Francisco Pi y Margall, Spanish statesman and writer

Francisco Pi y Margall (29 April 1824 – 29 November 1901) was a liberal Spanish statesman and Catalan romanticist writer. He was briefly president of the short-lived First Spanish Republic in 1873. Jump to: navigation, search April 29 is the 119th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (120th in leap years). ... 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... November 29 is the 333rd (in leap years the 334th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1901 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search This article discusses liberalism as a major political ideology, not the usage of the term in specific countries. ... Jump to: navigation, search Capital Barcelona Official languages Spanish and Catalan In Val dAran, also Aranese. ... Jump to: navigation, search Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement in the history of ideas that originated in late 18th century Western Europe. ... Flag of the Spanish First Republic The First Spanish Republic lasted only two years, between 1873 and 1874. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1873 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Early life

Pi was the son of a working-class textile worker in Barcelona on 29 April 1824. Pi's father entered him into a religious school in 1831 where he acquired an education in the humanities and the classics. He was a member of the sociedad Filomática, enabling him to meet some of the main thinkers and writers of the Catalan romanticist movement. In 1837, he left to study law, graduating with a law degree in 1847. He moved to Madrid that year and began writing for the journal El Renacimiento and for El Correo as a theater critic, in which Pi's first political article was published. In need of further income, Pi also took a job for Martí, a Catalan bank. Jump to: navigation, search Barcelona within Barcelonès Population (2003) 1,582,738 Area 100. ... Jump to: navigation, search April 29 is the 119th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (120th in leap years). ... 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search For other meanings, see Classics (disambiguation) Classics, particularly within the Western University tradition, when used as a singular noun, means the study of the language, literature, history, art, and other aspects of Greek and Roman culture during the time frame known as classical antiquity. ... Jump to: navigation, search Capital Barcelona Official languages Spanish and Catalan In Val dAran, also Aranese. ... Jump to: navigation, search Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement in the history of ideas that originated in late 18th century Western Europe. ... 1837 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Plaza de Cibeles (Cibeles square) and the Palacio de Comunicaciones (Communications Palace) Coat of arms. ... Catalan can mean: the Catalan language inhabitant of Catalonia Eugène Charles Catalan the mathematician a Catalan solid Catalan numbers the Catalan Opening, a chess opening the Catalan forge, a type of open hearth furnace that was a precursor to the blast furnace There is also information on Catalan names. ...

In 1848, Pi completed the unfinished Memories and Beauties of Spain by the poet Pau Piferrer, contributing to the sections on Catalonia, Seville, and Granada. At this time, he connected himself with the Republican faction in Spanish politics. In 1851, he wrote a monumental and highly popular history of painting, though it was eventually condemned by the Church and the Spanish state for heterodoxy. 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search Capital Barcelona Official languages Spanish and Catalan In Val dAran, also Aranese. ... Jump to: navigation, search Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, crossed by the river Guadalquivir (37° 22′ 38″ N, 5° 59′ 13″ W). ... Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the community of Andalusia, Spain. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1851 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Political life under the monarchy

Pi was involved in the revolution of 1854 that brought the liberal caudillo Baldomero Espartero back to power. He published La reacción y la revolución in that year, influenced by G.W.F. Hegel's philosophy of history and the thinking of the French anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. In 1856 he established a new journal, La Razón, that was closed when the moderate O'Donnell government was overthrown by the reactionary Ramón María Narváez. Pi fled to Guipúzcoa in the Basque country until 1857, when Nicolás María Rivero asked him to return to Madrid to contribute to the Republican newspaper La Discusión. At La Discusión, Pi became acquainted with a number of leaders of the Spanish republican movement, including another future president of the First Republic, Estanislao Figueras y Moragas. In 1864 he became the directer of the newspaper. Jump to: navigation, search 1854 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search This article discusses liberalism as a major political ideology, not the usage of the term in specific countries. ... Caudillo is a Spanish (caudilho in Portuguese) word designating a politico-military leader at the head of an authoritative power. The related caudillismo is a cultural phenomenon that first appeared during the early 19th century in revolutionary South America, as a type of militia leader with a charismatic personality and... Baldomero Espartero (1793 - 1879) was a Spanish general and political figure. ... Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 - November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher born in Stuttgart, Württemberg, in present-day southwest Germany. ... The philosophy of history asks at least these questions: what is the proper unit for the study of the human past? the individual, the city or sovereign territory, the civilization, or nothing less than the whole of the species?; what broad patterns can we discern through the study of the... Jump to: navigation, search Anarchism can refer to any of a range of political views, characterized by a rejection of authority in various forms. ... Jump to: navigation, search Pierre-Joseph Proudhon et ses enfants, Gustave Courbet, 1865. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Leopoldo ODonnell Joris, (1809-1867), Spanish general and stateman. ... Reactionary (or reactionist) is a political epithet typically applied to conservatism. ... Ramón María Narváez Ramón María Narváez (1800-1868), Spanish soldier and statesman, was born at Loja, Granada, on August 5, 1800. ... Guipúzcoa province Guipúzcoa (Basque Gipuzkoa, Spanish Guipúzcoa, in English sometimes as Guipuscoa) is a province of northern Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Basque Country (Euskal Herria in Basque) straddles the western Pyrenees mountains that define the border between France and Spain, extending down to the coast of the Bay of Biscay. ... 1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Plaza de Cibeles (Cibeles square) and the Palacio de Comunicaciones (Communications Palace) Coat of arms. ... Flag of the Spanish First Republic The First Spanish Republic lasted only two years, between 1873 and 1874. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1864 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

After the sergeants' revolt at San Gil in 1866, Pi fled to Paris, where he gave lectures and translated several of Proudhon's works and became familiar with French positivism. He developed ideas about revolutions and the philosophy of history, including a belief in an inevitable, progressive, and permanent movement in history toward greater freedom, embodied in federal constitutions. Throughout his life he would promote republicanism and social objectives through the federal idea. 1866 is a common year starting on Monday. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Eiffel Tower has become a symbol of Paris throughout the world. ... Positivism can have several meanings. ... Jump to: navigation, search Federalism is the idea of a group or body of members that are governed by a representative head. ...

