Francisco de Miranda

Sebastián Francisco de Miranda Rodríguez (commonly known as Francisco de Miranda March 28, 1750 – July 14, 1816) was a South American revolutionary whose own plan for the independence of the Spanish American colonies failed, but who is regarded as a forerunner of Simón Bolívar and other more effective American fighters for independence. Download high resolution version (500x689, 67 KB)The Revolutionary: Francisco de Miranda This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Download high resolution version (500x689, 67 KB)The Revolutionary: Francisco de Miranda This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... March 28 is the 87th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (88th in leap years). ... Events March 2 - Small earthquake in London, England April 4 - Small earthquake in Warrington, England August 23 - Small earthquake in Spalding, England September 30 - Small earthquake in Northampton, England November 16 – Westminster Bridge officially opened Jonas Hanway is the first Englishman to use an umbrella James Gray reveals her sex... July 14 is the 195th day (196th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 170 days remaining. ... 1816 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... It has been suggested that Revolutionary be merged into this article or section. ... The flag of the Spanish Empire. ... Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco (*July 24, 1783 in Caracas, Venezuela; † December 17, 1830 in Santa Marta, Colombia) was a South American revolutionary leader. ...

Early life

Born and raised in Caracas, Miranda was the son of a wealthy merchant from the Canary Islands, a region of Spain. He traveled throughout Europe, becoming a social sensation and garnering support for the independence of Spanish America. He had made friends with many important leaders and political figures throughout Europe, such as British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger, and even had an affair with Catherine the Great of Russia. City motto: Ave María Santísima, sin pecado concebida, en el primer instante de su ser natural. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one, leading to various perspectives about Europes borders. ... Spanish colonization of the Americas began with the arrival in the Americas of Christopher Columbus in 1492. ... The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the head of government and so exercises many of the executive functions nominally vested in the Sovereign, who is head of state. ... The Right Honourable William Pitt, the Younger (28 May 1759–23 January 1806) was a British politician during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. ... Catherine II of Russia Catherine II the Great (Russian: Екатерина II Великая or Yekaterina II Velikaya, 2 May 1729 — 6 November [O.S. 17 November] 1796), born Sophie Augusta Fredericka of Anhalt-Zerbst) — sometimes referred to as an epitome of the enlightened despot — reigned as Empress of Russia for more than three...

As a general in the Spanish Army, Miranda took part in military operations in the three continents -Africa, Europe and America- and played an important role in some of the great historical events of the time. The Spanish Army (Ejército de Tierra in Spanish; literally, Land Army) is one branch of the Spanish armed forces, in charge of land operations. ...

United States and France

In the American Revolutionary War, he commanded Spanish troops aiding American insurgents in Florida and Mississippi. While in the United States, he met with, among others, George Washington, Thomas Paine, Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. He had a home in London where he married a British lady and had two children. Combatants American Revolutionaries, France, Netherlands, Spain, Native Americans Great Britain, German mercenaries, Loyalists, Native Americans Commanders George Washington, Comte de Rochambeau, Nathanael Greene William Howe, Henry Clinton, Charles Cornwallis (more commanders) The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also known as the American War of Independence,[1] was a conflict that... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Area  Ranked 22nd  - Total 65,794 sq. ... Official language(s) English Capital Jackson Largest city Jackson Area  Ranked 32nd  - Total 48,434 sq. ... This article is the current U.S. Collaboration of the Week. ... Thomas Paine Thomas Paine (January 29, 1737 – June 8, 1809), intellectual, scholar, revolutionary, deist and idealist. ... Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757 – July 12, 1804) was an American politician, statesman, writer, lawyer, and soldier. ... Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 N.S. – July 4, 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801–1809), principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States. ... London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England and is the most populous city in the European Union. ...

Statue of Francisco de Miranda in Fitzroy Street, London.

