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Coronado Sets Out to the North, by Frederic Remington, 1861-1909

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (c. 1510 – September 22, 1554) was a Spanish conquistador, who, between 1540 and 1542, visited New Mexico and other parts of what is now the southwestern United States. He was born in Salamanca, Spain. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Coronado-Remington. ... Image File history File links Coronado-Remington. ... Frederic Remington (October 4, 1861 - December 26, 1909) was an American painter, illustrator, sculptor, and writer who specialized in depictions of the American West. ... Year 1510 (MDX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... is the 265th day of the year (266th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 5 - Great fire in Eindhoven, Netherlands. ... A Conquistador (Spanish: []) (English: Conqueror) was a Spanish soldier, explorer and adventurer who took part in the gradual invasion and conquering of much of the Americas and Asia Pacific, bringing them under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 19th centuries. ... Year 1540 was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Events War resumes between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. This time Henry VIII of England is allied to the Emperor, while James V of Scotland and Sultan Suleiman I are allied to the French. ... Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Largest metro area Albuquerque metropolitan area Area  Ranked 5th  - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 km²)  - Width 342 miles (550 km)  - Length 370 miles (595 km)  - % water 0. ... Salamanca (population 160,000) is a city in western Spain, the capital of the province of Salamanca, which belongs to the autonomous community (region) of Castile-Leon (Castilla y León). ...

Mounting the expedition

Coronado was governor of Nueva Galicia (New Galicia, a province of New Spain comprising the contemporary Mexican states of Jalisco, Sinaloa and Nayarit). In 1539, he dispatched Friar Marcos de Niza and a survivor of the Narváez expedition, named Estevanico, on an expedition north from Compostela, toward New Mexico. When Marcos de Niza returned, he told about a city of vast wealth, a golden city called Cíbola, and that Estevanico had been killed by the Zuni citizens of Cíbola. Though he did not claim to have entered the city of Cíbola, he reported that the city stood on a high hill, that it was made of gold, and that he could see the Pacific Ocean off to the west. Nueva Galicia (New Galicia) was a region of New Spain. ... The United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos or Mexico) comprises 31 states (estados) and one federal district (Distrito Federal), which contains the capital, Mexico City. ... Location within Mexico Country Capital Municipalities 126 Largest City Guadalajara Government  - Governor Emilio González Márquez (PAN)  - Federal Deputies PAN: 18 PRI: 1  - Federal Senators Eva Contreras (PAN) Héctor Pérez (PAN) Ramiro Hernández (PRI) Area Ranked 6th  - State 30,534. ... Sinaloa is a state in northwestern Mexico. ... Location within Mexico Country Capital Municipalities 20 Government  - Governor Ney González Sánchez (PRI)  - Federal Deputies PRI: 2 PRD: 1  - Federal Senators PRI: 2 PRD: 1 Area Ranked 23rd  - State 26,979 km²  (10,416. ... This was left by Marcos de Niza in 1539 at what is now Phoenix South_Mountain_Park Marcos de Niza (c. ... The Narváez expedition was a Spanish attempt to install Pánfilo de Narváez as adelantado (governor) of Spanish Florida during the years 1527 – 1528. ... Estevanico (ca. ... Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Largest metro area Albuquerque metropolitan area Area  Ranked 5th  - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 km²)  - Width 342 miles (550 km)  - Length 370 miles (595 km)  - % water 0. ... Quivira and Cíbola are two of the fantastic Seven Cities of Gold existing only in a myth that originated around the year 1150 when the Moors conquered Mérida, Spain. ...

Based on this report, Coronado assembled an expedition with two components. One component, carrying the bulk of the expedition's supplies, traveled by sea. The other component traveled by land, along the trail Friar Marcos de Niza had used. Coronado and Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza invested large sums of their own money in the venture. Mendoza, Coronado's friend and fellow investor, appointed him as the commander of the expedition with the mission to find the seven golden cities and take their gold. Don Antonio de Mendoza, conde de Tendilla, was the first Viceroy of New Spain, serving from 1535 - 1550. ...

