supporters were carrying out many violent attacks on opposition supporters (as were opposition supporters on government supporters) and the government was either unwilling or unable to control this violence. Government forces, particularly the Assault Guards, the militarised urban police force, were involved in the violence. Franco and his supporters felt that the government did not intend to maintain a democracy or try to allow consevatives any place in the future politics of Spain. The blue-uniformed Guardia de Asalto (Assault Guard) were the para-military urban police force of Spain, similar to the green uniformed Guardia Civil which patrolled the countryside, during the Spanish Second Republic. ...

Violent Anti-Clericalism

The extent of violent anti-clericalism among government supporters was a strong impetus for the opposition to take up arms. Franco and many of his supporters were shocked by government supporters' violence against clergy and church property, which went as far as the digging up and desecrating of nuns' bodies. This violent fundamentalist atheism, mixed with Marxism, encouraged Catholics to fight against the government and gave Franco a possible legitimacy (which he exploited extensively in propaganda) as defender of the freedom to practice Christianity.

Relationship with Hitler and Mussolini

Franco received important support from Hitler and Mussolini during the civil war. Spain remained neutral in the Second World War, but whether this was as a result of Franco's belief that neutrality was best for Spain or whether Hitler simply did not want him to join the war is debated. Spain's neutrality can also be questioned as she offered various kinds of support to Italy and Germany such as intelligence and shipments of Wolfram. Franco also sent Falangist soldiers to fight alongside the German Army against Stalin (the Blue Division). Franco's common ground with Hitler was particularly weakened by Hitler's propagation of a bizzare pseudo-pagan mysticism and his attempts to manipulate Christianity, which went against Franco's deep commitment to defending Christianity and Catholicism.^{[citation needed]} Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945, standard German pronunciation in the IPA) was the Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) and of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. ... Benito Mussolini created a fascist state through the use of propaganda, total control of the media and disassembly of the working democratic government. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... Wolfram is: the original name for chemical element tungsten. ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314... The Blue Division (Spanish DivisiÃ³n Azul), also known as , was a unit of Spanish volunteers that served on the German side of the Second World War, mainly on the Eastern Front. ... Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945, standard German pronunciation in the IPA) was the Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) and of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. ... Nazi mysticism is a quasi-religious undercurrent of Nazism; it denotes the mixture of Nazism with occultism, esotericism, cryptohistory, and/or the paranormal â€” especially in the traditions of Germanic mysticism. ... A Sun cross, adopted as the sign of the German Faith Movement because it resembles both a cross and a swastika Positive Christianity is a term used in Nazi ideology to refer to a form of Christianity consistent with Nazism. ...

Deaths of opponents

The shooting of thousands of opponents during the civil war and in the early years after are a source of controversy and a notable negative point on Franco's record. The vicitims tended to be republican prisoners of war, suspected communists, and freemasons. Such killings became rare several years after the end of the war as Spain became peaceful and stable, but imprisonment and abuse of political opponents continued throughout Franco's period in power. Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... This article is about communism as a form of society, as an ideology advocating that form of society, and as a popular movement. ... American Square & Compasses Freemasonry is a worldwide fraternal organization. ...

Economics

The Civil War had ravaged the Spanish economy. Infrastructure had been damaged, workers killed, and daily business severely hampered. For more than a decade after Franco's victory, the economy improved little. Franco initially pursued a policy of autarky, cutting off almost all international trade. The policy had devastating effects, and the economy stagnated. Economic growth picked up in 1959 after Franco took authority away from ideologues and gave more power to apolitical technocrats. The country implemented several development policies and growth took off creating the Spanish Miracle. At the time of Franco's death, Spain still lagged behind most of Western Europe. After periods of rapid growth during the late 1980s and late 1990s, Spain now only lags slightly behind the other Western European economies. An autarky is an economy that limits trade with the outside world, or an ecosystem not affected by influences from the outside, and relies entirely on its own resources. ... A white SEAT 600, an icon of the Spanish Miracle The 1957 built, 142m high, Torre de Madrid somehow heralded the advent of the Spanish Miracle The Spanish miracle (Spanish: Desarrollo econÃ³mico de EspaÃ±a) was the name given to the Spanish economic boom between 1959 and 1973. ...

Regions

Franco was reluctant to enact any form of administrative and legislative decentralisation and kept a fully centralised form of government with a similar administrative structure to that established by the House of Bourbon and General Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja. Such structures were both based in the model of the French centralised State. Also see: Early Modern France The House of Bourbon is an important European royal house. ... Spanish soldier politician and dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, MarquÃ©s de Estella (Jerez de la Frontera, January 8, 1870 - Paris, March 16, 1930) was a Spanish dictator, aristocrat, and a military official who was appointed Prime Minister by the King and...