From 1791, Miranda took active part in the French Revolution. In Paris, he befriended the Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot and Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve, and briefly served as a general in the section of the French Revolutionary Army commanded by Charles François Dumouriez, fighting in the 1792 campaign in the Low Countries. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (391x640, 108 KB)Photo taken by lonpicman Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (391x640, 108 KB)Photo taken by lonpicman Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... 1791 (MDCCXCI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 11-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Liberty Leading the People, a painting by Delacroix commemorating the July Revolution of 1830 but which has come to be generally accepted as symbolic of French popular uprisings against the monarchy in general and the French Revolution in particular. ... The Eiffel Tower, the international symbol of the city For other uses, see Paris (disambiguation). ... The Girondists (in French Girondins, and sometimes Brissotins), comprised a political faction in France within the Legislative Assembly and the National Convention during the French Revolution. ... In French history, Jacques Pierre Brissot (January 15, 1754 - October 31, 1793), who assumed the name of de Warville, was a leading member of the Girondist movement during the French Revolution. ... Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve (1756 - 1794) was a French writer and politician. ... The standard of the Revolutionary 1ére Demi-Brigade dInfanterie de Bataille, 1794 pattern. ... Charles François Dumouriez Général Dumouriez Charles François Dumouriez (January 25, 1739 – March 14, 1823) was a French general. ... In the campaigns of 1792 the French Revolutionary Wars opened. ... The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries (see Country) on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt, and Meuse (Maas) rivers. ...

Arrested several times during the Reign of Terror, Miranda was threatened with deportation after the new crackdown of the Directory on Royalists and Girondists. His name remains engraved on the Arc de Triomphe that was built during the First Empire. The Reign of Terror (5 September 1793 – 28 July 1794) or simply The Terror (French: la Terreur) was a period in the French Revolution characterized by brutal repression. ... Deportation is the expelling of someone from a country. ... Executive Directory (in French Directoire exécutif), commonly known as the Directory (or Directoire) held executive power in France from November 2, 1795 until November 10, 1799: from the end of the Convention to the beginning of the Consulate. ... The House of Bourbon is an important European royal house. ... Arc de Triomphe The Arc de Triomphe is a monument in Paris that stands in the centre of the Place de lÉtoile, at the western end of the Champs-Élysées. ... The First French Empire, commonly known as the French Empire or the Napoleonic Empire, covers the period of the domination of France and much of continental Europe by Napoleon I of France. ...

South America

His greatest contribution is probably in the independence struggle for the liberation of the colonies in Spanish America. Miranda envisioned an independent empire consisting of all the territories which had been under Spanish and Portuguese rule, stretching from the Mississippi River to Cape Horn. The empire would be under the leadership of a hereditary emperor called "Inca" to appease the Native Americans and would have a bicameral legislature. He conceived the name "Colombia" for this empire, after the explorer Christopher Columbus. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Mississippi River, derived from the old Ojibwe word misi-ziibi meaning great river (gichi-ziibi big river at its headwaters), is the second-longest river in the United States; the longest is the Missouri River, which flows into the Mississippi. ... Cape Horn from the South. ... Capital Cusco Official language Quechua Government Head of State Federal Empire Sapa Inca Establishment Dissolution 1250 (¿?) 1548 Area ~2. ... A Hupa man, 1923 The term indigenous peoples of the Americas encompasses the inhabitants of the Americas before the arrival of the European explorers in the 15th century, as well as many present-day ethnic groups who identify themselves with those historical peoples. ... The bicameral legislature of the United States is housed in a capitol building with two wings. ... For information about the film director, see Chris Columbus. ...

With British help, Miranda made an invasion attempt of Venezuela in 1806. He landed at the port of La Vela de Coro, where the tricolour Venezuelan flag was raised for the first time. Among the volunteers who served under him in this revolt was David G. Burnet of the United States, who would later serve as interim president of the Republic of Texas after its secession from Mexico in 1836. CORO ROCKS MAN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! OOOOO YAA BABY!!!!! WHO ROCKS DA HOUSE? WHO ROCKS DA HOUSE??? CORO DOES!!!!!! CORO DOES!!!!!!!!! OK TIME TO CALM DOWN NOW..........The city of Santa Ana de Coro was founded in 1527 by Spanish colonists. ... French tricolour flag A tricolour is a flag or banner having three colours, usually in approximately equal size (horizontally or vertically) and lacking additional symbols. ... New 8-star Flag of Venezuela Flag ratio: 2:3 New 8-star Flag of Venezuela Flag ratio: 2:3, civil/merchant variant Old 7-star Flag of Venezuela. ... David G. Burnet David Gouverneur Burnet (April 14, 1788 - 1870) was the president of the interim government of the Republic of Texas during 1836. ... Official language English (de facto) Spanish, French, German and Native American languages regionally Capital Washington-on-the-Brazos (1836) Harrisburg (1836) Galveston (1836) Velasco (1836) Houston (1837–1839) Austin (1839–1845) Largest city San Antonio de Béxar Presidents David G. Burnet, Sam Houston, Mirabeau B. Lamar, Anson Jones Area... Charles Darwin 1836 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