Coronado set out in early 1540 at the head of a large expedition composed of 335 Spaniards, 1300 natives, four Franciscan monks (the most notable of whom were Juan de Padilla and the newly appointed provincial superior of the Franciscan order in the New World, Marcos de Niza), and several slaves, both natives and Africans. Juan de Padilla (1500?–1544?)born in Andalusia, was a Spanish Roman Catholic missionary who spent much of his life exploring North America alongside Francisco Vasquez de Coronado. ... A provincial superior is a major superior of a religious order acting under the orders superior general and exercising a general supervision over all the local superiors in a territorial division of the order called a province (not to be confused with an ecclesiastical province which is a group...

The Coronado Expedition 1540–1542

He followed the Sonoran coast northward, keeping the Sea of Cortez to his left. At the northernmost Spanish settlement, San Miguel de Culiacán, he rested his expedition before they began trekking the inland trail. Scouts were sent ahead to find out if the land along the route would be able to support a large body of soldiers and animals. Returning scouts reported was that it could not, so Coronado elected to divide his expedition into small groups and time their departures so that grazing lands and water holes along the trail could recover. At intervals along the trail, Coronado established camps and garrisoned soldiers to keep the supply route open. Once the scouting and planning was done, Coronado led the first group of soldiers up the trail. They were horsemen and foot soldiers who were able to travel quickly, while the main bulk of the expedition would set out, at intervals, later. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1230x532, 135 KB) The Coronado Expedition 1540-1542. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1230x532, 135 KB) The Coronado Expedition 1540-1542. ... Sonora is a state in northwestern Mexico, bordering the states of Chihuahua to the east, Sinaloa to the south, and Baja California to the northwest. ... The Gulf of California (highlighted) The Gulf of California (also known as the Sea of Cortez or Sea of Cortés; locally known in the Spanish language as Mar de Cortés or, much less frequently, Golfo de California) is a body of water that separates the Baja California Peninsula... Nickname: Location in the State of Sinaloa. ...

After leaving the last Spanish settlement, they traveled northward through Sonora and crossed the Gila River, Mogollón Rim, and the Little Colorado River. Then, they followed the Zuni River drainage into Cíbola, in the western part of present-day New Mexico. There he met a crushing disappointment. Cíbola was nothing like the great golden city that Marcos had described. Instead, it was just a complex of simple pueblos constructed by the Zuni Indians. The soldiers considered killing Marcos for his mendacious imagination, but Coronado intervened and sent him back to Mexico in disgrace. The Gila River, a tributary of the Colorado, is shown highlighted on a map of the United States The Gila River (Oodham [Pima]: Hila Akimel) is a tributary of the Colorado River, 630 mile (1,014 km) long, in the southwestern United States. ... View from Mogollon Rim The Mogollon Rim (pronounced by local residents) is a topographical and geological feature running across the U.S. state of Arizona. ... The Little Colorado River is shown highlighted on a map of the United States The Little Colorado River is a tributary of the Colorado River, approximately 315 mi (507 km) long, in the U.S. state of Arizona. ... The Zuni (Zuñi) River, a tributary of the Little Colorado River, has its origin in Cibola County, New Mexico at the Continental Divide, flowing generally in a southwesterly direction through the Zuni Indian Reservation to join the Little Colorado River in north eastern Arizona. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Pueblo Indians . ... The Zuni (also spelled Zuñi) or Ashiwi are a Native American tribe, one of the Pueblo peoples, most of whom live in the Pueblo of Zuñi on the Zuni River, a tributary of the Little Colorado River, in western New Mexico. ...