Franco's legacy is still particularly poorly perceived in Catalonia and the Basque Country. The Basque Country and Catalonia were among the regions that offered the strongest resistance to Franco in the Civil War, but one of the strongest to his support during this regime. Franco dissolved the autonomy granted by the Spanish Republic to these two regions and to Galicia. Franco abolished the centuries-old fiscal priviledges and autonomy in two of the three Basque provinces: Guipuzcoa and Biscay, but kept them for Alava. Anthem: Capital Barcelona Official language(s) Catalan,Spanish and Aranese. ... For the traditional overall Basque domain, see Basque Country (historical territory). ... There have been two Spanish Republics: First Spanish Republic (1873-1874) Second Spanish Republic (1931-1939) Franco declared Spain to be a monarchy, but did not permit a monarch until his death in 1975. ... Galicia (Spain) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... GuipÃºzcoa province GuipÃºzcoa (Basque Gipuzkoa, Spanish GuipÃºzcoa, in English sometimes as Guipuscoa) is a province of northern Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. ... Biscay (Basque Bizkaia, Spanish: Vizcaya) is a province of northern Spain, in the northwestern part of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. ... lava (Basque Araba, Spanish lava) is a province of northern Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. ...

Among Franco's greatest area of support during the civil war was Navarre, also a Basque speaking region. Navarre remained a separated region from the Basque Country and Franco decided to preserve its also centuries' old fiscal privileges and autonomy, the so-called Fueros of Navarre. Capital Pamplona (Basque: IruÃ±a) Official language(s) Spanish; Basque co-official in the north of community. ... The Fueros of Navarre, or Fuero general de Navarra, were the medieval laws of the kingdom of Navarre. ...

Franco abolished the official statute and recognition for the Basque, Galician, and Catalan languages that the Spanish Republic had granted for the first time in the history of Spain. He returned to Spanish as the only official language of the State and education. The Franco era correspond with the popularisation of the compulsory national educational system and the development of modern mass media, both controlled by the State and in Spanish language, and heavily reduced the number of speakers of Basque, Catalan and Galicianas, as it happened during the second half of the twentieth century with other European minority languages which were not officially protected like Scottish Gaelic or French Breton. By the 1970s the majority of the population in the urban areas could not speak in the minority language or, as in some Catalan towns, their use had been abandoned. The most endangered case was the Basque language. By the 1970s Basque had reached the point where any further reduction in the number of Basque speakers would have not guaranteed the necessary generational renewal and it is now recognised that the language would have disappeared in only a few more decades. This was the excuse used by the franquist provincial government of Alava to create a network of Basque medium schools (Ikastola) in 1973 which were State financed. Basque (native name: Euskara) is the language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain and the adjoining region of South-Western France. ... Galician (Galician: galego, IPA: ) is a language of the Western Ibero-Romance branch, spoken in Galicia, an autonomous community with the constitutional status of historic nationality, located in northwestern Spain and small bordering zones in neighbouring autonomous communities of Asturias and Castilla y LeÃ³n. ... Catalan IPA: (catalÃ IPA: or []) is a Romance language, the national language of Andorra, and a co-official language in the Spanish autonomous communities of Balearic Islands, Catalonia and Valencia (in the latter with the name of Valencian), and in the city of LAlguer in the Italian island of... There have been two Spanish Republics: First Spanish Republic (1873-1874) Second Spanish Republic (1931-1939) Franco declared Spain to be a monarchy, but did not permit a monarch until his death in 1975. ... Scottish Gaelic (GÃ idhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... Breton can refer to: The Breton language A person from Brittany, a region of France previously controlled by Britons the Breton people, a Celtic ethnic group native to the region of Brittany Author AndrÃ© Breton Thierry Breton, the French Minister of Economy, Finance, and Industry French realist painter Jules Adolphe... A minority language is a language spoken by a minority of the population of a country. ... lava (Basque Araba, Spanish lava) is a province of northern Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. ... An Ikastola (plural Ikastolak) is a type of school in the Basque Country, Navarre and (to a much lesser extent), the French Basque Country in which students are taught either entirely or predominantly in the Basque language. ...

Franco in popular media

Franco, ese hombre, translated into English as Franco, that man, is a 1964 documentary film by Spanish film director JosÃ© Luis SÃ¡enz de Heredia. ... JosÃ© Luis SÃ¡enz de Heredia (10 April 1911 Madrid- 4 November 1992) was a Spanish film director. ... Evita is a musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber (music) and Tim Rice (lyrics). ... El espÃritu de la colmena (The Spirit of the Beehive) is a quiet, enigmatic film featuring a very young child in the leading role. ... Mike Wallace (born Myron Leon Wallace on May 9, 1918) is a former American game show host, television personality, and journalist. ... Biography is a documentary television program. ... Tom Lehrer in 1960. ...