Pi returned from Paris in 1868 after the success of the Glorious Revolution. He was elected deputy on behalf of Barcelona and was part of the Cortes that wrote the Spanish Constitution of 1869. During this time Pi became respected as a leader of the Republican party in the Cortes; he is officially named the head of the party in March 1870. He was replaced shortly thereafter by internal strife over the party's policy toward the Paris Commune, conciliatory policy toward opposition groups, and electoral setbacks. He continued to adamantly promote the establishment of a federal republic in place of a monarchy. He opposed the liberal monarchy of Amadeo I of Spain during its short rule. Jump to: navigation, search 1868 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search Barcelona within Barcelonès Population (2003) 1,582,738 Area 100. ... ... 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The term Paris Commune originally referred to the government of Paris during the French Revolution. ... The Federal Republic of Germany and its sixteen Bundesländer A federal republic is a state which is both a federation and a republic. ... Amadeo I History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Muslim Conquest of Iberia Timeline of Muslim Occupation Medieval Spain Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History...

Presidency and later political life

When the First Spanish Republic was established in 1873 after the abdication of King Amadeo, the first president, Estanislao Figueras, named Pi Minister of the Interior. During his tenure as Interior Minister, Pi was responsible for the struggle against the cantonalist movement in the provinces. On Figueras's resignation on June 11, Pi was named president. Pi presented to the Cortes an ambitious plan of reform, including a law formalizing a stricter separation of church and state, the reorganization of the army, reduction of the working day to nine hours, regulation of child labor, enhancements to the relationship between business and labor, new laws regarding the autonomy of the regions of Spain, and a program of universal education. His acquaintance with Proudhon enabled Pi to warm relations between the Republicans and the socialists in Spain. However, Pi was unable to rein in the instability of the Republic; on the 1 July, the more radical elements of the Republican party and federalists broke off and declared the government illegitimate, and new insurrections appeared in Alcoy and Cartagena only a week later. Under pressure from the Cortes and many leading Republicans who accused him of dangerous weakness, Pi resigned the presidency on 18 July, only a little more than a month after he assumed the office. Flag of the Spanish First Republic The First Spanish Republic lasted only two years, between 1873 and 1874. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1873 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search June 11 is the 162nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (163rd in leap years), with 203 days remaining. ... The President of the Government (Spanish: Presidente del Gobierno), or Prime Minister, of Spain is the Spanish head of government. ... Jump to: navigation, search The separation of church and state is a concept and philosophy in modern thought and practice, whereby the structures of state or national government are proposed as needing to be separate from those of religious institutions. ... Jump to: navigation, search Child labour or labor is the term for the employment of children. ... Jump to: navigation, search The color red and particularly the red flag are traditional symbols of Socialism. ... Jump to: navigation, search July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... Alcoy is an agricultural municipality located in the province of Cebu in the Philippines. ... Cartagena is the name of two cities: Cartagena, Spain Cartagena, Colombia This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Jump to: navigation, search July 18 is the 199th day (200th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 166 days remaining. ...

After the end of the Republic in 1874, Pi left political life for a decade. During this time, he returned his attentions to his writings; only a few months after the end of the Republic, he wrote a treatise on its events, La República de 1873. He followed this with Las Nacionalidades and Joyas Literarias in 1876. The first volume of his Historia General de América was published in 1878, La Federación in 1880, and Las luchas de nuestros días and Observaciones sobre el carácter de don Juan Tenorio in 1884. In 1886 he returned to politics and was elected deputy for Figueres, in Catalonia, and again in 1891 and 1893. He was involved in the fragmentation of the Spanish Republican movement in this period together with Estanislao Figueras, Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla, Emilio Castelar y Ripoll, and Valentí Almirall. Pi was involved in the 1883 Republican Congress of Zaragoza that proposed a federal republican constitution for Spain; in 1894, he was instrumental in reforming the republican movement with a new manifesto for the Federal Party. In 1890, Pi founded the newspaper El Nuevo Régimen, which campaigned for Cuban independence. Pi's promotion of federalism and regional autonomy earned him popularity among Catalan anarchists. Jump to: navigation, search 1874 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1876 is a leap year starting on Saturday. ... 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1880 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1884 is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1886 is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ... Figueres Town church tower, Figueres Figueres is the capital of the comarca of Alt Empordà, in the province of Girona, Catalonia, Spain. ... Jump to: navigation, search Capital Barcelona Official languages Spanish and Catalan In Val dAran, also Aranese. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1891 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1893 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla (1834 - 1895) was a Spanish political figure. ... Emilio Castelar y Ripoll (1832-1899) was a Spanish republican, and a president of the First Spanish Republic. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1883 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1894 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1890 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search Anarchism can refer to any of a range of political views, characterized by a rejection of authority in various forms. ...

Pi died in Madrid on November 29, 1901. November 29 is the 333rd (in leap years the 334th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1901 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

References

• Biography (in Spanish)
• Another biography (in Spanish)
• Columbia encyclopedia entry