Resting at Chichilticale

After crossing a four-day despoblado or uninhabited area Coronado entered the United States in southern Arizona. Most scholars believe that he entered along the San Pedro River (including Bolton ^[1]; Flint and Flint ; Reff ; Riley ; Seymour 2007a, 2008). Recent research is suggesting that he turned south of Benson and crossed through the Sulpher Spring Valley and onward toward Safford.^[2][3]

Along the San Pedro, lined with thorny trees, much as it is today, Coronado and his party encountered poor Indians that gave the travelers presents of wild plant foods, as was the local custom. Seymour (2008) has suggested that these natives were probably the resident mobile groups that were later referred to as the Jano and Jocome, who subsisted on wild plant and animal foods. It seems Coronado did not encounter the Sobaipuri as Bolton ^[4] and many historians have assumed because he turned before reaching their southernmost settlement. Marcos de Niza, who traveled this way about 11 months earlier, likely did encounter the Sobaipuri.^[3] // The Sobaipuri Indians were an Upper Piman group who occupied southern Arizona and northern Sonora (the Pimería Alta) in the 1400-1800s . ...

Along the way Coronado's expedition stopped at Chichilticale (or Chichilticali; pronounced Chee-CHIL-tee-CAHL-ley, meaning "red house" in Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs) where he encountered Indians more barbarious than those seen before. These natives at Chichilticale were probably the Apache, as they were another group that lived by hunting ^[3]. Expedition members rested for two to three days amidst the adobe ruins of the red house before proceeding on to the edge of the 12- or 15-day mountainous despoblado that led to Cibola.^{[5] [6]}.^[7]

A number of scholars have speculated and drawn calculated inferences regarding the location of the Chichilticale ruin (Sauer 1932; Haury 1984; Duffen and Hartmann 1997). Yet through all these efforts, the location of the red house or Chichilticale has been only recently be identifed.^[2] Period-specific artifacts, features, and site and landscape attributes matching those in the chronicles suggest the location has been found as have several potential campsites on up- and down-trail.

Conquest of Cíbola

Coronado traversed Arizona's Mogollón Rim and from the head waters of the Little Colorado he continued on until he came to the Zuni River. He followed the Zuni until he found the region inhabited by the Zunis. The members of the expedition were almost starving and demanded entrance into the village of Hawikuh. The natives refused, and denied the expedition entrance to the village or trade. Coronado and his frustrated soldiers entered Hawikuh by force of arms and took the food they needed. Thereafter, the remaining local villages did not contest Coronado's demands when the Spanish requested intelligence and resources. This constitutes the extent of what can be called the "Conquest of Cíbola." During the battle at Hawikuh, Coronado was injured and he had to stay with the Zuni while healing. From the knowledge gathered during this time he sent out several more scouting expeditions. View from Mogollon Rim The Mogollon Rim (pronounced by local residents) is a topographical and geological feature running across the U.S. state of Arizona. ... Hawikuh Ruins is a National Historic Landmark located 12 miles southwest of Zuni, New Mexico, New Mexico, on the Zuni Indian Reservation. ...

The first scouting expedition was led by Pedro de Tovar. This expedition headed to the Hopi villages, with the expectation that this region may contain the wealthy Cíbola. Upon arrival, the Spanish were denied entrance to the first village they came across, and once again resorted to using force to enter. Afterwards the remaining villages did not dare fight the Spanish. Materially, the Hopi region was just as poor as the Zuni, but the Spanish did find out that a large river (the Colorado) lay to the west. Colorado River in the Grand Canyon from Desert View The Colorado River is a river in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, approximately 1,450 mi (2,333 km) long, draining a part of the arid regions on the western slope of the Rocky Mountains. ...

The scouting party returned to Zuni territory and reported their findings. Coronado sent another scouting expedition led by Garcia Lopez de Cárdenas to find the Colorado River. This expedition returned to the Hopi territory to acquire scouts and supplies that could be used to find this river. Members of this expedition reached the Grand Canyon and the Colorado River, and became the first Europeans to see the magnificent canyon. García López de Cárdenas, (fl. ... Moki redirects here. ... This article is about the canyon in the southwestern United States. ...

After trying and failing to climb down into the Grand Canyon to reach the river below, the expedition reported that they would not be able to use the Colorado to link up with their ships. After this, the main body of the expedition began its journey to the next populated center of pueblos, which were located along the Rio Grande River in New Mexico. “Río Bravo” redirects here. ... Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Largest metro area Albuquerque metropolitan area Area  Ranked 5th  - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 km²)  - Width 342 miles (550 km)  - Length 370 miles (595 km)  - % water 0. ...