References

^ Franco officially died on 20 November 1975, at the age of 82 — the same date as had José Antonio Primo de Rivera (39 years earlier), founder of the Falange. Franco is buried at Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caídos, a site built by forced prisoners of the Spanish Civil War as the tomb for unknown soldiers killed during the war.
^ Franco biography at the Ferrol website: "An order from the Ministry of Interior on the 30 of September in 1938 agreed the unanimous request of the Town Council of calling his native town " El Ferrol del Caudillo". This name was lost with the conquest of democracy when the first municipal corporation decided on the 28th of December in 1982 to recover the name of Ferrol." Archived on the Internet Archive 27 April 2005.
^ http://genealogia.netopia.pt/pessoas/pes_show.php?id=63980
^ http://pages.prodigy.net/ptheroff/gotha/franco.html
^ Carmen Franco y Polo, 1st Duquesa de Franco on thePeerage.com. Accessed 8 August 2006.
^ Discurso de Franco a los cadetes de la academia militar de Zaragoza (Spanish) (1931-06-14). Retrieved on 2006-07-21.
^ Revolución de 1934 (Spanish). Spanish Wikipedia. Retrieved on 2006-07-21.
^ Bueno, Gustavo. Sobre la imparcialidad del historiador y otras cuestiones de teoría de la Historia (Spanish). Retrieved on 2006-07-21.
^ (Spanish) Polémicas en El Catoblepas, El Catoblepas, ISSN 1579-3974, lists seventeen recent (2003–2004) articles from this one publication under the heading "sobre la Historia de España (Guerra Civil, Octubre de 1934...)". Accessed 4 September 2006.
^ "Riots Sweep Spain on Left's Victory; Jails Are Stormed", The New York Times, February 18, 1936.
^ Manifesto de las palmas (Spanish) (1936-07-18). Retrieved on 2006-07-21.
^ La Memoria de los Nuestros (Spanish). Retrieved on 2006-07-21.
^ Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, revised and enlarged edition (1977), New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-014278-2. p. 258
^ Thomas writes, "to pacify, rather than to dignify, him." op. cit., p. 282.
^ Thomas, op. cit., p. 282.
^ Thomas, op. cit., p. 421.
^ Thomas, op. cit., pp 423–424.
^ Thomas, op. cit., p. 356.
^ Thomas, op. cit., pp 420–422.
^ Thomas, op. cit., p. 424.
^ Thomas, op. cit., pp 689–690.
^ The Spanish Republic and the civil war 1931-39, by Gabriel Jackson, New Jersey, 1967
^ Von Martyna Czarnowska, Almunia, Joaquin: EU-Kommission (4): Ein halbes Jahr Vorsprung, Weiner Zeitung, 17 February 2005 (article in German language). Accessed 26 August 2006.

November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... For other people called Jose Rivera, see Jose Rivera JosÃ© Antonio Primo de Rivera JosÃ© Antonio Primo de Rivera, MarquÃ©s de Estella (April 24, 1903â€“November 20, 1936) was the son of general Miguel Primo de Rivera, who was dictator of Spain from 1923 until 1930. ... Yoke and Arrows. ... Valle de los Caidos, rear view of the Cross and the monastery The Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caidos (Holy Cross of the Valley of the Fallen) constitutes the most colossal architecture work built in Europe in the 20th century. ... The logo of Internet Archive Internet Archive headquarters The Internet Archive (IA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to maintaining an on-line library and archive of Web and multimedia resources. ... August 8 is the 220th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (221st in leap years), with 145 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ... June 14 is the 165th day of the year (166th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... July 21 is the 202nd day (203rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 163 days remaining. ... Spanish Wikipedia is a Spanish language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... July 21 is the 202nd day (203rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 163 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... July 21 is the 202nd day (203rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 163 days remaining. ... September 4 is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... July 18 is the 199th day (200th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 166 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... July 21 is the 202nd day (203rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 163 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... July 21 is the 202nd day (203rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 163 days remaining. ...

Contents

Early life

During the Second Spanish Republic

The Asturias uprisings

The drift to war

The Spanish Civil War

The first months

Rise to power

Military command

Political command

The end of the war

Spain under Franco

World War II

After the war

Spain after Franco

Legacy

Nature of government he overthrew

Democracy

Violent Anti-Clericalism

Relationship with Hitler and Mussolini

Deaths of opponents

Economics

Regions

Franco in popular media

References

See also

External links

Contents

Early life GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

During the Second Spanish Republic

The Asturias uprisings

The drift to war

The Spanish Civil War

The first months

Rise to power

Military command

Political command

The end of the war

Spain under Franco

World War II

After the war

Spain after Franco

Legacy

Nature of government he overthrew

Democracy

Violent Anti-Clericalism

Relationship with Hitler and Mussolini

Deaths of opponents

Economics

Regions

Franco in popular media

References

See also

External links

Early life