After Venezuela achieved de facto independence on April 19, 1810, Simón Bolívar persuaded Miranda to return to his native land, where he was made a general in the revolutionary army. When the country formally declared independence on July 5, 1811, he assumed dictatorial powers. April 19 is the 109th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (110th in leap years). ... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco (*July 24, 1783 in Caracas, Venezuela; † December 17, 1830 in Santa Marta, Colombia) was a South American revolutionary leader. ... July 5 is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 179 days remaining. ... Joyce Rollins is a lesbian. ... It has been suggested that Dictator be merged into this article or section. ...

Miranda en La Carraca, Arturo Michelena's depiction of Miranda's last days, imprisoned in Cádiz, Spain. (Venezuela, 1896: Oil on canvas – 196.6 x 245.5 cm. Galería de Arte Nacional, Caracas, Venezuela.)

The Spanish forces counterattacked (see Venezuelan War of Independence), and Miranda, fearing a brutal and hopeless defeat, signed an armistice with them in July 1812. Bolivar and other revolutionaries believed his surrender was treason and thwarted Miranda's attempt to escape; they handed him over to the Spanish Royal Army. He died in a prison in Cádiz, Spain, in 1816. An oil painting by the Venezuelan artist Arturo Michelena titled Miranda en la Carraca (1896) that portrays the hero in the Spanish jail where he died has become a graphic symbol of Venezuelan history and has immortalized the image of Miranda for generations of Venezuelans. Francisco de Miranda in prison in Cádiz by Arturo Michelena (1863 - 1898) The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Francisco de Miranda in prison in Cádiz by Arturo Michelena (1863 - 1898) The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Arturo Michelena (June 16, 1863 - July 29, 1898) was a Venezuelan painter born in Valencia, Carabobo State. ... Nickname Tacita de plata (little silver cup) Location Location within Spain Government Province Cádiz Mayor Teófila Martínez (PP) Geographical characteristics Area  - Total  - Land  - Water 12. ... Venezuelan Independence War in 1811-1812 was Venezuelas first war for independence from Spanish colonial rule. ... A white flag is traditionally used to represent a truce. ... In law, treason is the crime of disloyalty to ones nation or state. ... Nickname Tacita de plata (little silver cup) Location Location within Spain Government Province Cádiz Mayor Teófila Martínez (PP) Geographical characteristics Area  - Total  - Land  - Water 12. ... Arturo Michelena (June 16, 1863 - July 29, 1898) was a Venezuelan painter born in Valencia, Carabobo State. ...

Quotes

Daniel Florencio O'Leary, aide-de-camp to Simón Bolívar, said of Miranda's death: Daniel Florencio OLeary was a military general and aide-de-camp under Simón Bolívar. ...

"Miranda was a man of the eighteenth century whose genius lay in raising the consciousness and confidence of his fellow Americans. Although he prided himself on being a soldier, his greatest battles were fought with his pen".

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. It cites the following references:
  • History of Miranda's Attempt in South America, Biggs, (London, 1809)
  • El General Miranda, Marqués de Rojas, (Paris, 1884)
  • Miranda dans la révolution française, Marqués de Rojas, (Carácas, 1889)
  • Francisco de Miranda and the Revolutionizing of Spanish America, W. S. Robertson, (Washington, 1909)

Encyclopædia Britannica, the 11th edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

External links

• History Text Archive: Francisco de Miranda