Spanish colonization of the Americas

History of the conquest

Inter caetera Alaska California Florida Guatemala Mexico Peru Yucatán Carte dAmérique (18th century Delisle map) File links The following pages link to this file: New World Guillaume Delisle Categories: NowCommons | Author died more than 100 years ago public domain images ... The Spanish colonization of the Americas was Spains conquest, settlement, and rule over much of the western hemisphere from 1492-1898. ... Inter caetera (Among other [works]) was a papal bull issued by Pope Alexander VI on May 4, 1493, which granted to Spain (the Crowns of Castile and Aragon) all lands to the west and south of a pole-of-pole line 100 leagues (418 km) west and south of any... Captain Juan Francisco Bodega y Quadra, circa 1785. ... The Spanish missions in California (more simply referred to as the California Missions) comprise a series of religious outposts established by Spanish Catholics of the Franciscan Order between 1769 and 1823 to spread the Catholic faith among the local Native Americans. ... Spanish Florida (Florida Española) refers to the Spanish colony of Florida. ... The Spanish Conquest of Yucatán was the campaign undertaken by the Spanish conquistadores against the Late Postclassic Maya states and polities, particularly in the northern and central Yucatán Peninsula but also involving the Maya polities of the Guatemalan highlands region. ...

Conquistadores

Vasco Núñez de Balboa Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Hernán Cortés Juan Ponce de León Francisco de Montejo Pánfilo de Narváez Francisco Pizarro Diego de Almagro Hernando de Soto Sebastián de Belalcázar Pedro de Valdivia Juan de Oñate A Conquistador (Spanish: []) (English: Conqueror) was a Spanish soldier, explorer and adventurer who took part in the gradual invasion and conquering of much of the Americas and Asia Pacific, bringing them under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 19th centuries. ... Vasco Núñez De Balboa (1475–January 15, 1519) was a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. ... Hernán(do) Cortés Pizarro, 1st Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca (1485–December 2, 1547) was the conquistador who became famous for leading the military expedition that initiated the Spanish Conquest of Mexico. ... Juan Ponce de León (c. ... Francisco de Montejo (c. ... Pánfilo de Narváez Pánfilo de Narváez (1470 – 1528) was a Spanish conqueror and soldier in the Americas. ... “Pizarro” redirects here. ... Diego de Almagro Diego de Almagro (b. ... For the Peruvian economist, see Hernando de Soto (economist). ... Sebastián de Belalcázar (1479 or 1480 to 1551) was a Spanish conquistador. ... Pedro de Valdivia Pedro de Valdivia (c. ... Don Juan de Oñate Salazar (1552 – 1626) was a Spanish explorer, colonial governor of the New Spain (present-day Mexico) province of New Mexico, and founder of various settlements in the present day Southwest of the United States. ...

Exploration of the Colorado River

Melchior Díaz was the local commander of a camp along the main supply route. When Coronado was not able to establish contact with the ships from his camp in the Zuni region, Díaz was sent to establish contact with Hernando de Alarcón. Alarcón's fleet was hauling supplies for Coronado. Díaz set out from the valley of Corazones in Sonora and traveled overland in a north/northwesterly direction until he arrived at the junction of the Colorado River and Gila River. There the local natives, probably the CocoMaricopa (see Seymour 2007b), told him that Alarcón's sailors had buried supplies and left a note in a bottle. The supplies were retrieved and the note stated that Alarcón's men had rowed up the river as far as they could, searching in vain for the Coronado expedition. They had given up and decided to return to their departure point because worms were eating holes in their ships. Díaz died on the trip back to Zuni territory (Flint and Flint 2005). Melchior Díaz was an early Spanish explorer of Western North America. ... Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón, a Spanish navigator of the 16th century, noted for having led an early expedition to the peninsula of Baja California, meant to be coordinated with Francisco Vasquéz de Coronados overland expedition, and for penetrating the lower Colorado River, perhaps as far as the... The Colorado River from the bottom of Marble Canyon, in the Upper Grand Canyon Colorado River in the Grand Canyon from Desert View The Colorado River from Laughlin Horseshoe Bend is a horseshoe-shaped meander of the Colorado River located near the town of Page, Arizona The Colorado River is... The Gila River, a tributary of the Colorado, is shown highlighted on a map of the United States The Gila River (Oodham [Pima]: Hila Akimel) is a tributary of the Colorado River, 630 mile (1,014 km) long, in the southwestern United States. ...

The Tiguex War

Hernando de Alvarado was sent to the east, and found several villages around the Rio Grande. Coronado set up his winter quarters in one of them, Tiguex, which is across the river from present-day Bernalillo near Albuquerque, New Mexico. During the winter of 1540-41, his army found themselves in conflicts with the Rio Grande natives, conflicts which led to the brutal Tiguex War. This war resulted in the destruction of the Tiguex pueblos and the death of hundreds of Indians. “Río Bravo” redirects here. ... Tiguex, also referred to as Coofor or Alcanfor, was the pueblo commandeered by the army of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado for the winters of 1540-41 and 1541-42 on the west bank of the Rio Grande, north of present-day Albuquerque, N.M. The ruins of that pueblo... Bernalillo is a town located in Sandoval County, New Mexico. ... “Albuquerque” redirects here. ... The Tiguex War was the first war between Europeans and natives in what is now the American West. ...

The search for Quivira

A Native American, whom Coronado called the Turk, had told him about Quivira, a rich country in the northwest. Deciding to look for Quivira, he took the Turk as his guide and traversed the Llano Estacado and what is now the Texas Panhandle. However, Coronado suspected the Turk was lying about the route and executed him. Other guides led him further north to Quivira, and he reached a village near present-day Lindsborg, Kansas. But his disappointment was repeated: the Quivira people (later known as Wichita) were not rich at all. The village consisted mostly of thatched huts, and not even small amounts of gold could be found. Coronado returned to Tiguex, where his main force had remained behind. Here he spent another winter. Near present day Dodge City, Kansas, Coronado held the first Christian mass in the interior of North America. The site of this mass is presently marked by a large concrete cross called Coronado's Cross to commemorate the event, which took place on June 29, 1541. // The Origin of the Legend Quivira is one of two fantastic cities existing only in a myth that originated around the year 1150 when the Moors conquered Mérida, Spain. ... Shaded Relief Image of the Llano Estacado Llano Estacado (or Staked Plains) is a region in the southwestern United States that encompasses parts of eastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas. ... The Texas Panhandle is a region of the state of Texas consisting of the northernmost 26 counties in the state. ... Lindsborg is a city located in McPherson County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 3,321. ... Tribal flag Wichita camp, 1904 For other uses, see Wichita (disambiguation). ... For the 1939 western movie, see Dodge City (1939 film). ... is the 180th day of the year (181st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events The first official translation of the entire Bible in Swedish February 12 - Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile. ...

In 1542 Coronado was ordered back to central Mexico so that his troops could help put down the The Mixtón Rebellion. He left with two of the Franciscan missionaries who insisted that they stay. Coronado returned to Mexico by the same route he had come. When he arrived in Mexico, the Mixtón Rebellion was already over. Only 100 of his men made it back. The expedition was a complete failure,and though he remained governor of Galicia until 1544,the expedition bankrupted him. In 1544, Coronado retired to Mexico City, where he died on September 22,1554. After the conquest of Mesoamerica, the Spaniards sent various expeditions to explore La Gran Chichimeca. ... Events April 11 - Battle of Ceresole - French forces under the Comte dEnghien defeat Imperial forces under the Marques Del Vasto near Turin. ... Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México, D.F. or simply México) is the capital city of Mexico. ...

Legacy

Castle on top of Coronado Heights in Kansas

There is a large hill near Lindsborg that is called Coronado Heights. The former owner of the land built a small castle at the lofty summit to commemorate him. The castle and the area around it is now a public camping and recreation area. The soft sandstone rocks at the peak of the hill are covered in the names of past visitors to the area. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Coronado Heights is a hill northwest of Lindsborg, Kansas. ... Coronado Heights is a hill northwest of Lindsborg, Kansas. ...

In 1952, the United States established Coronado National Memorial near Sierra Vista, Arizona to commemorate his expedition. “As a result of this expedition, what has been truly characterized by historians as one of the greatest land expeditions the world has known, a new civilization was established in the great American Southwest” reported the House Committee on Foreign Affairs in 1939. ... Sierra Vista is a city in Cochise County, Arizona, USA. According to 2005 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 41,908. ...

Popular culture (namely Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade) references a Cross of Coronado. According to the film, this gold cross, discovered in a Utah cave system, was given to Coronado by Hernán Cortés in 1520. It is unclear if any such item ever existed. In addition to this, when Indy captures the cross from robbers aboard a ship off the coast of Portugal, the name of the ship can be seen as 'Coronado'. Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade is a 1989 adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Harrison Ford, Sean Connery, Denholm Elliott, Julian Glover, Alison Doody, River Phoenix, and John Rhys-Davies. ... The Cross Of Coronado is an ornamental cross sought after by the ficticious movie character, Indiana Jones, in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. ... Hernán(do) Cortés Pizarro, 1st Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca (1485–December 2, 1547) was the conquistador who became famous for leading the military expedition that initiated the Spanish Conquest of Mexico. ...

In 1992, underground found footage filmmaker Craig Baldwin made the film "O No Coronado!" detailing the expedition of Coronado through the use of recycled images from Westerns, Conquest films and The Lone Ranger television series.

There is also a mall in Albuquerque, New Mexico, that bears his name: Coronado Mall. “Albuquerque” redirects here. ...

In the Western video game Gun, Coronado's fabled golden cross is a central part of the plot. The game's villain, Thomas Magruder, stops at nothing to retrieve the cross he believes leads to Quivira. In addition, Coronado's "second search" for Quivira in 1542 is shown in a graphic prologue at the beginning of the game; however, Coronado and his associates are slaughtered by the Wichita tribe. In the cutscene showing this , Coronado was portrayed as a priest , but in reality he was a soldier. Namcos Pac-Man is one of the most popular video games ever made. ... Gun (or GUN) is a video game developed by Neversoft and published by Activision for the Xbox 360, Xbox, GameCube, PC, and PlayStation 2. ... Bad guy redirects here. ...

A South-Western themed Disney resort hotel is named the Coronado Springs.

A high school in Lubbock, Texas bears his name: Coronado High School. High schools in Scottsdale, Arizona and Colorado Springs, Colorado also share the same name. “Lubbock” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Scottsdale . ...

A K-8 school in Gilbert, Arizona bears his name as well: Coronado Elementary School. Location in Maricopa County and the state of Arizona Coordinates: , Country State Counties Maricopa Government  - Mayor Steven M. Berman Area  - City  43. ...

The Coronado National Forest is located in southeastern Arizona, named in honor of the explorer. The Coronado National Forest includes an area of about 1. ... Official language(s) English Spoken language(s) English 74. ...

At Palo Duro Canyon, Texas, on May 23, 1541, his group celebrated the first Thanksgiving in North America, after finding food supplies. Lighthouse hoodoo in Palo Duro canyon Palo Duro Canyon is a canyon system of the Caprock Escarpment in the Panhandle of Texas (USA). ... For other uses, see Thanksgiving (disambiguation). ... North America North America is a continent [1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ...

Notes

Further reading

• Blakeslee, D. J., R. Flint, and J. T. Hughes 1997. "Una Barranca Grande: Recent Archaeological Evidence and a Discussion of its Place in the Coronado Route". In The Coronado Expedition to Terra Nueva. Eds. R. and S. Flint, University of Colorado Press, Niwot.
• Bolton,Herbert Eugene. (1949) Coronado: Knight of Pueblos and Plains (New York: Whittlesey; Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press). Ebook at questia.com
• Bolton, H. E. (1960) Rim of Christendom. Russell and Russell, New York.
• Castañeda, Pedro de. (1990) The Journey of Coronado. Translated with an extensive introduction by George Parker Winship, modern introduction, Donald C. Cutter, The Journey of Coronado, Fulcrum Publishing, hardcover, 233 pages, ISBN 1-55591-066-1 On-line at PBS - The West
• Chavez, Fr. Angelico, O.F.M. (1968) Coronado's Friars. Academy of American Franciscan History, Washington D.C.
• Day, Arthur Grove. (1981) Coronado's Quest: The Discovery of the Southwestern States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1940; rpt., Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1981, ISBN 0313232075). Ebook at questia.com
• Duffen, W., and Hartmann, W. K. (1997) "The 76 Ranch Ruin and the Location of Chichilticale". In The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540-1542 Route Across the Southwest. Eds. Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint. University Press of Colorado, Niwot.
  • (1997) The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540-1542 Route Across the Southwest, edited by Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint. University Press of Colorado, Niwot.
• Flint, Richard and Shirley Cushing Flint. (1993) "Coronado’s Crosses, Route Markers Used by the Coronado Expedition". Journal of the Southwest 35(2) (1993):207-216.
  • (2003) The Coronado Expedition from the Distance of 460 Years. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
  • (2005) Documents of the Coronado Expedition, 1539-1541: They Were Not Familiar with His Majesty nor Did They Wish to Be His Subjects. Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas.
• Hammond, George P. and Agapito Rey. (1920) Narratives of the Coronado Expedition 1540-1542. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque (reprint by AMS Press, New York, 1977).
• Haury, Emil W. (1984) "The Search for Chichilticale". Arizona Highways 60(4):14-19.
• Hedrick, Basil C. (1978) "The Location of Corazones". In Across the Chichimec Sea. Ed. C. Riley, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
• Hodge, Frederick W. and Theodore H. Lewis, ed. (1907) Spanish Explorers in the Southern United States, Vol. II (1907, xiii, 413 p.; rpt., Texas State Historical Association, 1985, 411 pages, ISBN 0876110669, ISBN 0876110677 pbk.)
• Lee, Betty Graham. (1966) The Eagle Pass Site: An Integral Part of the Province of Chichilticale. Thatcher: Eastern Arizona College Museum of Anthropology Publication No. 5.
• Mill, J. P., and V. M. Mills (1969) The Kuykendall Site: A Prehistoric Salado Village in Southeastern Arizona. El Paso Arch. Soc. Spec. Report for 1967, No. 6, El Paso.
• Reff, Daniel T. (1991) Disease, Depopulation and Culture Change in Northwestern New Spain, 1518-1764. (University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
  • Reff, Daniel T. (1997) "The Relevance of Ethnology to the Routing of the Coronado Expedition in Sonora". In The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540-1542 Route Across the Southwest. pp. 165-176, Eds. Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint. University Press of Colorado, Niwot.
• Sauer, Carl O. (1932) The Road to Cibola. Ibero-Americana III. University of California Press, Berkeley.
• Schroeder, Albert E. (1955) "Fray Marcos de Niza, Coronado and the Yavapai". New Mex. Hist. Rev. 30:265-296; see also 31:24-37.
• Seymour, Deni J., 2007a An Archaeological Perspective on the Hohokam-Pima Continuum. Old Pueblo Archaeology Bulletin No. 51, December 2007.
• Seymour, Deni J. (2007b) The Rancheria-People of Kino’s Congregation: Sobaípuri-O’odham Contexts of Contact and Colonialism. Book manuscript.
• Seymour, Deni J. (2008) "Evaluating Eyewitness Accounts Of Native Peoples Along The Coronado Trail from the International Border To Cibola". New Mexico Historical Review.
• Udall, Steward S. (1984) "In Coronado's Footsteps". Arizona Highways 60(4):3.

This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

External links

• http://chichilticale.com/
• The journey of Coronado, 1540-1542, from the city of Mexico to the Grand Canon of the Colorado and the buffalo plains of Texas, Kansas and Nebraska, as told by himself and his followers, written by Pedro de Castañeda and translated by George Parker Winship, 1922 publication, hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
• Coronado: Misfortune's Explorer Primary Source Adventure, a lesson plan hosted by The Portal to Texas History
• Coronado Cross June 29, 1541, Ford County, KS